A

Minor Project Report

On

“PARTIAL REPLACMENT OF AGGREGATE BY SCRAP TYRE

PIECES IN CONCRETE PAVEMENT”
Submitted to

CHHATTISGARH SWAMI VIVEKANAND TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

BHILAI (C.G.), INDIA

In partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Engineering
In
Civil Engineering
By

SAMYAK GOLECHHA (301402017120)

SUMAN SAHU (3014020172138)
TWINKAL KUNDU (301402017147)
NAVIN KUMAR LODHI (301402017166)

Under The Guidance of:-

Miss Nupoor Dewangan
Assistant Professor (Civil Engineering)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SHRI SHANKARACHARYA GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS
BHILAI (C.G.) -490020
http://www.sstc.ac.in/

SESSION: 2017-2021

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 DECLARATION

I the undersigned solemnly declare that the report of the thesis work entitled
“PARTIAL REPLACMENT OF AGGREGATE BY SCRAP TYRE
PIECES IN CONCRETE PAVEMENT” is based on my own work carried
out during the course of our study under the supervision Miss Nupoor
Dewangan.

I assert that the statements made and conclusions drawn are the outcome of
our research work. I further declare that to the best of my knowledge and
belief the report does not contain any part of any work which has been
submitted for the award of any other degree or certificate either in this
University or any otherUniversity.

SAMYAK GOLECHHA (301402017120)

SUMAN SAHU (301402017138)

TWINKAL KUNDU (301402017147)

NAVIN KUMAR LODHI (301402017166)

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that minor project report titled “PARTIAL REPLACMENT OF

AGGREGATE BY SCRAP TYRE PIECES IN CONCRETE PAVEMENT”
submitted by Samyak Golechha, Suman Sahu, Twinkal Kundu, Navin Kumar
Lodhi Students of B.E. (final year) Department of Civil Engineering
SSGI(FET), Bhilai in partial fulfillment of requirement for the reward of degree of
Bachelors in engineering is Bonafede presentation of the work done by them under
my guidance andsupervision.

Approved By Guided By:

Dr. PRABHAT GIRI Miss Nupoor Dewangan

HOD (CIVIL) Assistant Professor

(Civil Engineering)

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 CERTIFICATE BY THE EXAMINERS

The thesis entitled “PARTIAL REPLACMENT OF AGGREGATE BY SCRAP

TYRE PIECES IN CONCRETE PAVEMENT” submitted by SAMYAK
GOLECHHA -- 301402017120 , SUMAN SAHU -- 301402017138, TWINKAL
KUNDU -- 301402017147, NAVIN KUMAR LODHI -- 301402017166, has been
examined by the undersigned as a part of the examination and is hereby recommended
for the award of Degree of Bachelors of Engineering degree in Civil Engineering of
Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekananda Technical University, Bhilai (C.G.).

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Date:

4
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to our lecturer (project guide) as
well as our HOD who gave us the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on
the topic, “PARTIAL REPLACMENT OF AGGREGATE BY SCRAP TYRE
PIECES IN CONCRETE PAVEMENT” and also helped us in doing lots of
research.

I owe thanks to many people who helped and supported us during writing out this
project.

My deepest thanks to lecturer Miss Nupoor Dewangan ma’am, the guide of the
project for enlightening us with his knowledge and correcting various documents of
our project with attention and care. He has taken pain to go through the project and
make necessary corrections when needed. I want to thank him for his help, stimulating
suggestion and encouragement.

I express my gratitude to the HOD of Civil Engg. Dept, Dr. PRABHAT GIRI sir for
extending this project.

I would also thank our institute and our faculty members without whom this project
would have been a distant reality. I also extend my heartfelt thanks to our family,
friends and well-wishers.

SAMYAK GOLECHHA (301402017120)

SUMAN SAHU (301402017138)

TWINKAL KUNDU (301402017147)

NAVIN KUMAR LODHI (301402017166)

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 ABSTRACT

Concrete is a composite material composed of coarse aggregate bonded together with fluid cement
that hardens over time. Cement, sand and stone are the main constituents of concrete. Nowadays
need of natural resources for various development works is emerging as a growing threat to the
environment, which also led to continuous and increasing demand of resources. In this research the
performance of concrete mixtures incorporating 5, 7.5 and 10 percent of discarded tyre rubber as
aggregate and cement replacements was investigated. Numerous projects have been conducted on
replacement of aggregates by crumb rubbers but scarce data are found on cementitious filler addition in
the literature. Hence to examine characteristics of tyre crumb-containing concrete, two sets of
concrete specimens were made. In the first set, different percentages by weight of chipped rubber
were replaced for coarse aggregates and in the second set scrap tyre powder was replaced for cement.
Selected standard durability and mechanical test were performed and the results were analyzed. The
mechanical tests included compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength and modulus of
elasticity. The durability tests included permeability and water absorption. The results showed that
with up to 5 percent replacement, in each set, no major changes on concrete characteristics would
occur however with further increase in replacement ratios considerable changes were observed

Keywords: Rubberized Concrete (Rc); Scrap-Tyre-Rubber; Coarse Aggregate; Concrete Mix

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 CONTENTS

Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………..………….

1. List of Figures .......................................................................................................................... 08

2. List of Tables ............................................................................................................................ 09

3. Chapter 1 :- INTRODUCTION

1.1Introduction .........................................................................................................................10

1.2.StudyObjective ................................................................................................................ 14

4. Chapter 2:-LITERATURE REVIEWS

2.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 15

2.2 Literature Analysis .............................................................................................................15

5. Chapter 3:- STUDY METHODOLOGY AND SAMPLE COLLECTION

3.1 Methodology overview ................................................................................................... 21

3.2 Materials used................................................................................................................. 21
3.3 Experiment program........................................................................................................ 23
3.4 Experiment result and discussion..................................................................................... 25
3.5 Concluding remark ......................................................................................................... 28

6. Chapter 4:-FUTURE SCOPE .................................................................................................. 29

7. Chapter5:-REFERANCE .........................................................................................................30

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LIST OF FIGURES :-

Figure 1.1: Load distribution in flexible Pavement

Figure 1.2: Load Distribution in Rigid Pavement

Figure 1.3: Scrap Tyres

Figure 1.4: Rubber Samples

Figure 1.5: Chipped Rubber Samples

Figure 1.6: Crumb Rubber Samples

Figure 1.7: Ground Rubber Samples

Figure 1.8: Rubberized Concrete

Figure 3.1.1: Chipped Rubber Sample

Figure 3.3.1: Compressive Strength Test Set up for cubes

Figure 3.3.2: Split Tensile Test set up for cylinders

Figure 3.3.3: Flexural Strength Test Set up for Prisms using UTM

Figure 3.3.4: Flexural Strength of Prisms in 7 and 28 Days

Figure 3.4.1: Effect of aggregate Replacement ratio on slump of rubberized concrete

Figure 3.4.2: Comparison of Compressive Strength of cubes in 7 and 28 Days

Figure 3.4.3: Split Tensile Strength of cubes in 7 and 28 Days

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LIST OF TABLES:-

Table 3.2.1:- Physical properties

Table 3.2.2:- Mix Considered for rubberized concrete.

