10.

1
257–265
W Fd
mgd
(7.5 kg)(9.80 m/s2)(8.2 m)
6.0 102 J

Because W Fd and KE W,
doubling the force would double
the work, which would double the W Fd 6.0 102 J
change in kinetic energy to 1.35 J. (645 N)(8.2 m) 6.0 102 J
5.9 103 J

W 5.9 103 J 1 min

P
t 30.0 min 60 s
Because W Fd, halving the
3.3 W
distance would cut the work in half,
which also would cut the change in
kinetic energy in half, to 0.68 J.

W Fd cos
W Fd (825 N)(35 m) (255 N)(30.0 m)(cos 50.0°)
2.9 104 J 4.92 103 J

W Fd
(2)(825 N)(35 m)
5.8 104 J which is twice as W Fd cos
much work
(2)(225 N)(15 m)(cos 15°)
6.5 103 J
 W Fd
(25 N)(275 m)
6.9 103 J

Since gravity acts vertically, only the

vertical displacement needs to be
The force is downward ( 90°), and
considered.
the displacement is 25° above the
W Fd (215 N)(4.20 m) 903 J horizontal or 115° from the force.
W Fd cos
mgd cos
(13 kg)(9.80 m/s2)(275 m)
(cos 115°)
Force is upward, but vertical
displacement is downward, so 1.5 104 J
W Fd cos
(215 N)(4.20 m)(cos 180.0°)
903 J

W Fd (575 N)(20.0 m)
P
t t 10.0 s
1.15 103 W 1.15 kW
W Fd cos
(628 N)(15.0 m)(cos 46.0°)
6.54 103 J

W Fd (145 N)(60.0 m)
P 348 W
t t 25.0 s

t is halved, so P is doubled to 696 W.

W mgd m
P gd
t t t
m
where (35 L /min)(1.00 kg/L)
t
Thus,
m
P t
gd

(35 L /min)(1.00 kg/L)(9.80 m/s2)

Force and displacement are in the
same direction. (110 m)(1 min/60s)
0.63 kW
 1
(15 m)(210.0 N 40.0 N)
2
1.9 103 J
W Fd
P
t t

Pt (65 103 W)(35 s)

F
d 17.5 m
1.3 105 N

10.1
257–265

W Fd (80 N)(10 m) 8 102 J

The mass is not important to this
problem.

W Fd
P
t t
Fd
t
P
(6.8 103 N)(15 m) y (10.0 m)(sin 11.0°)
340 s
(0.30 103 W)
1.91 m
5.7 min W Fd mgd sin
(185 kg)(9.80 m/s2)(10.0 m)(sin 11.0°)
3.46 103 J

The work done is the area of the No, work is not a function of time.
trapezoid under the solid line: However, power is a function of time, so
1 the power required to lift the book does
W d(F1 F2 ) depend on how fast you raise it.
2
 W Fd mgd Since work is the change in kinetic
P
t t t energy, calculate the work done by each
(1.1 103 kg)(9.80 m/s2)(40.0 m) force. The work can be positive, nega-
12.5 s tive, or zero, depending on the relative
angles of the force and displacement of
3.4 104 W
the object. The sum of the three works
is the change in energy of the system.

W Fg d mgd
10.2
(0.180 kg)(9.80 m/s2)(2.5 m)
266–273
4.4 J

W Fd mgd
W 7.0 103 J re
so m 8.00 cm
gd (9.80 m/s2)(1.2 m) IMA 0.225 (doubled)
rr 35.6 cm
6.0 102 kg e 95.0
MA IMA (0.225)
100 100
0.214 (doubled)
Fr
MA so Fr (MA)(Fe)
Fe

(0.214)(155 N)
33.2 N
de
IMA
Both do the same amount of work. dr
Only the height lifted and the vertical
so de (IMA)(dr)
force exerted count.
(0.225)(14.0 cm)
3.15 cm

Kinetic energy is proportional to the

square of the velocity, so doubling the
energy doubles the square of the veloc-
ity. The velocity increases by a factor of
the square root of 2, or 1.4.
de (0.20 m)
IMA 4.0
dr (0.050 m)
 Fr
MA
Fe

(1.7 104 N)
1.5
(1.1 104 N)
Wo
efficiency 100
Wi

Frdr
MA 100
e 100 Fede
IMA
1.5 Frdr(100)
100 38% So de
4.0 Fe(efficiency)

