✦Hydrogen Fuel✦

☆ Advantages ☆
● Hydrogen fuel cells do not produce any CO2 emissions during operation, even if
their production is not necessarily carbon-free. This gives them an advantage over
combustion engine vehicles.

● The refueling process for hydrogen fuel cells is easy and takes about three
minutes, compared to the longer and more complex process of changing out a
large, heavy lead acid battery when it needs to be charged.

● In comparison to refueling a propane-powered forklift, the hydrogen fuel cell

refueling process has an advantage. Because the energy density of hydrogen fuel
cells is very high, hydrogen-powered equipment can operate for longer times and
with less frequent refueling than with a propane cylinder.
☆ Disadvantages ☆

● Electrolysis and steam reforming, the two main processes of hydrogen extraction,
are extremely expensive. This is the real reason it’s not heavily used across the
world. Today, hydrogen energy is chiefly used to power most hybrid vehicles
● One of the hydrogen properties is that it has a lower density. In fact, it is a lot less
dense than gasoline. This means that it must be compressed to a liquid state and
stored the same way at lower temperatures to guarantee its effectiveness and
efficiency as an energy source.
● The power of hydrogen should not be underestimated at all. Although gasoline is
way more dangerous than hydrogen, hydrogen is a highly flammable and volatile
substance that frequently makes headlines for its potential dangers.
✦Water Treatment✦
☆ About Water Treatment ☆
• Water treatment is a process
that improves the quality of
water to make it suitable for
drinking, irrigation, etc.
• This treatment helps to
produce and provide safe and
clean water.
• Water treatment uses different
methods to produce a safe and
clean drinking water.
☆ The Five Methods of
Water Treatment ☆

• There are five

methods in the
process:
1) Coagulation
2) Flocculation
3) Sedimentation
4) Filtration
5) Disinfection
☆ Sewage Treatment ☆
• Sewage treatment is a
wastewater treatment
that removes pollutants,
sewage, and wastewater
from the sewers.
• The treatment includes
cleaning the sewers to
be able to produce clean
water for the public.
• There are 3 stages of
the treatment process
which are primary,
secondary, and tertiary.
✦Treatment of Domestic
Water Supply✦
☆ Sediment Filtration ☆
● Sediment filtration is an
effective method for
reducing turbidity in
water caused by the
presence of suspended
solids such as sand, silt,
or clay.
● Sediment filters are also
commonly used in
combination with other
processes such as
activated carbon
filtration, aeration,
ozonation, or
chlorination.
☆ Use of Carbon to Remove
Tastes & Odours ☆
Activated carbon filtration
can effectively reduce
certain organic compounds
and chlorine in drinking
water. It can also reduce
the quantity of lead,
dissolved radon, and
harmless taste- and
odor-causing compounds.
☆ Chlorination ☆
Chlorination is a common
chemical disinfection
technique that involves
adding a chlorine-based
product (such as sodium
hypochlorite, calcium
hypochlorite, or household
bleach) to water to kill
bacteria and viruses.
✦Availability of Water✦
☆ Water Treatment & Availability ☆
✮ Importance of Water Treatment
✮
Water treatment is crucial in ensuring clean and safe
drinking water for humans and the environment. It
involves removing impurities and contaminants from
water sources to make them suitable for consumption and
use in various industries.
✮ Availability of Water ✮
Water is a finite resource, and its availability is affected
by factors such as climate change, population growth,
and pollution. It is important to conserve water and
ensure that it is treated and distributed effectively to
meet the needs of all individuals and communities.
☆ Water Availability on Earth ☆
Water is a vital resource for all living organisms on Earth. However, the
availability of water varies greatly depending on location and climate.

Global Water Availability Water Scarcity

According to the World Water Council, only 2.5% Many regions of the world, particularly in Africa,
of the Earth's surface is freshwater, and only 1% of face severe water scarcity and droughts, which can
that is easily accessible for human use. have devastating effects on agriculture, food security,
and human health.
✦Water Pollutants✦
 ☆ What does it mean? ☆
Water pollution is the
contamination of water bodies,
usually because of human
activities. As a result, pollution
negatively affects water
usability.
☆ What are its effects? ☆
Chemicals and heavy metals from
industrial and municipal
wastewater contaminate
waterways. These contaminants
are toxic to aquatic life, most
often reducing an organism's life
span and ability to reproduce, and
make their way up the food chain
as predator eats prey.
☆ What sources are there? ☆

Water pollutants include:

● Contamination due to
domestic wastes.
● Insecticides and
herbicides.
● Food processing waste.
● Pollutants from livestock
operations.
● Volatile organic
compounds (VOCs).
● Heavy metals.
● Chemical waste etc.
✦How Can We Prevent it?
✦
☆From Home ☆ ☆ From Farms ☆ ☆ From Factories ☆
● Compost your food scraps ● Use cover crops to Treat their wastewater or
rather than using a prevent soil erosion effluents at a water
garbage disposal. ● Use fertilizers and treatment facility before
disposal. If these
● Keep a bottle of drinking pesticides carefully
discharges are not treated
water in the refrigerator ● Chemical handling properly, they can
rather than running the ● Manure management have a dangerous impact on the
tap for cold water. ● Managing irrigation environment
● Run your washing once they reach bodies of
machine with a full load water.
of clothes.
● Wash with warm water
instead of hot, rinse with
cold water instead of
warm.
✰ Thank You ✰