Table 3.3.1: Compressive Cube Strength at 7 days

Table 3.3.2:- compressive cube strength at 28 day

Table 3.3.3: Split Tensile Strength of Cylinder at 7 days

Table 3.3.4:- Split tensile strength of cylinder at28days

Table 3.3.4: Flexural Strength of Prism at 7 days

Table 3.3.6:- Flexural Strength of prism at 28days

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 CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction

Pavement

Pavement can be defined as surface constructed with purpose to sustain vehicular and foot traffic
and should be strong enough to sustain its durability over period of time. The main role of a
pavement is to distribute loads in larger area to underlying layers of the sub base and soil. Modern
pavement contains gravel, sand and crushed stone with binder to increase the plasticity to absorb
shock. Binders generally used are bituminous or asphalticmaterial.
 Types of Pavement

Pavements are usually categorized in two broad categories, i.e. Flexible Pavement and Rigid
Pavement but no pavement is absolutely rigid. Based on the load distribution mechanism we classify
them as flexible or rigid pavements. Unconventional pavements are also constructed such as
Interlocking block pavements, paneled concrete pavements etc.
Flexible Pavement

The fundamental principle of design of flexible pavement is the magnitude of wheel load stress
decreases with increase in depth. By increasing the thickness of overlying layers (sub base, base
course and surface courses) the stresses induced on a given sub grade material can be decreased.
Further with increase in thickness of flexible pavement the magnitude of stresses on the sub grade is
decreased as shown in Figure 1.1. This pattern of decrease in stresses with increase in depth is the
basis for design of conventional flexible pavements where thick flexible- pavement structures are
used to cover sub grade materials having low-bearing capacity.

Figure 1.1: Load Distribution in Flexible Pavement

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Rigid Pavement

The principle for design of rigid pavement is based on the slab action criteria which means that a
rigid pavement behave as a slab laid on the surface and load is applied Rigid. Pavements distribute
load on a larger area because of its high flexural rigidity since they are usually made of concrete.
Rigid pavement work on the principle of slab action i.e., the load is transferred to slab and distributed
to a large underlying area and not to soil directly below load application as shown in Figure 1.2.

Figure 1.2: Load distribution in Rigid Pavement

Scrap Tyre Rubber

Scrap Tyre Rubber Tyre may be divided into two types – car and truck tyres. Car tyres are different
from truck tyres with regard to constituent materials (e.g. natural and synthetic rubber). Usually
three main categories of discarded tyre rubber have been considered such as chipped, crumb and
ground rubber. Chipped or shredded rubber is used to replace the gravel. To produce this rubber, in
first stage the rubber has length of 300 – 430 mm long and width of 100 -230 mm wide. In the
second stage its dimension changes to 100 -150 mm by cutting. If the shredding is further continued
particles of about 13 – 76 mm in dimension are produced. Crumb rubber is used to replace the sand.
This rubber is manufactured by special mills where big rubbers change into smaller particles. In this
procedure particles of about 0.425 - 4.75 mm in dimension are produced.

Figure 1.3: Scrap Tyres

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 Classification of the tyres rubber

Tyres may be divided into two types: car and truck tyres. Car tyres are different from truck tyres with
regard to constituent materials, especially natural and synthetic rubber contents .Considering the high
production volume of car tyres as compared to truck tyres, the former is usually of more interest to
researchers. In most of the researches performed, usually three broad categories of discarded tyre rubber
have been considered such as chipped, crumb and groundrubber.

1) Shredded or chipped rubber to replace thegravel.

To produce this rubber, it is needed to shred the tyre in two stages. By the end of stage one, the
rubber has length of 300 - 430 mm long and width of 100 - 230 mm wide. In the second stage its
Dimension changes to 100 - 150 mm by cutting. If shredding is further continued, particles of about
with 13 - 76 mm in dimensions are produced and are called “shredded particles”.

Figure 1.4:RubberSamples Figure1.5: Chipped Rubber Samples

(BeforeCutting)

2) Crumb rubber that replaces for sand, is manufactured by special mills in which big rubbers
change into smaller torn particles. In this procedure, different sizes of rubber 4 particles may be
produced depending on the kind of mills used and the temperature generated. In a simple method,
particles are made with a high irregularity in the range of 0.425 - 4.75mm.

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 Figure1.6: Crumb Rubber Samples

3) Ground rubber that may replace cement is dependent upon the equipment for size reduction. The
processed used tyres are typically subjected to two stages of magnetic separation and screening.
Various size fractions of rubber are recovered in more complex procedures. In micro–milling
process, the particles made are in the range of 0.075 - 0.475mm.

Figure1.7: Ground Rubber Samples

Rubberized Concrete

About one crore 10 lakhs all type flaps of new vehicles are added each year to the Indian roads. The
increase of about three crores discarded tire flaps each year pose a potential threat to the
environment. Large quantities of scrap tires flaps are generated each year globally. This is dangerous
not only due to potential environmental threat, but also from fire hazards and provide breeding
grounds for rats, mice, vermin‟s and mosquitoes, Over the years, disposal of tire flaps has become
one of the serious problems in environments. Land filling is becoming unacceptable because of the
rapid depletion of available sites for waste disposal. In order to prevent the environmental problem
from growing, recycling tire is an innovative idea or way in this case. Recycling tire is the processes
of recycling vehicles tires that are no longer suitable for use on vehicles due to wear or irreparable
damage. So the research has already been conducted on the used of waste tyre flap as aggregate
replacement in concrete showing that a concrete with enhanced toughness and sound insulation
properties can be achieved It has been reported that the addition of rubber to structural high strength
concrete slabs improved fire resistance, reducing the spalling damage concluded in their research
that rubberized concrete can successfully be used in secondary structural components such as
culverts, crash barriers, sidewalks, running tracks, sound absorbers, etc. However, most of the
developing third world countries have yet to raise their awareness regarding recycling of waste
materials and have not developed effective legislation with respect to the local reuse of waste
materials. Building on previous research carried out internationally, this study may provide the
technical information necessary to improve local awareness of the reuse of flap rubber as a substitute
for natural aggregates in the production of concrete. The proposed work presents an experimental
study of effect of use of solid waste material in concrete by volume variation of rubber. One of the
objectives of this paper is to make these data regarding the basic properties of modified concrete
using flap rubber in the concrete mix available to aid in the development of preliminary guidelines
for the use of flap rubber inconcrete.