(1.25 103 N)(0.13 m)(100)

(225 N)(88.7)
0.81 m

Compare effort and resistance

distances for 1 rev:
de (2 )45 cm
IMA 6.0
dr (2 )7.5 cm

Fr mg
MA
Fe Fe
MA
(24.0 kg)(9.80 m/s2) efficiency 100
IMA
129 N
Fr
1.82 100
(Fe)(IMA)

(Fr)(100)
MA so Fe
efficiency 100 (efficiency)(IMA)
IMA
(MA)(100) (750 N)(100)
(75)(6.0)
de
dr 1.7 102 N
(MA)(dr)(100)
de

(1.82)(16.5 m)(100)
33.0 m
91.0%
 de (3)(2 r)
IMA
dr 2 r
10.2 (3)(2 )(45 cm)
266–273 (2 )(7.5 cm)

18

wheel and axle Either MA increases while IMA remains

the same, or IMA decreases while MA
remains the same, or MA increases
lever
while IMA decreases.

wedge

lever

rgear
large, to increase IMA
rwheel

Fr
MA
Fe

so Fr (MA)(Fe) Small, because less chain travel,

hence few pedal revolutions, will be
Assuming the efficiency is 100%,
required per wheel revolution.
de
MA IMA (Fe)
dr
(1.5 m)
(875 N)
(0.25 m)

5.2 103 N
smaller, to increase pedal-front gear
IMA because
rpedal
IMA
rfront gear

The IMA of the system is the product of

the IMA of each machine. For the crank
and drum, the ratio of distances is
2 (45 cm)
6.0.
2 (7.5 cm)
 W J/s
N m/s
(kg m/s2) m/s
kg m2/s3

Direction
Force Displacement
of motion
no, e 100%

Work

Pedals transfer force from the rider to

Change in the bike through a wheel and axle.
kinetic energy

joules

Each requires the same amount of

work because force times distance is
the same.
No, the force of gravity is directed
toward Earth and is perpendicular to the
direction of displacement of the satellite.

Only gravity and an upward, normal

force act on the object. No work is
done because the displacement is
perpendicular to these forces. There
is no force in the direction of displace-
ment because the object is sliding at a
constant speed.
Work is the product of force and the
distance over which an object is moved
in the direction of the force. Power is
the time rate at which work is done.
You do positive work on the box
because the force and motion are in the
same direction. Gravity does negative
work on the box because the force of
gravity is opposite to the direction of
motion. The work done by you and by
gravity are separate and do not cancel
each other.
 Increase the ratio of de/dr to increase
the IMA of a machine.

The net work is zero. Carrying the carton

upstairs requires positive work; carrying
it back down is negative work. The work
done in both cases is equal and oppo-
site because the distances are equal and
opposite. The student might arrange the
payments on the basis of the time it
takes to carry paper, whether up or
down, not on the basis of work done.
No, the force on the box is up and the
displacement is down the hall. They are
perpendicular and no work is done.
Reduce friction as much as possible to
reduce the resistance force.
Assuming a circular orbit, the force
due to gravity is perpendicular to the
direction of motion. This means the
work done is zero. Hence, there is no
change in kinetic energy of the planet,
so it does not speed up or slow down.
This is true for a circular orbit.

Both people are doing the same

amount of work because they both
are climbing the same flight of stairs
and they have the same mass.

The person who climbs in 25 s

expends more power, as less time is
Your hand should be as far from the
needed to cover the distance.
head as possible to make de as large as
possible. The nail should be as close to
the head as possible to make dr as
small as possible.
W
P , but W Fd cos
t
Fd cos
so, P
t
d
because v ,
t
P Fv cos
 W Fd
P
t t
(15.0 N)(2.51 m)
30.0 s
126 W

W Fd mgd

(150 kg)(9.80 m/s2)(8 m)

1 104 J
Only the net vertical displacement
counts.
W Fd mgd
W Fd mgd; therefore, (2.2 kg)(9.80 m/s2)(0.35 m)
W 176 J 7.5 J
m
gd (9.80 m/s2)(0.300 m)

