CLASS XI UNIT-1 CHANGING TRENDS & CAREER IN

PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Changing trends in physical education have increased its importance, as modern physical
education stresses the balanced development of body and mind.

Meaning and Definition of Physical Education

Physical Education uses physical activity or movement to bring about positive changes in the
physical, mental, and emotional make-up of an individual. It is a broad field of education which
deals with the relationship between physical wellbeing and movement and other domains of
education.
Physical Education is a combination of two separate words, physical and education. The first
word is physical which means related to body or related to any one or all of the bodily
characteristics, that include physical strength, physical endurance, physical fitness, physical
appearance and physical health. And, the second word is education which means preparation for
life or systematic instruction and training.
“Physical Education is the sum of those experiences which come to the individual through
movement.” –Delbert Oberteuffer

“Physical Education is an integral part of the total educational process. It is a field of endeavour
that has as its aim the improvement of human performance through the medium of physical
activities that have been selected with a view to realizing this outcome.” – Charles A. Bucher

“Physical Education is the sum of man’s physical activities selected as to kind, and conducted as
to outcomes.” –Jesse Feiring Williams
“Physical Education is that phase of the whole field of education that deals with the big muscle
activities and their related responses”. –Jay B. Nash

To sum up, Physical Education is a process of education which aims at the holistic development
of an individual by using physical activity or body movement.

CURRENT TRENDS IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Physical Education evolved from gymnastics (during 1800s) to hygiene to physical culture to
physical training and now is known as Physical Education.

In the modern context, Physical Education lays a strong emphasis on achieving overall fitness
and wellbeing rather than only physical fitness through body movement. In fact, Physical
Education is now called movement education. It indicates how the body moves to develop
efficient motor activity.

SIGNIFICANCE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION PROGRAMME IN SCHOOLS

Total education of a child cannot be imagined without Physical Education being an integral part
of the curriculum. A well-structured and well-implemented Physical Education Programme is the
burning need of the current education system. Study the following diagram to learn what a
quality Physical Education Programme can offer to students.
AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Physical Education is “education through movement”. It aims to maximize our physical ability,
leading us to be healthy, knowledgeable, skillful, creative, productive and influential in all walks
of life. Thus, the aim of Physical Education is the optimal and wholesome development of
the individual for complete living, as well as optimum performance in sports competitions.
According to National Plan of Physical Education and Recreation, “The aim of Physical
Education must be to make every child physically, mentally and emotionally fit and also to
develop in him such personal and social qualities as will help him to live happily with others and
build him up as a good citizen.”

Objectives

1. Objectives of Physical Education: The chief objective of Physical Education is to make

individuals aware of and appreciate the value of Physical Education and its contribution to a
healthy and active lifestyle.

2. Develop interest in the discipline: The focus of a well-designed Physical Education plan
should be to encourage a high level of interest and personal engagement in Physical Education
showing initiative, enthusiasm and commitment towards the same.
3. Achieve Optimum Physical Fitness and Health: Physical Education Programmes should
aim to develop an individual’s physical fitness and to make her/him work to her/his optimal level
of physical capacity. It also aims to develop healthy habits of sleep, exercise, food etc. for
optimum health.

4. Awareness of Movement: The Physical Education Programme should make the individual
realise that movement is a creative medium for communication, expression and aesthetic
appreciation. Proficiency in fundamental movement skills through Physical Education supports
the development of more specific skills such as dance.

5. Development of Organ Systems: The objective of Physical Education Programme is to

develop all organ systems such as respiratory system, circulatory system, digestive system,
nervous system, and muscular system. This leads to increased physical efficiency and capacity.

6. Neuro-muscular Co-ordination: The Physical Education Programme should be planned in

such a manner that it helps in maintaining a better relationship between the nervous system and
the muscular system. This helps in developing control and balance among different body parts.

7. Emotional Development: Competitions are an in dispensable part of sports and games and
are marked by success and failure. Physical Education helps develop emotional stability and
teaches acceptance of success and failure gracefully. These qualities are helpful throughout one’s
lifetime. Different situations occur on the sports field whereby individuals learn to control
emotions such as anger, pleasure, jealousy, fear, loneliness etc. This makes them emotionally
balanced.