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If tire flap are reused as a construction material instead of being burnt, the unique properties of tire
flap can once again be exploited in a beneficial manner. In this context, the use of tire flap chips in
lightweight concrete is considered a potentially significant avenue. Thus, the use of scrap tire flaps
in concrete manufacturing is a necessity than a desire. The use of scrap tires flaps in concrete is a
concept applied extensively over the world. The use of scrap tire flap rubber in normal strength
concrete is a new dimension in concrete mix design and if applied on a large scale would
revolutionize the construction industry, by economizing the construction cost and increasing the
worn out tire flap disposal. It is with this intension, an experimental study is proposed to be
conducted by using flap rubber as sand in cementconcrete

Figure 1.8: Rubberized concrete

1.2. Study Objective

The primary objectives of this study are to:

1. Examine the effects of increasing the coarse aggregate replacement percentage with recycled tire
chips on concrete fresh properties, compressive strength, split-tension, flexural strength,
permeability and freeze/thaw resistance, and determine an optimum replacement percentage of
coarse aggregate with recycled tire flap chips for concretemixtures.

2. Provide recommendations for the use of recycled tire flap chips as a coarse aggregate replacement
in a concrete mixture designed for fieldimplementation.

3. The main benefit of the research is to find an alternative to recycle waste tire flaps in concrete. If
tire flap chips can successfully replace the coarse aggregate in concrete mixes, the people of
Colorado will benefit from the value gained in extending natural resources, reducing land space
needed for waste products, and potentially decreasing costs associated with the product development
andconstruction

4. The need for protecting the environment and to preserve natural aggregate by using alternative
materials which are recycled or wastematerials.

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 CHAPTER 2- LITERATURE REVIEW

INTRODUCTION
Several researchers have previously studied in the economical and environmentally beneficial to use the
recycled or waste materials like tyre and crum rubber for various constructions. One of such example is to use
crum rubber or tyre in concrete mix for partial agrregate replacement which is used in wall or road or any
other civil constructions. This literature study has been carried out with the help of various journals, Indian
and foreign standards, books, and thesis works available online or offline.

Literature Analysis
1. T. Senthil Vadivel & R. Thenmozhi , June 2012 , “Experimental Study on Waste
Tyre Rubber Replaced Concrete - An Ecofriendly ConstructionMaterial’’.

The researcher indicated that when rubber replacement increases the compressive strength decreases in both
M30& M25 grade concrete. The compression test is carried out by the researcher with cube specimen to find
out the compressive strengths of conventional and rubber replaced concretes using compression testing
machine with M30 and M25 Grade Concrete Compressive Strength. Accordance with the aforementioned
discussions clearly shows that the performance of 2, 4 & 6% replacements proved better results in
compressive strength on both grades M30& M25. In split tensile strength 2, 4, 6 & 8% replacements shows
good performance in M30 grade and 2, 4, 6 & 10% replacements shows equally good results in M25 grade. In
flexure strength all the replacements shows exceptionally better performance. Accordance with the graphical
representation it is very clearly known that 6% replacement of fine aggregate with waste tyre rubber
aggregate and Slump test results show no change in workability in all the percentage of replacement of rubber
crumbs.Hence no effect in consistency during rubber replaced concrete Hence it is recommended that 6%
replacement of waste tyre rubber aggregate with fine aggregate will gives optimal and safest replacement in
concrete composites. Further it is suggested to use this concrete composite for lintel beams, floor slabs, and
ribs where load carrying capacity not governing thedesign.

2. Scrap-tyre-rubber replacement for aggregate and filler in concrete

Ganjian, E. , Khorami, M. and Maghsoudi, November2012

According to them Many authors have reported the properties of concrete with used tyre rubbers. Their
results indicate that the size, proportion, and surface texture of rubber particles affect the strength of used tyre
rubber contained in concrete. They choose Commercially available crushed siliceous aggregates complying
with ASTM C33-78 were employed for both coarse and fine fractions to make concrete specimens and
Chipped rubber for replacement with coarse aggregates and Ground rubber (tyre powder) in 200 to 850
micrometre size for replacement of cement in concrete and 150 mm cube and 100 × 100× 500 mm prism
moulds were used for casting test specimens. They found Compressive strength of concrete depended on two
factors: grain size of the replacing rubber and percentage added and The reduction in compressive strength at
28 days of age was about 10 to 23 percent for aggregates and 20 to 40 percent for cement replacement and
Modulus of elasticity of concrete was reduced with the replacement of rubber for aggregate orcement.

15
3. Scrap-Tyre-Rubber Replacement for agregate in Cement Concrete
Experimental Study International Journal of Earth Science and
Engineering · December 2012 by Partha Sarathi Parhi , K. C.PANDA
P. S. PARHI and T. JENA

Study the feasibility of incorporating scrap tyre rubber chips as coarse aggregate in concrete mixes and
determine the change in the properties after the incorporation of the rubber into the concrete mix. The basic
material of concrete e.g. cement, sand,aggregate and scrap tyre rubber are used and Portland-pozzolana
cement is used and Tyre may be divided into two types – car and truck tyres. Compressive strength test on
cubes and cylinders were carried out using the Universal Testing Machine(UTM). Flexural strength test was
used to determine the flexural strength of concrete. Split Tensile Test Set Up for Cylinders is using.
Researcher found Due to replacement of the aggregates by rubber particles, the weight was reduced and High
concentration of rubber particles at the top layer of specimen due to lower specific gravity of the rubber
particles. They found by research and experiment In the rubberized concrete the loss of strength was 45%
with 15% replacement of coarse aggregate by rubber particles. The split tensile strength is increased with
decreased percentage of scrap tyre rubber.

4. Jul-Aug 2015 Rahul Mahla1, Er. R.P. Mahla “PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OFCOARSE
AGGREGATE BY WASTE TIRES IN CEMENTCONCRETE”.

