Chapter 5

Material Derivative of Line Elements, Areas, Volumes

Entropy and the Clausius-Duhem Equation

Material Derivatives of Line, Surface, and Volume

Integrals Local form

Local dissipation inequality

Chapter 7
Fluid at rest

Fluid in motion

Thermodynamic pressure tensor and viscous stress

For polar material stress tensor is not symmetric and tensor
concentrated moment act on body.
Energy Equation
For Newtonian fluid

for a homogeneous, isotropic Newtonian fluid, the

constitutive equation

Coefficient of bulk viscosity & strokes condition (rest

or rigid body motion)

Rate of deformation tensor

Deviator component for stress & rate of deformation

tensor.

shear effect of the motion with the stress deviator

mean normal stress with the thermodynamic pressure
and the bulk viscosity
Viscous Flow, Fundamental Equations
22 equations with 22 unknowns:
For conservative body forces, a potential function may
be defined as
So, for hydrostatic condition Euler equation become

Irrotational Flow (potential flow)

For a compressible irrotational flow, the Euler equation

and the continuity equation may be linearized and
combined to yield the wave equation

For purely mechanical problem, without temperature

effects, this reduces to a set of 17 equations in 17 Euler equation and the continuity equation may be
unknowns. combined to give
Navier-Stokes Equations
Put constitutive equation into equation of motion
This is gas dynamics equation
For incompressible potential flow
This is Navier-strokes equation for fluids (nonlinear)
With assuming strokes condition valid equation
The Bernoulli Equation, Kelvin’s Theorem
become
If a fluid is barotropic with conservative body forces
Euler’s equation is

For purely mechanical processes, Navier-Stokes

equations along with continuity equation form a
complete set of four equations with four unknowns
Boundary conditions
On a solid surface, the velocity assumes the velocity of
the surface. This is known as the no-slip condition for
viscous fluids.
The condition changes if the fluid is inviscid. Also, the
formulations posed are relevant only for laminar flows.
Special Cases
Barotropic Fluids (no dependence on temperature in
kinetic equation of state) Both isothermal and
adiabatic processes are types of barotropic change
streamline is a space curve at each point of which the
tangent vector has the direction of the fluid velocity.
For a steady flow, the fluid particle paths are along
streamlines. Integrating Euler’s equation along
streamline.
For steady flow G= constant for stream line
For steady and irrotational flow G= constant
everywhere
Velocity circulation

Incompressible Fluids (density constant)

Inviscid Fluids (perfect fluid)

For a barotropic, inviscid fluid with conservative body
forces, this integral may be shown to vanish, leading
This equation I known as Euler equation to what is known as Kelvin’s theorem of constant
Steady Flow (independence of time) circulation.

Euler equation become

For barotropic condition