8. Social Development: Physical Education leads to social development as it provides the

individual ample opportunities for social contact and group living which help her/him to adjust in
different situations and build relationships. Qualities like cooperation, obedience, fair play,
sacrifice, loyalty, sportsmanship, self-confidence are developed. Development of these traits help
the individual to become a good human being and also results in a healthy society.

9. Develop Motor Skills: The Physical Education Programme helps the individual develop the
motor skills necessary for successful participation in different sports and a variety of other
physical activities.

10. Enjoyment and Satisfaction: A Physical Education Programme provides enjoyment and
satisfaction through physical activity.
11. Development of Evaluative Skills: A well-designed Physical Education Programme helps
participants to show knowledge and understanding of a variety of physical activities and to
evaluate their own and others’ performances.

12. Interpretive Development: Physical Education helps develop interpretive ability amongst
the individuals where they can critically reflect upon physical activity in both their local and
intercultural context.

13. Character Building: A well-structured Physical Education Programme should be based on

desirable life outcomes like building character traits such as morality, self- esteem, self-efficacy
and resilience, including lowering levels of stress, experiencing positive growth, boosting
academic achievement, being willing to set challenging life goals, and pro-social behaviour.

14. Effective Citizenship: At last but not the least, the Physical Education Programme prepares
an effective citizen who serves the country in better manner.

CHANGING TRENDS IN SPORTS—PLAYING SURFACE, WEARABLEGEARS AND

SPORTS EQUIPMENT, TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS

(A) Playing Surface : Throughout history, different sports happen and are played on various different
surfaces. The surfaces upon which a sport is played will have a significant impact on the player’s
experience.

Different surfaces have been used for different purposes: some will allow games to played under
conditions that would otherwise render them unplayable and others will provide a higher level of
comfort for the players.

Many of today’s popular sports have been played for 100 years. Traditionally, sports were played
on natural grass surface . maintenance of grass turf surfaces involves different activities including
mowing, irrigation, and control of weeds , pests and diseases.

In 1960 some sporting organizations started using artificial pitches. Artificial plain surfaces were
created with intent of increasing the durability and versatility of the playing surfaces thereby
enabling multi sports use and providing an indoor surface that was relatively easy to maintain.

But artificial grass has its limited downside: Limited life, periodic cleaning requirements,
petroleum use, toxic chemicals from infill, and some heightened health and safety concerns for
children.
 Artificial turf has gained recognition from several respected sporting bodies. The areas in which
improvement is needed including player’s comfort , the potential impact on player health and the
visual and physical similarities to natural pitches.

Once these issues have been tackled , synthetic sporting surfaces will probably become more
popular as their benefits will outweigh their weaknesses. They can be used to boost your
performance, provide a useful surface in difficult climates and reduce the cost of maintenance.