59.9 kg

W Fd (300.0 N)(30.0 m)
9.00 103 J
9.00 kJ
W Fd mgd
(84.0 kg)(9.80 m/s2)(1.20 m) W 9.00 103 J
P
t 3.00 s
988 J
3.00 103 W
3.00 kW

W Fd, so
W 2.20 105 J
F 2.75 104 N
d 8.00 m

W Fd cos
(F) ( 2 r) cos
(38.0 N)(2 )(25.0 m)(cos 42.0°)
W Fd (551 N)(1.61 105 m) 4.44 103 J

8.87 107 J
 (225 N)(1.15 m)
sin 30.0°
W Fd cos 518 J
(88.0 N)(1.2 103 m)(cos 41.0°)
8.0 104 J

The force parallel to the plane is given by

F F sin
so W Fd Fd sin
W Fd cos
W
W (4200 N)(3.5 m)(sin 30.0°)
cos 1
Fd 7.4 103 J
1210 J
cos 1
(75.0 N)(20.0 m)
36.2°

W Fd cos
(225 N)(65.3 m)(cos 35.0°)

1.20 104 J
W Fd sin mgd sin
P
t t t
(120 kg)(9.80 m/s2)(12.0 m)(sin 21°)
2.5 s

2.0 103 W 2.0 kW

W Fd sin mgd sin

(52 kg)(9.80 m/s2)(227 m)(sin 31°)
6.0 104 J

F and d are parallel so

h
W Fd F
sin
 W Fd cos
P so,
t t
Pt
d
F cos
(64.6 W)(90.0 s)
(115 N)(cos 22.5°)
54.7 m

W Fd (400.0 N)(2.0 m) 8.0 102 J

W Fd mgd
(60.0 kg)(9.80 m/s2)(1.0 m)
5.9 102 J

W Fd
P Fv
t t
W F1 d 1 F2d2 F3d3 (6.0 103 N)(15 m/s)
(20 N)(5 m) (35 N)(12 m) 9.0 104 W 9.0 101 kW
(10 N)(8 m)
600 J
 y 5.00 N 0.00 N
k
x 0.20 m 0.00 m
F1 kd1
Let d1 0.20 m
From the graph, F1 is 5.00 N.
F1
So k
d1
5.00 N
25 N/m
0.20 m

1 Displacement in direction of force

A (base)(height) is 4.0 m,
2
1 so W Fd (85 N)(4.0 m)
(0.20 m)(5.00 N)
2
3.4 102 J
0.50 J

Displacement in direction of force

is 3.0 m,
so W Fd (93 N)( 3.0 m)
2.8 102 J
1 1
W kd 2 (25 N/m)(0.20 m)2
2 2
0.50 J
W FNd (Fyou, Fg, )d
0.20(85 N)(sin )
(93 N)(cos )( 5.0 m)
Add the areas of the triangle and 3.0
0.20(85 N)
rectangle. The area of the triangle is: 5.0
1 1 4.0
bh (0.28 m 0.12 m)(7.00 N 3.00 N) (93 N) ( 5.0 m)
2 2 5.0
0.32 J 1.3 102 J (work done against
The area of the rectangle is: friction)
bh (0.28 m 0.12 m)(3.00 N 0.00 N)
0.48 J
Total work is 0.32 J 0.48 J 0.80 J
 The work done is
W Fg d mgh

(volume)(density)gh
1 kg
(0.550 m3)(0.820 g/cm3)
1000 g
(1.00 106 cm3/m3)(9.80 m/s2)
(25.0 m)

1.10 105 J

W 1.10 105 J
P
t 35.0 s
3.14 103 W 3.14 kW

Find the area under the curve (see

graph):
0.0 to 2.0 m:
1
(20.0 N)(2.0 m) 2.0 101 J
2
2.0 m to 3.0 m:
1
(30.0 N)(1.0 m) (20 N)(1.0 m) 35 J
2
3.0 m to 7.0 m:
W Fd mgd
P (50.0 N)(4.0 m) 2.0 102 J
t t t
(25 newspapers)(15 bundles/min) Total work:
(1.0 kg/newspaper)(9.80 m/s2) 2.0 101 J 35 J 2.0 102 J
(12.0 m)(sin 30.0°)(1 min/60 s) 2.6 102 J