The general objective of this research was to evaluate the fresh and hardened properties of a concrete
produced by replacing part of the natural coarse aggregates with an aggregate produced from locally available
recycled waste tire and subjected to local conditions The introduction of recycled rubber tires into concrete
significantly increased the slump and workability. It was noted that the slump has increased as the percentage
of rubber was
increased in all samples. The results show that the flexural strength increased compared to the control mix for
rubber aggregate content of 10 % and for the low strength concrete classes and they observed
percentage losses in mix M25 are 7.48, 22.83 and 48.03 % for a rubber content of 10, 25 and 50
percents respectively The test results shows that the addition of rubber aggregate to concrete at a lower
percentages of 10 and 25 % enhanced the impact resistance of the concrete greatly and hence the application
of rubberized concrete can be of great help in structures which are exposed to vibrations and impact loads.

5. S.Selvakumar , R. Venkatakrishnaiah Issue 3, March 2015, “Strength properties of

Concrete using of Crump Rubber With partially replacement of fineaggregate”.

From this study the effective utilization of rubber tyre waste has been developed and it made to used in the
concrete mixture as fine aggregate. At present the crumb rubber production in the south India is very less than
north. So the material availability was less, because of less knowledge about that. Based on the test results the
following conclusions were made. These can also include non primary structural applications of medium to
low strength
requirements, benefiting from other features of this type of concrete. From the study of the past literatures, the
conventional concrete grade was chosen as M30 for replace the crumb rubber in the fine aggregate. Tests for
physical properties of the materials have done and the mix ratio for the concrete was calculated by the
materials properties as 1:1.82:3.07 and the water to cement ratio of 0.42% had been chosen.
The researcher found after testing thatThe compressive strength of crumb rubber concrete with 10%
replacement, it gives acceptable strength of 33.47 N/mm. From the test results, it is found that the crumb
rubber posses less bonding ability which has affected on the strength of the concrete.

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6. Aravind S and Dr. Elson John; November-2015, “Replacement of Fine Aggregate by
Crumb Rubber and Plastic Fine”

Researcher found that the Plastic waste constitute 12.3 % of the total waste produced. Each of these waste
products has provided a specific effect on the properties of fresh and hardened concrete. Crumb rubber is
obtained as the waste product from the scrap tyres.and The crushed plastic powder is used in the experiment.
Studies were conducted by adding different percentages of crumb rubber and plastic fine aggregates. They
found Upto 10% of crumb rubber aggregate can be added into concrete mix without considerable reduction in
strength and Optimum replacement of fine aggregate by plastic fines is 10%.Based on this study, the use of
crumb rubber and plastic fines aggregates in concrete produces light weight concrete and is economical and
environmentally effective.

7. Alaa M. Rashad , (2016) , “A comprehensive overview about recycling rubber as fine

aggregate replacement in traditional cementitious materials”

Al-Akhras and Samadi (2004) partially replaced natural sand in mortar mixtures with tyre rubber ash
(size0.15 mm) at levels of 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10%, by weight. The results showed a reduction in the
workability with increasing rubber ash sand content. Al-Akhras and Samadi (2004) reported an increase in the
compressive and flexural strength at ages of 3, 7, 28 and 90 days by partially replacing natural sand in mortars
with rubber ash (size 0.15 mm) at levels of 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10%, by weight. Most of the previous studies
believed that the inclusion of rubber sand in the mixture reduced workability. On the other hand, a few other
studies believed the positive effect of rubber sand on workability. The inclusion of rubber sand in the mixture
increased bleeding and setting time. The inclusion of rubber sand in the matrix exhibited higher cracking
resistance and retarded the crackingtime.

8. A.TAMILARASAN 11 March 2017 “Study on Concrete by Partial Replacement of Fine

Aggregate with Crumb Rubber”

In this study to be focused on crumb rubber is the product of mechanical grinding (ambient grinding)
of tyre showed results were quite satisfactory with no compromise in strength requirements but the
concrete is durable. Durability properties on acid attack shows curing on chemicals or crumb rubber
treatment with chemicals show good results. Other type of grinding called cryogenic grinding is the
process of crumb rubber is made by chemical process which is very rare in India. Further study is
required on cryogenic grinding product. Therefore this study has been focused on strength and
durability requirement shows the concrete is sustainable and used for non-structural elements where
the strength is not required.

9. Abubaker M. Almaleeh, Stanley M. Shitote and Timothy Nyomboi , February 2017 “Use
of waste rubber tyres as aggregate in concrete”.

the researcher used this tesr method The mix design of the concrete followed DOE method and ACI 211.1-91.
Concrete class 25 has not been included in the ACI 211.1-91. The sand and gravel were replaced by 50% of
fine and coarse rubber aggregates to check the flexural strength and splitting tensile strength. Table 7
illustrates that the flexural strength is 1.22 MPa, while the splitting tensile strength is 1.4 MPa. Based on the
laboratory experimental research and the type of rubber tyres that have been used in this study, the following
findings were made Compressive strength of rubberized concrete is suitable for footpaths. At lower
replacement, the strength was about 5 MPa which it could be enough The flexural strength decreased by 65%
with increase in the added percentage of the rubber tyres. Thus, rubberized concrete did not sustain bending
Also, the resistance of failure increasing proportionally with the amount of the rubber in concrete. The plastic

17
energy and the resistance of failure gave this concrete an advantage for using it in sports field especially in
tennis field, and others such as Basketball and Volleyball.

10. 2017, K. Paul Sibiyone , M Lenin Sundar, “Experimental Study on Replacing Waste
Rubber as Coarse Aggregate”
The primary objectives of this study are to Examine the effects of increasing the coarse aggregatereplacement
percentage with recycled tire chips on concrete fresh properties, compressive strength, split-tension, flexural
strength, permeability and freeze/thaw resistance, The test results of this study indicate that there is great
potential for the utilization of waste tyres in concrete mixes in several percentages, ranging from 10 to 40
percent. From this present study it has been concluded that maximum strength is obtained by 10%
replacement of coarse aggregate even 40 percent of replacement of coarse aggregate give more strength than
the nominal concrete. Concrete with higher percentage of flap rubber possess high toughness From the
present experimental study, Rubberized concrete strength may be improved by improving the bond properties
of rubberaggregates.