(B) Wearable Gears and Sports Equipments

Playing games and sports without wearing proper gears can be very dangerous in
today’s competitive world. Wearing proper gears definitely reduces the chances of getting injured. It
also enables athletes to focus on the game/ sports and not to worry about accidents that might occur
during the competition or training. Injuries can cause to miss practices depending on the severity of
injury. By wearing proper gears, athlete may give himself a best chance to reach his full potential in the
sports. Whatever sports you play it becomes your top priority to protect ourself from getting injured.
There are various gears such as helmets, knee padding , mouth guards,, etc. These sports gears should be
appropriately used during practice and competitions. Some of the wearable gears are discussed below:
Mouth guards. Mouth guards are used to protect mouth, teeth and tongue. These
are mostly used in contact sports such as volleyball, boxing, martial arts, hockey, etc.
Now a days, mouth guards are also recommended for non-competitive sports.
Helmets. Helmets are very vital in various sports such as football, hockey,
skiing, baseball, cricket, etc. Helmets protect our heads from getting hit. Head
injuries are usually most fatal and most difficult to recover from.
Pads. There are different types of pads for our body parts such as pads for chin,
elbows, knees, wrists, shoulders, chest, etc. These parts are also essential to be
protected from getting injured.
Eye shields. Eyes are the most sensitive part of our body. An injury to eye
can lead to temporary or permanent blindness, that is why, eye protection should be
taken very seriously. These eye shields are made from polycarbonate which have high
impact resistance. Eye shields are mostly used in ice hockey, softball, baseball,
skiing, etc.
Protective cups. Football, hockey, basketball and soccer require to wear
protective cup to protect testicles.
Wrist, elbow, knee and chin guards. Such guards protect our bones
from fractures in such sports where you are at maximum risks of falling.
Wearing such guards is highly advisable as they reduce the chances of serious
injuries. These guards should be used according to your size.
Footwear. Footwear is also essential for the safety of sportspersons.. The
correct safety shoes keep athletes from tripping, falling or twisting their feet.
Various sports like football, softball and baseball require the use of cleats. Other
games/sports requiredifferent type of footwear. Your footwear should not be
warm. Always make sure that you have the right size of footwear. So wearing
 the right equipment with right fit definitely reduces the chances of getting
injured.
The main aim to wear such gears and equipment is to keep yourself safe during
practice and competitions because injuries can happen anytime and to anyone in sports.

( C)Technological Advancements

Technological advancements have changed the very facet of life. Technological

advancements have had a deep impact in the field of games and sports. It has
changed the way of analysis of sports performance. It has enabled coaches to
improve the quality of feedback to athletes/sportspersons. It has also increased
the accuracy in time measurements of sports performance. Owing to the
advancements in technology in the field of sports, it has enabled referees as well
as umpires and other sports officials to make accurate decisions on the rule
infringements. It has provided help in improving the design of sports
equipment. Along with this, better viewing of sports performance is being
provided owing to technological advancements. The description of various
technological advancement in the field of sports is mentioned below:
Sensors. Sensors can be used for tracking health and biometrics to
deliver the real time results to scoreboards. There are various types of sensors
which provide beneficial information to athletes during training. Heart rate
monitors are used to track pulse and breathing rates. Inertial sensors perform
human motion analysis. They can be used for recovery after injuries. Some
sensors monitor position, rotation, acceleration and speed of
athletes/sportspersons. Sleep trackers are used to monitor sleep patterns. The
use of such monitors not only helps in tracking health and fitness data to
optimize sports performance but they are also used to prevent injuries by
predicting risky movements.
Instant Replay. With the help of this technological advancement, sports
officialsare able to re-examine what happened during a play in case of any
controversial sports moments. It is most probably used in cricket, football,
rugby. It is also used incombative sports and martial arts.
Sports Equipment. The technological advancement in sports equipment is
seen not only in the change of traditional items like treadmills but also seen in
performancetracking systems. Nowadays, there are smart workout equipment
such as treadmill and dumb bells. They provide unique performance data and
help monitor. They enhance efficiency and even help in avoiding injuries. Some
equipment like full-body swim wear minimises drag through water and hence
improve performance.
 Digital Media. Due to technological advancements in the field of sports, the
coverage in sports has become more extensive than ever before. News updates
are sent quickly to smart phones. Now athletes are able to improve their skills.
They can view and analyze videos of themselves in action. They can easily learn
to improve techniques. This technological advancement assists athletes and
coaches in viewing the plays and motion of the game. This technology can be
used to watch how the opposing team plays, too.
Injury prevention and Rehabilitation. Technological advancement
has made it possible to avoid injuries in different sports. For e.g., use of
sensors in different protective equipment. It has also made it possible to
rehabilitate injuries better through the use of digital modeling which helps
in finding out the source of injuriesto body parts.
Virtual Reality. Virtual reality is being used to improve sports performance of players
and give fans a better viewing experience.

In conclusion, it can be said that in the world of sports, technological

advancement is preparing better athletes/players and keeping them safer on
sports field. This technology is going to play a very significant part in sports
in the future.
Career Options in Physical Education

A few career options are listed below:

Physical Education Teacher: After competing D.P.Ed., B.P.Ed. or M.P.Ed., one can be
appointed as PET in a school or college.

