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️� ‫�م �� يي و �م �� يي سيند ن�ا ��د‬

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Transmission medium and physical layer

Def: physical path between sender and receiver

Classes of transmission media

Facts about transmission media

1- Transmission rate : ‫ﺳرﻋﮫ ﻧﻘل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬
2- Coast
3- Easy of installation
4- Residence: ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﮫ اﻟﻛﺑل ﺿد اﻟﻣؤﺛرات اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﯾﮫ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗؤﺛر ﻓﻲ اﻹﺷﺎرة‬
5- Distance that is covered: ‫اﻗﺻﻲ طول ﯾﻣﻛن ان ﺗﻐطﯾﮫ ھذه اﻟﻣوﺻﻼت‬
1- GUIDED MEDIA (wired)
Def: which are those that provide a conduit from one device to another,

include twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable .

A- Twisted pair cable
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️� ‫�م �� يي و �م �� يي سيند ن�ا ��د‬
�‫ال‬
Insulator ‫ ﻋﺎزل‬- Conductor‫ﻣوﺻل‬
Why it has this shape
To minimize interference between the electromagnetic between to conductors
Type of twisted pairs
1- UTP : Unshielded
2- STP: Shielded
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B- Coaxial cable

Used at: tv , lan , telephone lines

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C- Fiber-optic cable
Advantage:
- Support long distance lines
- Private company use it to do implimentaiton to local data
communication

Propagation modes

‫ ﻛل اﻻﺷﻌﮫ ال ﺟوه دي ﺿوء‬optical ‫ﺷﻛل اﻹﺷﺎرة ﻣﺎ ﺑﯾن اﻟراﺳل واﻟﻣﺳﺗﻠم ﺧﻼل ال‬
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�‫ال‬
Advantages
1- Give us grater capacity and bandwidth up to 2 gb
2- Smaller size
3- Lower attenuation ‫ﻣﻔﯾش ﺿﻌف ﻓﻲ ﻗوه اﻹﺷﺎرة او ﺗﺷوه‬
4- High secure
Disadvantages
1- Very cost for large distance
2- Must get high installer
3- To make adding to extra node it will be very hard

Unguided media
Unguided media transport electromagnetic waves without
using a physical conductor. This type of communication is
often referred to as wireless communication.
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️� ‫�م �� يي و �م �� يي سيند ن�ا ��د‬
�‫ال‬

Radio waves are used for multicast communications, such as

radio and television, and paging systems.
‫ أي ﻧرﺳل اﻹﺷﺎرة‬Omnidirectional antenna ‫اﻹﺷﺎرات دي ﺑﻧﺑﺛﮭﺎ ﻋن طرﯾﻖ ال‬
3KH to1GH ‫ﻓﻲ ﻛل اﻻﺗﺟﮭﺎت ﺗرددھﺎ ﻣن‬

Microwaves are used for unicast communication such as

cellular telephones, satellite networks, and wireless LANs.
‫ أي ﻧرﺳل اﻹﺷﺎرة‬Unidirectional antenna ‫اﻹﺷﺎرات دي ﺑﻧﺑﺛﮭﺎ ﻋن طرﯾﻖ ال‬
Note sender and receiver must be at same line

Infrared signals can be used for short-range communication

in a closed area using line-of-sight propagation.
closed area ‫ﯾﻌﻧﻲ ﺧط واﺻل ﻣﺎ ﺑﯾن اﻟراﺳل واﻟﻣﺳﺗﻠم واﻧت ﺷﺎﯾﻔﮭم ﯾﻌﻧﻲ ﻣﻛﺎن ﺻﻐﯾر‬
‫ زي اﻟرﯾﻣوت ﻛﻧﺗرول‬short range ‫وﺑﺗﻛون‬
Advantage : more secure than any one of them
Disadvantage : support only short range