11. B. A. Wakili1, Engr. A. Garba, A. B. Yerima, Z. A. Wakil, K. Yakubu ,July 2018 USING
MODIFIED WASTE TYRE RUBBER CHIPS AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF COARSE
AGGREGATE

The researcher in this paper tested Scrap tyre chips and their granular partssuchas ground rubber and
crumb rubber; have been used in a number of Civil Engineering applications Tyre chips which is roughly
shredded into 2.5 to 30 cm lengths have been researched extensively as lightweight fill for embankments and
retaining walls, but it has also been used as drainage layers for roads and in septic tank leach fields. This. It
presents several definitions which are useful for discussing the use of TDP in civil engineering application.
They observed a decrease in slump with increased rubber aggregate content by total aggregate volume. Their
results show that for rubber aggregate contents of 40% by total aggregate volume, the slump was close to zero
and the concrete was not workable byhand.
The researcher review in their research paper thar Nigeria is a developing country, it proposes multipurpose
development projects. Every budget proposal involves large construction of roads, bridges, dams, irrigation
schemes, public health engineering schemes, educational buildings and residential buildings etc.. Most of the
modern heavy constructions require huge quantity of cement concrete incurs depletion of natural resources
such as river sand and rock strata. Cost of river sand and crushed rock particles is rapidly increasing because
of inadequate raw materials and rise of transport cost due to the hike in fuel price and other inputs.
In this essence the abundant availability of waste tyre rubber can be utilized as an effective replacement for
natural aggregate which will be beneficial for both circumstances. Hence this research investigates the use of
waste tyres in various aspects of construction. There has been a few number of rubber based concrete projects
developed in all the corners of Civil Engineering.

12. BY WASTE TYRE 10. July 2018, Rohit Sharma and Shalika Mehta, “PARTIAL
REPLACEMENT OF FINE AGGREGATE CRUMB RUBBER INCONCRETE”

Researcher found that according Eldin and Senouci (1993), on the premise of experimental outcomes,
demonstrated that there was around 85% reduction in compressive strength and half reduction in rigidity
when the total coarse was completely replaced by coarse rubber chips. They used Cement: OPC 43 grade for
the experimental purpose and is investigated as per Indian SpecificationsIS:12269-
size 4.75 mm as maximum is used as fine aggregate. And Crushed stone with maximum 20 mm size is used
as coarse aggregate. Crumb rubber having size between 0.075 mm to 4.75mm is used in the concretebeing

18
made for the experiment and silica fume used is of diameter less than 1μm. It is used as an admixture in the
concrete.
According to the experimental investigation, the utilization of rubber tire as partial replacementof fine
aggregates has been used in three different proportions 5%, 10% and 15% with silica fumes as mineral
admixture.They found The use of rubber aggregates from recycled tires addresses many issues. These include;
reduction of the environmental threats caused by waste tires, introduction of an alternative source to
aggregates in concrete, enhancing of the weak properties of concrete by the introduction of
different ingredients other than the conventionally used natural aggregates

13. 2018, “ENHANCING STRENGTH OF CONCRETE WITH CRUSHED RUBBER TYRES” by

Mohamed Yunus, Mohammed Africk Mohamed Yoosuf, Shameer Ahamed, Karthika, Sasikala,
Shanmuganathan

The main constituents of concrete are cement, aggregate and water. Admixtures are added if required Silica
fume of grey color, density of about 550 kg/cm3 with 2.2 specific gravity is used as replacement of fine
aggregate due to its ability to increase the compressive strength of concrete, toughness and flexural strength of
the concrete. The test was carried out in CTM by researcher The split tensile strength had been calculated for
7days, 14 days and 28 days for the control specimen as well as for the rubber replaced concrete. Rubber
replacing concrete can be used in light weight concrete as it decreases the density of the concrete.In 20%
attain the compressive strength of concrete. Compressive strength of the concrete decreases as increase in
replacement of rubber tyres. From their literature review and experimental studies it is concluded that despite
of decrease in strength of concrete there is a very high demand of concrete so it can be used a partial
replacement. The test was carried out in CTM by researcher
The split tensile strength had been calculated for 7days, 14 days and 28 days for the control specimen as well
as for the rubber replaced concrete

14. 03, March-2020, by Jasmin M and Hafiz Hashimkutty “Partial Replacement of Fine
Aggregate in Concrete By Tyre Rubber”

The researcher review that Recycled waste tyre rubber is a promising material in the construction industry due
to its lightweight, elasticity, energy absorption, sound and heat insulating properties Malek K. Batayneh et al,
(2008).A research was carried out to find a positive method for disposing non-decaying materials, such as
reuse in concrete mixes. Crumb rubber was used in the concrete mix to partially substitute for fine aggregate
(sand) in various percentages of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100%. For each mix, cubes of 100x100x100 mm,
cylinders of 150mm diameter by 300mm height, and small beams of 100x100x400 mm were prepared by
them . This study represents the effect of waste tyre crumb rubber particle of size passing through 4.75 mm IS
sieve used in concrete on compressive, flexural and split tensile strength and they found 5% replacement of
crumb rubber has more workability, strength in compression and tensile strength than the regular M25
concrete. and Higher content of waste tyre crumb rubber produces light weight concrete. Higher content of
waste tyre crumb rubber particle shows higher to medium workability.

15. JANUARY 2020 B.A.V. Ram Kumar, G. Akhil Kumar, “ Experimental Study On
Partial Replacement Of Cement With Tyre, Wood And Jute Ash Waste In Rigid
Pavement”.

Based on the experimental investigation carried out during the study, the following conclusions were
Drawn The results obtained after testing mechanical properties depicted that optimum dosage of

19
Replacement of cement by wood ash, jute ash and tyre ash was 6%. The construction cost of the pavement is
reduced by 17.95 % by using wood ash, jute ash, tyre ash per m3 of concrete compared to conventional
concrete Flexural strength and tensile strength of concrete have significantly increased although compressive
strength is found to decrease at 6% replacement of each material. Flexural strength and tensile strength have
increased by 5.23% and 22.5% respectively compared to conventional concrete at 28 days

20
 CHAPTER 3- STUDY METHODOLOGY AND SAMPLE COLLECTION

3.1 Methodology overview:

In this research, full laboratory experimentation was conducted on waste rubber by fixing it with
cement, aggregate, and water with different proportion to check its different properties. Study the
feasibility of incorporating scrap tyre rubber chips as coarse aggregate in concrete mixes and
determine the change in the properties after the incorporation of the rubber into the concrete mix.

Experimental verification of the present results on rubberized concrete with various published
results.