Health Education Teacher: There is one paper in the Programme of Physical Education which is
completely devoted to health education. After completion of the course one can work as a Health
Education teacher.

Sports Coordinator: Skills such as organizing and directing all aspects of assigned recreational
sports Programmes, including coaching and teaching responsibilities, and planning team activities
are taught in Physical Education courses, so one can effectively work as a sports coordinator.

Professional Coach: After a Diploma in Sports Coaching, one can be appointed as a professional
coach of a team or for individuals/athletes requiring a personal coach/trainer.

Outdoor and Adventure Sports Educators: A person with a degree in any Physical Education
course and interest in outdoor and adventure sports can educate others in the field.
Sports Administrator: Supervision and Administrative skills are also taught in Physical
Education courses. This enables the individual to work as a sports administrator.

Provider of Recreational Services: One can run a recreational club where recreational services
such as Dodge ball, Bean bags, Bob ball, etc. may be provided. One could set up an Amusement
Park for provision of adventure sports such as river crossing, rappelling, etc.

Event Manager of a Sports Club: An individual who has graduated with MBA in Sports
Management can offer his/her services as an event manager at any sports club.

Health and Fitness Club Manager: One can be appointed as health and fitness club manager
after having a professional degree in Physical Education as well as an interest in the field.

Sports Clothing & Equipment Designer: If one has zeal and interest in fashion designing then
she/he can work as a sports clothing and equipment designer.

Dietician and Nutritionist: After graduating with any Physical Education degree, an individual
can choose the profession of a dietician and nutritionist also.

Sports Goods Marketing: Sales and Marketing of sports goods is a fast-growing industry and one
can choose this line after graduating in Physical Education.

Yoga Trainer: Yoga has become popular both nationally and internationally, so one who is
trained in yoga can provide her/his services to instruct groups/individuals through various levels
and types of yoga.

Fitness Trainer: One can work as a fitness trainer after completing any course in Physical
Education Physical Therapist: One can also work as a physical therapist after doing any physical
education Programme.

Sports Journalist: Some institutes offer a sports journalism course, so those who have graduated
in this course can work as sports journalists.

Adapted Physical Education Teacher: This dimension of physical education has gained much
importance in today’s society, because we have come to realise the right of each and every
individual on this planet to live his/her life to the fullest. In this domain, a special curriculum is
designed to train individuals for taking care of the physical education needs of persons with
disability.

Thus, if you have a degree in Physical Education, you have to just think about your interest and
choose a career option that suits your interest.
Khelo India Programme

Sports and fitness are of immense importance in one’s life. Participation in games and sports
inculcates team spirit, develops strategic and analytical thinking, leadership skills, goal setting and
risk taking. A fit and healthy individual makes for an equally healthy society and a strong nation.

Sports is an extremely important component for the overall development of our nation. India, in
the last few years has made steady progress in the field of sports. This tremendous potential needs
to be showcased at a global platform. To inspire young talent and to give them top-notch
infrastructure and training, we need to inculcate a strong spirit of participation in sports that
enables players to demonstrate their true potential. Only then can India realise its dream of
becoming a super performer on the sports field.

The Khelo India Programme has been introduced to revive the sports culture in India at the
grassroots level by building a strong framework for all sports played in our country and to
establish India as a great sporting nation.

VISION OF KHELO INDIA

The vision of the Government of India behind launching the Khelo India Programme is to further
sports culture in India, especially at the grassroots level as well as achieve sporting excellence in
the country.

MISSION

The mission of the Khelo India Programme is “to encourage sports for all thus allowing the
population across gender and all age groups to harness the power of sports through its cross-
cutting influence, namely, holistic development of children and youth, community development,
social integration, gender equality, healthy lifestyle, national pride and economic opportunities
related to sports development.”

In short, the aim of Khelo India Programme is to provide a platform to each and every citizen of
India, despite their individual differences of age and gender, to participate in sports and channelize
their sporting skills which ultimately leads to an all-round development of every child and youth.
This will lead to community development, social integration and gender equality. It will inculcate
a healthy lifestyle, bring laurels to country and provide economic opportunities.
AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROGRAMME /COMPONENTS OF PROGRAMME

The Khelo India Programme aims at developing a sporting culture in the country, identifying
talent from the grassroots, and grooming them for international success.

