Exercise 1

Q1. A surveyor wants to find the distance across a pond (see

figure). The bearing from A to B is N 32° W. The surveyor walks
50 meters from A to C, and at the point C the bearing to B is N
68° W.

(a) Find the bearing from A to C.

Ans 1. (a) finding the bearing from A to C

In Δ ABC, ∠ACD = 54°, ∠DAC = 58°

So, ∠ BAD = ∠BAC - ∠DAC

∠BAD = 90° - 58° = 32°

Then, the bearing from A to C = 180° + 32°= 212°

(b) Find the distance from A to B.

Ans 1. (b) finding the distance between A to B

In ΔBAC we apply cosine law,

AB2 = AC2 + BC2 – 2AC×BC×cos54°

AB2 = (50°) + BC2 – 2×50×BC×cos54°

AB2 = BC2 + 2500 – 100×BC×cos54°

𝟓𝟎 𝟓𝟎
We know cos54°= , BC =
𝑩𝑪 𝑪𝑶𝑺𝟓𝟒°

𝟓𝟎
AB2 = (𝑪𝑶𝑺𝟓𝟒°)2 + 2500 – 100*50

= 7236.067 – 2500

AB2 = 4736.06

AB = 68.78m
Q2. To determine the area of a triangular lot ABC, a surveyor
set-up a transit at point P inside the lot and recorded the
following bearing and distances of each corner of the lot from P.

Corner Bearing from P Distance from P

A N 47°32’ W 36.25 m
B N 68°58’ E 58.32 m
C Due South 65.25 m

Determine the area of the lot in square meter.

A. 3594 B. 3865 C. 3075 D.4863

Ans 2. arΔABC = arΔAPB + arΔBPC + arΔAPC
1
arΔABC = 2 AP×PB×sin(θ1+θ2)
1
+ PB×PC×sin(90-θ2+90)
2
1
+ 2PA×PC×sin(90-θ1+90)

After putting the value we get

arΔABC = 3593.94 m2

Q3. State two primary divisions of surveying.

Ans 3. The two primary divisions of surveying are as follows

Plane Surveying
In Plane Surveying, it is assumed that the earth's surface is a plane and
therefore no corrections are necessary for the earth's curvature. These
surveys deal with areas of limited extent (areas less than 200 km2).

Geodetic Surveying
In Geodetic Surveying, the shape (or curvature) of the earth's surface is
considered. A higher degree of precision is exercised in linear and
angular measurements in geodetic surveying. The highest standards of
accuracy are necessary. These surveys extend over large areas. It deals
in fixing widely spaced control points.

Q4. Enumerate the fundamental parameters of surveying

measurement?
Ans 4. The fundamental parameters of surveying are as follows

• To measure the Horizontal Distance between points.

• To measure the Vertical elevation between points.
• To find out the Relative direction of lines by measuring horizontal
angles with reference to any arbitrary direction and
• To find out Absolute direction by measuring horizontal angles with
reference to a fixed direction.

Q5. State the basic principles of surveying.

Ans 5. There are two basic principles of Surveying

To Work from Whole to Part

It is the main principle of surveying. Its main idea is to localise the

errors and prevent their accumulation. In surveying large areas, a
system of control points is identified and they are located with high
precision. Then secondary control points are located using lesser
precise methods.
The details of the localised areas are measured and plotted with
respect to the secondary control points. This is called working from
whole to part.

To Locate a Point By At Least Two Measurements

Two control points are selected in the area and the distance between
them is measured accurately. The line joining the control points is
plotted to the scale on a drawing sheet. Now, the desired point can be
plotted by making two suitable measurements from the given control
points.
Q6. State the basic assumptions of plane surveying.
Ans 6. The basic assumptions of plane surveying are as follows

• All distances and directions are horizontal;

• The direction of the plumb line is the same at all points within the
limits of the survey.
• All angles (both horizontal and vertical) are plane angles.
• Elevations are with reference to a datum.

Q7. A surveyor measured the distance between two points on the

plan drawn to a scale of 1 cm = 50 m and the result was 500 m.
Later, however, he discovered that he used a scale of 1 cm = 25 m.
Find the true distance between the points.

(A). 250 m (B). 500 m (C) 750 m (D) 1000 m

Ans 1. For correct length:

𝑹𝑭 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒈 𝒔𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒆
( ) × 𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉
𝑹𝑭 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒔𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒆

• RF of wrong scale = 1cm = 25 m

▪ 1cm = 2500 cm = 1/2500
• RF of correct scale = 1 cm = 50 m
▪ 1 cm = 5000cm = 1/5000

𝑹𝑭 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒓𝒐𝒏𝒈 𝒔𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒆
( ) × 𝑴𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉
𝑹𝑭 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒔𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒆

𝟏 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎
( ∗ ) ∗ 𝟓𝟎𝟎
𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝟏
(𝟐 ∗ 𝟓𝟎𝟎) = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒎

Correct answer. Option D (1000m)

Q8.The plan of an old survey drawn to a scale of 1 cm = 10 m, 15
cm (shrunk and a line) long now measured 12 cm only and an
area on the plot measured 95 sq. cm. Find the true area of the
survey.

(A). 12974 m² (B). 13635 m² (C). 14844 m² (D). 15629 m²

𝟏𝒄𝒎 𝟏
Ans 8. Firstly RF = 𝟏𝟎𝒎 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎

𝟏𝟐 𝟒
Shrunk factor = =
𝟏𝟓 𝟓

𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂
Correct area = (𝒔𝒉𝒓𝒖𝒏𝒌 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓)

𝟗𝟓
= 𝟒 = 14844cm2
(𝟓)

Exercise 2

Q1. Differentiate between plan and map

Ans 1. Plan: Orthographic representation of features on or near the

surface of the earth in large scale on a horizontal plane.

Map: Graphical representation of features on or near the surface of the

earth in a small scale on a horizontal plane and is constructed using a
projection system other than orthographic.

The basic differences are as follows

Map
A map is a representation of the earth’s surface or any part of it, on a
sheet of paper.
Map can be used for representing countries, states, villages, town etc.

Plan
A plan is a drawing of a small area on a large scale, on a sheet of
paper.
Plan is used for representing the things which can't be represented in
the map.

Q2. Enumerate the essential elements of a map.

Ans 2. 1. Title:
The title is one of the most important feature which grabs the reader’s
attention. A title is given to make the readers familiar with the theme
being presented.

2. Legend:
The legend serves as the decoder for the symbology in the data frame.
Therefore, it is also commonly known as the key.

3. Direction:
The Direction is shown on a map with the help of a compass rose. The
compass rose shows the directions of the map so that the observer can
relate those directions to the real world.

4. North Arrows:
The north arrow is for the orientation. This allows the observer to
determine the direction of the map as it relates to due north.

5. Scale (Distance):
Distance or scale should be indicated or implied unless the audience is
so familiar with the map area or distance of such little relative
importance that it can be assumed by the audience.

Q3. Which of the following scale is the smallest and largest

respectively:

(i) 1 cm = 10 meter. (ii) 1: 10,000. (iii) R.F=1/100, 000 (iii)

1cm=1000 Km.
Ans 7. Smallest: (iv.) 1 cm = 1000 km , Largest: (i.) 1 cm = 10m.