Investigation on the influence of the rubber content on the mechanical properties of rubberized
concrete starting with the 0% rubber content (i.e., without rubber) and up to 12% rubber content in
the M30 grade concrete (i.e., with a partial replacement of the coarse aggregate by 3%, 6%, 9% and
12% by volume of the total coarse aggregate). For convenience, the mix design for M30 grade
concrete has been done according to IS: 10262 (1982).

Study the effect of partial replacement of coarse aggregate by scrap tyre rubber chips on the fresh
concrete property (e.g. slump test) and hardened concrete properties e.g. compressive strength, split
tensile strength, flexural strength.

3.2 Materials Used:

The basic material of concrete e.g. cement, sand, aggregate and scrap tyre rubber are used.

1. Cement
Portland-pozzolana cement can be produced either by integrating the predetermined quantities of
Portland cement clinker and pozzolana (15 to 35% by mass of Portland–pozzolana cement) together
with small amount of gypsum, or by intimately and uniformly blending. Portland cement having pre
determined fineness and fine pozzolana. This cement produces less heat of hydration and offers
greater resistance to the sulphate attack and chloride-ion penetration due to impurities in water than
normal Portland cement. It is particularly useful in marine and hydraulic construction, and other
mass concrete structures like dam, bridge piers and thick foundations.

2. Scrap Tyre Rubber

Tyre may be divided into two types – car and truck tyres. Car tyres are different from truck tyres
with regard to constituent materials (e.g. natural and synthetic rubber).Usually three main categories
of discarded tyre rubber have been considered such as chipped, crumb and ground rubber. Chipped
or shredded rubber is used to replace the gravel. To produce this rubber, in first stage the rubber has
length of 300 – 430 mm long and width of 100 -230 mm wide. In the second stage its dimension
changes to 100 -150 mm by cutting. If the shredding is further continued particles of about 13 – 76
mm in dimension are produced. Crumb rubber is used to replace the sand. This rubber is
manufactured by special mills where big rubbers change into smaller particles. In this procedure
particles of about 0.425 - 4.75 mm in dimension are produced. Ground rubber is used to replace the
cement. In this category particles of about 0.075 – 0.475 mm in dimension are used. In the present
study the old rubber from heavy vehicles, such as truck tyre was used. The chipped rubber samples
were obtained by cutting the tyre manually. The scrap tyre rubber chips passing through the 20 mm
sieve size were used in the study.

21
The physical property (specific gravity) of rubber was found to be 1.114 from the tyre company’s
website.

Figure 3.1.1: Chipped Rubber Sample

3. Aggregate
Natural river sand with a maximum size of 4.75 mm was use as fine aggregate. Crushed stone with a
Maximum size of 20 mm was used as coarse aggregate. It was tested as per Indian Standard
specification IS: 383(1970). The physical properties of aggregate were tested according to IS:
2386(1963). The physical properties of fine and coarse aggregate are presented in table3.2.1.

Table3.2.1: Physical properties

Material
Property Fine Coarse
aggregate aggregate
Bulk density (kg/m3) 1731 1547
Specific gravity 2.55 2.88
Fineness modulus 3.48 6.84
Water absorption (%) 0.42 1.54

4. Mix Proportion
There were six type of mix considered: of which one control mixture MC-00 (without rubber) was
designed as per Indian Standard Specification IS: 10262(1982) (1: 1.6: 3.74, W/C ratio = 0.525) to
achieve target mean strength 26.6 MPa. The other five concrete mixes were made by replacing the
coarse aggregates with 3%, 6%, 9%, 12% and 15% of discarded tyre rubber by weight.
The details mixture proportions are given below table 3.2.2.

22
Table3.2.2: Mix Considered for Rubberized Concrete

Mix Identity Mix proportions

M35 concrete with 100%
MC-OO
coarse aggregate
M35 concrete with 97% coarse
MCR - 3
aggregate + 3% tyre rubber
M35 concrete with 94% coarse
MCR - 6
aggregate + 6% tyre rubber
M35 concrete with 91% coarse
MCR - 9
aggregate + 9% tyre rubber
M35 concrete with 88% coarse
MCR - 12
aggregate + 12% tyre rubber
M35 concrete with 85% coarse
MCR - 15
aggregate + 15% tyre rubber

3.3 Experimental Program:

1. Compressive Strength
2. Split Tensile Strength
3. Flexural Strength

Compressive Strength:
Compressive strength test on cubes and cylinders were carried out using the Universal Testing
Machine (UTM). Compressive test were carried out on cubes of dimensions 150 × 150 × 150 mm
after 7 days and 28 days. For each test and for each mix three specimens were tested. The
compressive strength was computed using the expression F c= P/A for cubes, Where, Fc is the
compressive stress in MPa. P is the maximum load applied in Newton and A is the cross sectional
area in mm2.The compressive strength test setup for cubes is shown in Fig.3.3.1

Figure 3.3.1: Compressive Strength Test Set Up for Cubes

Split Tensile Strength:

Split tensile strength test was used to determine the tensile strength of concrete. The test was
performed on cylinder with the dimension of 300 mm in length and 150 mm diameter after 7 days
and 28 days using the UTM. The split tensile strength was computed using the expression F ct = 2P/

23
 , where, Fct is the split tensile strength in MPa, P is the maximum compressive load on the
cylinder (in Newton), l is the length of the cylinder in mm, and d is the diameter of the cylinder in
mm. The split tensile strength test setup is shown in Fig.3.3.2

Figure 3.3.2: Split Tensile Test Set Up for Cylinders

Flexural Strength:-
Flexural strength test was used to determine the flexural strength of concrete. The test was performed
on prisms of dimensions 100 × 100 × 500 mm. Cured for 28 days by immersing under water. After
28 days three flexural strength was determined by the two point loading technique, computed by
using the expression Fb=PL/bd2, where Fb is the flexural strength in MPa, P is the maximum applied
load in Newton, L is the span length in mm, b is the width of the specimen in mm, and is the depth
of the specimen in mm. The test setup for flexural strength of prisms is shown in Fig.3.3.3

Figure 3.3.3: Flexural Strength Test Set Up for Prismsusing UTM

24
 3.4 Experimental Results and Discussions:

Fresh Concrete Properties:

Workability:
The replacement of coarse aggregate by scrap tyre rubber effects on the workability of the concrete.
The workability of rubberized concrete shows a decrease in slump with increase of waste tyre rubber
content of total aggregate volume. The result of the MCR-09 mix corresponding to 9% showed an
increase in workability, but it can be summarized that the workability is adversely affected by the
incorporation of chipped tyre rubber. The results of the slump test are shown in Fig.3.4.1

Figure.3.4.1: Effect of Aggregate Replacement Ratio on Slump of Rubberized Concrete

Hardened Concrete Properties:

Compressive Strength:
Compression test according to IS: 516(1959) was carried out on these cubes. The specimens were
loaded at a constant strain rate until failure. The compressive strength is Increase with an increase in
the percentage of the tyre rubber chips. The results of compressive strength of cubes for 7 days and
28 days are given in Table 4 and 5 and the comparison between the results is shown in Fig.9.