The intention of Khelo India Programme is to build a strong framework for each and every sport
played in the country and to make India into a strong sporting nation arena.

To achieve this Khelo India Programme has outlined twelve verticals namely

Play Field Development

Community Coaching Development,

State Level Khelo India Centres

Annual Sports Competitions

Talent Search and Development

Utilization and Creation/Upgradation of Sports Infrastructure

Support to National/Regional/State Sports Academies

Physical fitness of school children

Sports for Women

Promotion of sports amongst people with disabilities

Sports for peace and development

Promotion of rural and indigenous/tribalgames.

Ministry of Youth Affaires and Sports recognized archery, athletics, badminton, basketball,
boxing, football, gymnastics, hockey, judo, kabaddi, kho-kho, shooting, swimming,
volleyball, weightlifting, and wrestling as 16 Priority Sports disciplines.
 FIT INDIA MOVEMENT :

Fit India Movement was launched on 29 August,

2019 by our Hon’ble Prime Minister of India Shri
Narendera Modi at Indira Gandhi Stadium in New
Delhi. It was launched with a view to make
fitness as an integral part of ourdaily lives. Its
headquarters is in New Delhi. The mission of the
movement is to bring about behavioural changes
and move towards a more physically active
lifestyle. Fit India Movement was launched on the
occasion of the birth anniversary of Major Dhyan
Chand, India’s hockey legend.
‘Fit India movement’ is a nationwide fitness programme to encourage people to
remain healthy and agile by including physical activity and sports in our
daily lives. This programme includes three age groups, i.e., 5-18 years, 18-64
years and 65 years andabove.
In fact, the Fit India Movement is a movement to take the nation on a path of
fitness and wellness. It provides an extraordinary opportunity to work towards
a healthier India. Its aim is to encourage people to inculcate physical activity
and sports on a regular basis.

OBJECTIVES
There are following objectives of Fit India mission:
a) To promote fitness as easy, fun and free.
b) To encourage indigenous sports.
C) To spread the awareness on fitness and various activities that promote fitness through
focused campaigns.
d) To make fitness reach every school, college/university/village, etc.
e) To create a platform for citizens of India to share information, drive awarenessand
encourage sharing of personal fitness stories.
f) To create awareness about fitness among citizens and its importance in daily life through
sports, yoga, cycling, dancing, etc.
 FITNESS PLEDGE

“I promise to “myself” that I will devote time for “physical

activity” and sports every day and I will encourage “my family members”
and “neighbours” to be physically fit and make India a fit nation.”

LOGO

It features 4 Asiatic lions symbolising power, courage, confidence and pride—

all of which are qualities that feed on the fitness of body and mind. Below the
lions features Ashoka Chakra, a bull which portrays hard work and stead
fastness, and a horse that symbolises loyalty, speed and energy.

SLOGANS ON FIT INDIA

If the body is fit, the mind is hit
Fit India hit India
Healthy people, healthy families, healthy
society Fitness is not a destination, it is a
way of health Commit yourself to be
healthy and fit
BENEFITS OF FIT INDIA MOVEMENT
(i) A great number of people will try to keep themselves healthy and fit.
Minimum number of people will feel sick and thus India will be a healthy
and fit nation.
(ii) People will be able to work for extra hours. They will be able to stay active
fora long time.
(iii) It will be able to increase longevity because physical activities reduce the
risks of fatal diseases.
(iv) It boosts physical health. It improves lung function and cardiovascular
healthand finally helps in preventing lifestyle diseases.
(v) It helps in reducing the risk of mental disorders, depression and anxiety.
Indeed, it helps in enhancing mood and improves sleep patterns by
increasing serotonin, endorphins and stress hormones in the brain.
(vi) It improves bone density and flexibility. It also reduces the risks of osteoporosis
SPORTS COMPETITIONS AT VARIOUS
LEVELS