3.7 102 W

W 2.6 102 J
P 1.3 102 W
t 2.0 s

W Fd
P Fv
t t
P
so F
v
48,000 W
76 km 1000 m 1h
1h 1 km 3600 s

2.3 103 N
 de 3.90 m
IMA 4.00
dr 0.975 m

Fr de
Fr 1345 N
Fe dr MA 3.59
Fe 37 5 N
Frdr (1200 N)(5.00 m)
so Fe
de 20.0 m
MA
efficiency 100
3.0 102 N IMA
3.59
100
4.00

Fe Ff Fe, ideal 89.8%

Ff Fe Fe, ideal 340 N 3.0 102 N

40 N

Wo Fr d r (1200 N)(5.00 m)

6.0 103 J Fr mg
MA
Fe Fe
Wi F e de (340 N)(20.0 m) (0.50 kg)(9.80 m/s2)
1.4 N
6.8 103 J
3.5

Fr 1200 N
MA 3.5 de 40.0 cm
Fe 340 N IMA 4.00
dr 10.0 cm

MA
efficiency 100
IMA
3.5
100 88%
4.00
Wo
efficiency 100
Wi
(Wo)(100) (mgd)(100)
Wi
efficiency 90.0

(18.0 kg)(9.80 m/s2)(0.50 m)(100) Fr

90.0 Fe
MA
e 90 100 100
98 J IMA de
dr
Frdr
100
Fede
 eFede eFede
so, dr
100Fr 100mg de 18 m
IMA 4.0
(90.0)(250 N)(1.6 m) df 4.5 m
(100)(150 kg)(9.80 m/s2)

0.24 m

Fr
MA
Fe

mg (25 kg)(9.80 m/s2)

3.3
Fe 75 N
Wo MA
e 100 efficiency 100
Wi IMA
3.3
Frdr 100 82%
100 4.0
Wi

mgdr
100
Wi

mgdr
Wi 100
e
(215 kg)(9.80 m/s2)(5.65 m)(100)
72.5
1.64 104 J

d 2 r 2 (5.00 cm) 31.4 cm

W Fg d mgh

mgh
so F Fg
d Total efficiency (88%)(42%) 37%
(25 kg)(9.80 m/s2)(4.5 m) Useful Power (5.5 kW)(37%)
18 m 2.0 kW
61 N
2.0 103 W
 W Fd d
P F Fv
t t t
P P 2.0 103 W de1
v IMAc
Fg mg (410 kg)(9.80 m/s2) dr2

0.50 m/s de1 12.0 cm

dr2 2.0 cm
IMAc 6.0

Wi1 Wo1 Wi2 Wo2

Wi1 Wo2
Either ramp: only the vertical distance
Fe1de1 Fr2dr2
is important. If Isra used a longer ramp,
For the compound machine she would require less force. The work
de1
done would be the same.
IMAc
dr2

de1 de2
IMA1 and IMA2
dr1 dr2

dr1 de2
W Fd mgd
de1
dr1 de2 (IMA2)(dr2) (240 kg)(9.80 m/s2)(2.35 m)
IMA1

de1 (IMA1)(IMA2)(dr2) 5.5 103 J

de1
IMAc (IMA1)(IMA2)
dr2
d 0, so no work
(3.0)(2.0) 6.0

d is opposite of motion in part a, so

W is also the opposite, 5.5 103 J.
Fr
MA Fe
e 100 100
IMA IMA
No. He exerts no force, so he does
(Fr)(100)
no work, positive or negative.
(Fe)(IMA)

(Fr)(100)
so Fe
(e)(IMA)
W 5.5 103 J
P 2.2 kW
(540 N)(100) t 2.5 s
150 N
(60.0)(6.0)
Fx F cos W Fd cos
Fx W 11,400 J
805 N so F
so F d cos (25.0 m)(cos 48.0°)
cos cos 32°
681 N
9.5 102 N

The crate moves with constant

W Fx d (805 N)(22 m)
speed, so the force of friction equals
1.8 104 J the horizontal component of the
force of the rope.
Ff Fx F cos
W 1.8 104J (681 N)(cos 48.0°)
P 2.2 kW
t 8.0 s
456 N, opposite to the direction
of motion

Force and displacement are in

opposite directions, so
W Fd (456 N)(25.0 m)
1.14 104 J
Wi Fd (496 N)(2.10 m) (Because no net forces act on the
1.04 103 J crate, the work done on the crate
must be equal in magnitude but
opposite in sign to the energy Sally
expands: 1.14 104 J)
d height raised 0.850 m
Wo Fg d mgd