Table 3.3.1: Compressive Cube Strength at 7 days

Mean Reduction
Mean Compressive
Mix load at in
weight strength
Identity failure strength
(kg) (MPa)
(kN) (%)
MC-00 8.106 592.45 26.33
MCR-03 7.868 545.65 24.25 7.9
MCR-06 7.619 439.45 19.53 25.83
MCR-09 7.376 341.45 15.62 40.67
MCR-12 7.133 283.50 12.58 52.22
MCR-15 6.890 244.35 10.86 58.75

25
Table 3.3.2: Compressive Cube Strength at 28 Days

Mean Reduction
Mean Compressive
Mix load at in
weight strength
Identity failure strength
(kg) (MPa)
(kN) (%)
MC-00 8.335 867.35 39.43
MCR-03 8.084 896.65 39.85
MCR-06 7.834 767.95 34.13 13.44
MCR-09 7.585 569.25 25.29 35.86
MCR-12 7.334 587.95 26.13 33.73
MCR-15 7.084 490.50 21.82 44.66

Figure 3.4.2: Comparison of Compressive Strength ofCubes in 7 and 28 Days

26
Split Tensile Strength:
Cylindrical specimens of 150 mm long and 300 mm diameter were tested in accordance to IS:
5816(1999). The tensile strength was increase with the increase in percentage of rubber particles in
concrete mix. The results of split tensile strength test of cylinder for 7 days and 28 days are given
below in Table 6 & 7 and the comparison between the results is shown in Fig. 10. The use of 6% tyre
rubber gives better results than the use of 9%. It can be seen that from Fig. 10 and Table 6, that the
split tensile strength at 7 days curing for control mixture (MC-00) is achieved 1.697 MPa. The mixes
MCR-3, MCR-6, MCR-9, MCR-12 and MCR-15 shows reduction of 5.83%, 4.12%, 13.32%,
24.98% and 28.34% strength respectively, in comparison with the control mix MC-00. Similarly It
can be seen that from Fig. 10 and Table 7, that the split tensile strength at 28 days of curing for
control mixture (MC-00) is achieved2.63 MPa. The mixes MCR-3, MCR-6, MCR-9, MCR-12 and
MCR-15 shows reduction of 6.08%, 5.70%, 12.92%, 25.25% and 28.32% strength respectively, in
comparison with the control mix MC-00.

Table 3.3.3: Split Tensile Strength of Cylinder at 7 days

Mean Split Reduction

Mean
Mix load at tensile in
weight
Identity failure strength strength
(kg)
(kN) (MPa) (%)
MC-00 12.442 120 1.697
MCR-03 12.317 113 1.598 5.83
MCR-06 12.193 115 1.627 4.12
MCR-09 12.066 104 1.471 13.32
MCR-12 11.944 90 1.273 24.98
MCR-15 11.571 86 1.216 28.34

Table 3.3.4: Split Tensile Strength of Cylinder at 28 days

Mean Split
Mean Reduction
Mix load at tensile
weight in strength
Identitity failure strength
(kg) (%)
(kN) (MPa)
MC-00 12.607 186 2.63
MCR-03 12.481 175 2.47 6.08
MCR-06 12.355 176 2.48 5.70
MCR-09 12.229 162 2.29 12.92
MCR-12 12.039 139 1.966 25.25
MCR-15 11.850 133 1.855 28.32

27
 Figure 3.4.3: Split Tensile Strength of Cubes in 7 and 28days

Flexural Strength:
Prismatic specimens 100 × 100 × 500 mm were tested according to IS: 516(1959). The results of
flexural strength of prisms for 7 days and 28 days are given in Table 3.3.4 and 3.3.5 respectively.
Comparison between the results is also shown in Fig. 3.3.4. It can be seen that from Fig. 3.3.4 and
Table 3.3.4, that the flexural strength at 7 days curing for control mixture (MC-00) achieved 2.86
MPa. The mixes MCR-3, MCR- 6, MCR-9, MCR-12 and MCR-15 shows reduction of 11.81%,
6.81%, 48.4%, 41.71% and 70.26% strength respectively, in comparison with the control mix MC-
00.

Table 3.3.5: Flexural Strength of Prism at 7 days

Mean Reduction
Mean Flexural
Mix load at in
weight strength
Identity failure Strength
(kg) (MPa)
(kN) (%)
MC-00 12.194 5.72 2.86
MCR-03 12.022 5.04 2.522 11.81
MCR-06 11.091 5.33 2.665 6.81
MCR-09 11.779 2.95 1.475 48.4
MCR-12 11.597 3.554 1.677 41.71
MCR-15 11.476 1.701 0.851 70.26

Table 3.3.6: Flexural Strength of Prism at 28 Days

Mean Reduction
Mean Flexural
Mix load at in
weight strength
Identity failure Strength
(kg) (MPa)
(kN) (%)
MC-00 12.548 8.8 4.4
MCR-03 12.422 7.76 3.88 13.63
MCR-06 12.297 8.2 4.1 6.25
MCR-09 12.171 4.54 2.27 48.4
MCR-12 11.983 5.16 2.58 41.36
MCR-15 11.857 3.78 1.89 57.64

28
Figure 3.3.4: Flexural Strength of Prisms in 7 and 28Days

3.5. Remarks:

1. Slump value is decreased as the percentage of replacement of scrap tyre rubber increased. So
decrease in workability.

2. The compressive strength is decreased as the percentage of replacement increased, but rubber
(MCR- 03) concrete developed slightly higher compressive strength than those of without rubber
(MC-00)concrete.

3. The split tensile strength is increased with decreased percentage of scrap tyre rubber.

4. Increase in compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength of the specimen.

5. In the rubberized concrete the loss of strength was 45% with 15% replacement of coarse aggregate
by rubber particles.

29
 CHAPTER 4-FUTURE SCOPE
It is basically a hard rubber material and such is sparingly biodegradable. There is a tremendous scope to
reuse tire waste in cement concrete. The tesr results showed that even though the compressive strength is
reduced when using the crumb tires it can meet the strength requirements of light weight concrete.