(115 kg)(9.80 m/s2)(0.850 m)

958 J

W Fd cos , so
Wo
efficiency 100 W 1.20 104 J
Wi cos 1 cos 1
Fd (125 N)(185 m)
958 J 58.7°
100
1.04 103 J
92.1%
Work is done on the crate by the
winch, gravity, and friction. Because
the kinetic energy of the crate does
not change, the sum of the three
works is equal to zero.
Therefore,
Wwinch Wfriction Wgravity
or, Pwinch Pfriction Pgravity

FNd Fgd
t t
d d
FN Fg
t t
FNv Fgv

( Fg )(cos )(v) Fg v

(0.45)(875 N)(cos 15°)

(0.25 m/s)
The work has to be done the same,
(875 N)(0.25 m/s)
W Fg d mgd
3.1 102 W
(150 kg)(9.80 m/s2)(12 m)
1.76 104 J.
From the graph, the maximum power is
Wo Po 25 W at 15 kg. Since the mass per box is
e
Wi Pi 150 kg
5 kg, this represents three
Po 30 boxes
so, Pi boxes.
e
3.1 102 W W W
P so t
0.85 t t

3.6 102 W 1.76 104 J

25 W
7.0 102 s
12 min
Assume constant acceleration, Final velocity:
therefore constant force vf vi at
1 2
d di v it at vi 0 so
2
but di vi 0 vf at a(t1)
2d
m 2 d
W Fd mad t Therefore,
P t
t t t 1
df at 2 at1t2
2md 2 (2)(75 kg)(50.0 m) 2 1
t3 (8.50 s)3 1 2
a t t1t2
2 1
6.1 102 W
df
a 1 2
t t1t2
2 1
Power increases linearly from zero, 50.0 m
since the velocity increases linearly 1 (1.00 s)2 (1.00 s)(7.50 s)
as shown by 2

W Fd d
P F Fv. 6.25 m/s2
t t t
Therefore For the first second:
Pmax 2Pave 1.2 103 W 1 2 1
d at (6.25 m/s2)(1.00 s)2
2 2
3.12 m
From Problem 97,
mad
P
t
(75 kg)(6.25 m/s2)(3.12 m)
Pave
1.00 s
1.5 103 W

Pmax 2Pave 3.0 103 W

Distance first second

Distance rest of race 50.0 m
df di vit
1 2
at The overall efficiency is 15–30 percent.
2 The transmission’s efficiency is about
di vi 0 so 90 percent. Rolling friction in the tires is
about 1 percent (ratio of pushing force
1
df a(t1)2 vf (t2) 50.0 m to weight moved). The largest gain is
2
possible in the engine.
 1 2
dfy diy viyt gt
2
diy viy 0
1 2
so dfy gt
2
1
Answers will vary. Some examples (9.80 m/s2)(0.457 s)2
2
include, the company Consumers’
1.02 m
Power changed its name to
Consumers’ Energy without changing
its product, natural gas. “It’s not just
energy, it’s power!” has appeared in
the popular press.

There is only one force on the moon,

the gravitational force of Earth’s mass
on it. This net force gives it an acceler-
ation which is its centripetal accelera-
tion toward Earth’s center.

Fyou on can Ffriction sFN smg

(0.35)(24 kg)(9.80 m/s2)

82 N

dfx dix vxt

dfx dix
so t
vx
18.4 m 0.0 m
0.457 s
40.3 m/s
The work done in lifting is Fgd mgd. Therefore,
the power is
W Fgd mgd
Plift
t t t
(0.25 m3)(1.00 103 kg/m3)(9.80 m/s2)(25 m)
1.0 s

6.1 104 W
61 kW

1
The work done in increasing the pump’s kinetic energy is mv 2.
2
1
mv 2
W KE 2 mv 2
Therefore, P
t t t 2t
(0.25 m3)(1.00 103 kg/m3)(8.5 m/s)2
(2)(1.0 s)

9.0 103 W 9.0 kW

Wo
Wo t Po
e 100 Wi 100 100 so,
Wi Pi
t

Po 9.0 103 W
Pi 100 100
e 80

1.1 104 W
11 kW