 A further investigation on the use of rebutted tyre powder alone as a replacement to fine
aggregate can be carried out the possibility of using such a waste generation from
industries.

 This research evaluated the reuse potential of recycled tire flap chips as coarse aggregate in
pavement concrete mixes. An intensive literature review was performed on the rubberized
concrete focusing on tyre chips as coarse aggregate replacement.

 The fresh concrete properties, compressive strength, flexural strength, permeability, splitting
strength and freezing and thawing and durability were tested in the lab in order to determine
if there is a promise in developing the pavement concrete mixtures including tyre chips.

30
 CHAPTER 5-REFERENCE

1. International Journal of Civil Engineering, Construction and Estate Management Vol.6, No.2,
pp.25-45, July 2018.Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK.
APPRAISAL OF CONCRETE USING MODIFIED WASTE TYRE RUBBER CHIPS AS
PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF COARSE AGGREGATE B. A. Wakili1, Engr. A. Garba1, A.B.
Yerima2, Z. A. Wakil2, K. Yakub. 1Dept. of Civil Engineering, Federal Polytechnic,
Bauchi,Nigeria.2Nigerian Building and Road Research Institute, North-East Zonal office, Sharu
Road, New GRA, Gombe State,Nigeria.

2. International Journal of Advanced Research Trends in Engineering and Technology (IJARTET)

Vol. 4, Special Issue 11, March 2017.Experimental Study on Concrete by Partial Replacement of
Fine Aggregate with Crumb Rubber. A.TAMILARASAN, Asst.Prof, Aka.C.ARUN KUMAR,
Student, Aksheyaa College of Engineering,Kancheepuram.J.DHAKSHNAMOORTHY,
Student,Aksheyaa College of Engineering, Kancheepuram. B.VIGNESH, Student, Aksheyaa
College of Engineering, Kancheepuram.

3. Vol. 8(2), pp. 11-19, February 2017 DOI:10.5897/JCECT2016.0421.Articles Number:

10C27BC63356 ISSN 2141-2634. Full Length Research Paper. Use of waste rubber tyres as
aggregate in concrete.Abubaker M. Almaleeh1,2*, Stanley M. Shitote3 and Timothy
Nyomboi3.1Structural Engineering Department, Pan African University, Institute for Basic
Sciences, Technology and Innovation, at Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and
Technology (JKUAT), Juja, Kenya. 2Omdurman Islamic University, Civil Engineering
Department, Khartoum, Sudan.3Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Moi University,
Kenya.

4. International Journal of chemtech Research. CODEN (USA): IJCRGG,ISSN: 0974-4290,

ISSN(Online):2455-9555. Vol.10 No.14, pp 287-293, 2017. Experimental Study on Replacing
Waste Rubber as Coarse Aggregate. K. Paul Sibiyone*, M Lenin Sundar Department of Civil
Engineering, Sri Krishna College of Technology, Coimbatore,India.

5. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science Engineering and Technology.(An ISO

3297: 2007 Certified Organization).Vol. 4, Issue 3, March 2015. Strength Properties of Concrete
Using.Crumb Rubber with Partial Replacement of.Fine Aggregate.S.Selvakumar 1,
R.Venkatakrishnaiah2.P.G. Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Adhiparasakthi Engineering
College, Melmaravathur, India1.Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
Adhiparasakthi Engineering College,Melmaravathur,India2.

6. Vol-4 Issue-2 2018: IJARIIE-ISSN(O)-2395-4396. ENHANCING STRENGTH OF CONCRETE.

Mohamed Yunus.T1, Mohammed Africk2, Mohamed Yoosuf3, Shameer Ahamed4, WITH
CRUSHED RUBBER TYRES.,Karthika.H5, Sasikala.M6,Shanmuganathan.N7. 1,2,3&4B.E(Final
Year), 5,6&7Assistant Professor , Department of Civil Engineering, Dhaanish Ahmed College of
Engineering.

31
 material by T.senthil Vadivel and R . Thenmozhi. Article in Journl of applied science research.
June 2012.

7. Pratial replacement of fine Aggregate in Concrete by tyre,Rubber by Jasmin M and Hafrz

Hashimkutty . International Journal of Engineering03,march.2020.

8. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT). ISSN: 2278-0181. 11,
November-2015.Replacement of Fine Aggregate by Crumb .Rubber and Plastic Fines. Aravind
S,M Tech student,Civil Department.Ilahia College of Engineering & Technology Kerala , India.
Dr. Elson John. Asst.Professor, Civil Department. Mar Athanasius College of Engineering.Kerala,
India.

9. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET). 10Oct 2020 A study on
usage of waste in concrete with partial replacement of coarse aggregate by chopped scrap tyreand
fine aggregate by crushed ceramic tile. 1M. Tech scholar, Dept. Of Civil, R V R & J C College of
engineering, Guntur, A.P 2Assistant Professor, Dept. Of Civil, R V R & J C College of
engineering, Guntur,A.P.

10. Scrap-tyre-rubber replacement for aggregate and filler in concrete Ganjian, E. , Khorami, M. and
Maghsoudi, A.A. Authorpost-print(accepted) deposited in CURVE November 2012
Original citation & hyperlink:Ganjian, E. , Khorami,M.and Maghsoudi, A.A. (2009) Scrap-
tyre-rubber replacement for aggregate and fillerinconcrete. Construction and Building
Materials, volume 23 (5): 1828-1836.

11. International journal of scientific & technology research volume 9, issue 01, january
2020issn2277-8616.Experimentalstudyonpartialreplacementofcementwithtyre, wood
and jute ash wastes in rigid pavements. B.a.v. Ram kumar, g. Akhilkumar.

12. International journal of technical research. (ijtr) vol. 4, issue 2, jul-aug. Partial replacement of
coarse aggregate by waste tires in cement concrete.Rahul Mahla1, Er. R.P. Mahla2.1M. Tech.
Student, Department of Civil Engg., OITM, Hisar 2Department of Civil Engg, OITM,Hisar.

13. International journal of sustainable built environment (2016) 5, 46–82. Gulf organisation for
research and development international journal of sustainable built environment. A
comprehensive overview about recycling rubber as fine aggregate replacement in
traditional cementitious materials alaa m. Rashad building materials research and quality
control institute, housing & building national research center, hbrc, cairo, egypt received 16
april 2015; accepted 24 November2015.

14. Scrap-Tyre-Rubber Replacement for Aggregate in Cement Concrete: Experimental StudyArticle

in International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering · December2012.

32