Wall Sytem Handout Wall System 20230427

Wall System 4/26/2023
Basics in building construction-walls

Building Construction I COTM 2072 Building Construction I COTM 2072
BC I
Building Construction I
Building Systems:
1. Foundation Systems
2. Structural System WALL SYSTEM
3. Exterior Envelope
4. Interior Partitions
5. Mechanical Systems
6. Furnishings 7
7. Floor System
3 *
1
DEFINITION : PURPOSE
Walls are vertical/inclined elements of a building that enclose, separate and
protect its interior spaces. • To provide shelter,
• Provide required level of enclosure and define space,
• To support other parts of the structure – upper structural system,
• To give privacy to the occupants from the outside building and between
compartments in the building,
• To modify the indoor climate and space quality,
• To define aesthetic character of a building.
5 6
REQUIREMENT ….. REQUIREMENT

A. Structural stability (strength and stability) – the strength of material in resisting C. Dimensional stability
compression and tensile stress and the way in which the materials are put together. • Against thermal induced movement,
• Against movement due to changes in moisture content,
Structural stability refers to the following three resistances: • Against structural movement due to bending, buckling, compression and deflection
of elements,
• Resistance to overturning, • Against chemical reaction.
• Resistance to crushing,
• Resistance to buckling. D. Fire resistance
• Combustibility – how easily a material will ignite and sustain ignition,
B. Environmental control • Surface spread of flame – the rate at which flame will spread across one material
• Resistance to weather, to ignite another surface.
• Resistance to air movement,
• Thermal resistance, E. Architectural character (aesthetic character)
• Insulation capacity, • Texture,
• Sound insulation. • Color,
• Form and space.
7 8
2
WALL TYPES: WALL TYPES…..

Wall types can be categorized on the bases of:
C. Construction Technique
A. Location
• External /Perimeter walls, • Masonry wall
• Internal /Partition walls. • Monolithic wall
• Frame wall
• Membrane
B. Structural usage
• Load Bearing walls, Masonry walls – walls built of individual units that are bonded together with some form of
• Non Load Bearing walls. mortar.
Monolithic walls – walls built of materials placed in forms during construction.
o Wall that supports the live and dead loads of floor and roof systems is said to
Frame walls – walls constructed using frames at intervals and facing or sheathing
be loadbearing. on one or both sides.
o Wall which supports only its own weight and resists only lateral (wind, soil, or Membrane walls –walls constructed as a sandwich of two thin skins or sheets.
seismic) loads is said to be non-loadbearing.
9 10
WALL TYPES…..
D. Material Used
Walls can also be identified by their structural purpose, as:
– Wood Foundation wall – a wall below ground level that transmits the super structure
– Brick loads to the earth below or the foundation.
– Stone
– Concrete Blocks Retaining wall – a wall built to hold back and restrain the earth, fill or water
– Concrete without cracking or falling out.
– Glass
The main functions of retaining wall are:
– Metal …etc.
• provide lateral support for mass of earth or other materials
• Keep earth (water) in a place,
• Maintain a difference in elevation of the ground surface on each side of the
wall.
11 12
3
Types of retaining wall Types of retaining wall ...
3. Counterfort wall- counterforts are spaced at intervals and

1. Gravity wall – a wall which depends of on its own weight or act as tension members to support the stem
mass to hold back the earth or water behind it.
• Are economical for height up to 3 meter.
4. Buttress wall – is similar to the counterfort wall except that

the buttress are located on the side of stem opposite to the
retained material and act as compression member to support the
2. Cantilevered wall – walls typically composed of horizontal system.
footing and vertical stem wall.
• It is economical for the height up to 10 meter
and Sheet pile …
13 14
Types of retaining wall ...
Four typical modes of failure on retaining walls:
a. Overturning
b. Sliding
c. Bearing capacity failure
d. Deep seated shear failure
15 16
4
MASONRY WALLS MASONRY WALLS

Masonry is the term used to refer to construction using pieces of
construction materials made into blocks and stacked together using
different binding mechanisms.
The properties and strength of such wall depend on:
• Quality of masonry material,
Masonry can be used structurally
• Quality of mortar, or as veneer.
• Method of bonding used.
MORTAR Masonry walls may be:

Used to bind masonry units together. In the early days masonry was
just piled up one on top of the other to create rubble wall. Later
binding materials such as mud, lime and recently cement mortar
started to be used. • single or multi-wythe,
• solid or hollow, grouted or un-
The advantages of using mortar are:
grouted
§ Water exclusion: the mortar blocks passage of water • reinforced or unreinforced,
through masonry walls,
§ Wind exclusion, depending on the structural
§ Cushions the masonry units, to stand stable, requirements of the design.
§ They also emphasize the pattern in which the masonry is
arranged. • Cavity
• Veneer walls
17 18
MASONRY WALLS
MASONRY WALLS
• Strong in compressive strength and weak in

tension loads (because of the weak points at the
• Masonry is strong in compression and resists tensile and flexural through the
joints between blocks),
incorporation of reinforcing steel
• It is labor intensive and time taking,
• Economical,
• It can be shaped in to different forms fairly
easily,
• Mostly have naturally rich color and texture ,
• Most masonry materials are also durable.
19 20
5
 General practice during masonry construction:

Masonry wall for building construction is
judged on the basis of:  Masonry units should be hard and strong, § Masonry units block should be soaked
(1) appearance, free from crack ,fissures, vents or any in water before use so that it does not
(2) durability, other defects, absorb much water from the mortar,
(3) strength,
(4) economy, and  Masonry units should be laid in its natural § Mortar should be strong and proportion
(5) ease of maintenance.
bed with proper bond and formation of of its ingredients should be good,
Design and aesthetics will determine the vertical joints should be avoided, (Compo mortar can be used for work
suitability of the
above ground),
• color,  No tensile stress should be developed,
• texture, § Facing and backing Masonry units
• aging characteristics, and  Masonry work should be raised uniformly
• general qualities of the stone for should be well bonded by stronger
whenever possible so that uniform loading
the type of building under Masonry unit pieces.
consideration. on the foundation occurs,
21 22
STONE WALL
MASONRY WALLS The most common stone constructions are the one that can most easily be quarried and cut in
to different shape and designs.
The most popular stone that is used in stone construction

Based on materials usage masonry walls can be categorized in to: •Sand stone
•Lime stone
•Granite
§ Stone wall
§ Block wall Classification of stone masonry
§ Glass block wall
A. Rubble masonry- where stones of random shape
§ Brick wall … and size are used. Rubble stone
B. Ashlar - refers to squared building stone finely or roughly

dressed on all faces.
• stone is cut with a great accuracy and laid, as

a result its more expensive and commonly used
as Facing material.
Ashlar stone
23 24
6
CLASSIFICATION
26
STONE WALL
Hammer dressed
Quarry stones Irratic blocks
Random Rubble Coursed Rubble
Rubble Ashlar Masonry
Irregular Coursed
Coursed Ashlars Random
Random Ashlars
Ashlars
Regular Coursed
Rubble Ashlar Masonry
Rubble
27 28
7
MASONRY WALLS - CONCRETE BLOCKS

CONCRETE BLOCK WALLS
It is popular because of its cost
• One of the most common masonry units. advantages over brick work. (One
• It consists of hardened cement and may be block covers more wall area than done
completely solid or contain single or multiple
with nine bricks).
hollows.
• It is made from conventional cement mixes and
various types of aggregates. These include: Dense blocks - made from cement,
sand, gravel, crushed stone, expanded shale or sand and dense natural aggregate with
clay, volcanic ciders (Pozzolana), scoria, proportion of 1: 6 - 8.
pumice, etc.
• Various types of blocks are manufactured to be Light weight concrete blocks - made
used for wall construction. of cement and light weight aggregate
with 1:6 proportion used for the internal
partition.
size of HCB 20* 20 * 40 cm

20* 15 * 40 cm
20* 10 * 40 cm
29 30
GLASS BLOCKS WALLS
Glass block is a translucent hollow block of glass with

Advantages Of Hollow Concrete Block Masonry clear, textured or patterned faces, made by fusing two
halves together with a partial vacuum inside.
A. Concrete blocks are regular in size, requiring no dressing work.
Hence construction is very rapid. Glass block may be used in none load bearing exterior
B. Blocks are light and therefore easy to handle. and interior walls, and in conventionally framed window
C. Because of their lightness, the loads transferred to foundations is openings.
much less than the stone masonry.
D. There is a great saving in the material. • The glass block units are laid in mortar with joints
E. Because of larger size of the blocks, the number of joints in the ≥ 6mm but ≤10mm thick.
masonry is less. This results in saving in mortar.
F. Because of hollow space, the resulting wall has better insulating
properties against sound, heat and dampness.
G. Blocks can withstand the atmospheric actions, and do not require
plaster or any other covering.
31 32
8
GLASS BLOCKS
GLASS BLOCKS Wall details
• Various surfaces as well as
inserts and coatings to control
heat gain, glare, and brightness
are available
• Special and corner blocks are

also available
Panels are designed to be mortared

at their sills
33 34
GLASS BLOCKS MASONRY WALLS - Brick wall

Brick – a small of burned clay of size that can be conveniently held in one hand
Lateral support provided by panel and it has length slightly longer than twice its width.
anchors or by a continuous channel
Size of brick 6*12*25 cm
Detail at head and jambs should allow There are many different shapes, sizes, and types
for movement at setting,
of brick.
Panel anchors secured to adjacent
construction provide horizontal joint The three most widely used are:
reinforcement as required
Common bricks – bricks sufficiently hard to safely carry
Panel Reinforcing
but have a poor texture and color.
Interior standard unit panels may not
exceed 25m2 in unsupported area. Facing bricks – sufficiently hard burned to carry normal
loads, and capable of withstanding the effects of climate.
Panel Reinforcing
Wall framing can be concrete,
masonry, wood, steel
Engineering bricks – made from selected clay, carefully
or any other structural surround. prepared so that the finished brick is very solid and hard
and is capable of safely carrying much heavier loads than
other.
35 36
9
LOAD
Bond Bond …
The word bond has three different meanings on masonry For getting good bond, the following issues should be
construction: observed:
1. The adhesion of the mortar to the masonry units to hold •The brick should be of uniform in size and the
the wall together, length of the brick should be twice its width plus
2. The interlocking or the overlapping of individual masonry one joint.
unit in the wall, which divides and distributes any load
imposed on it, which is named as structural bonding and •The amount of lap should be minimum of ¼
cause the entire wall to act as unified mass, Possible settlement
brick along the length of the wall and ½ brick
3. The variety of brick work patterns or designs, which are LOAD across the thickness of the wall.
creative and pleasing to the viewer. LOAD
Which in other word an arrangement of masonry units with •In alternate courses, the center line of the
a purpose of header should coincide with the center line of
the stretcher in the course below or above it.
•Obtain maximum strength during load distribution
•Ensure the lateral stability •The vertical joints in the alternate courses
SPREAD OF LOAD
•Create an acceptable appearance should be along the same pretend.
SPREAD OF LOAD
37 38
MASONRY WALLS
TERMINOLOGIES
Brick masonry is sometimes preferred over
Course: is a horizontal layer of masonry units.
Stretcher: is the longer face of a brick as seen in other types of masonry for the following
the elevation of the wall. reasons:
Header: is the shorter face of a brick as seen in the
elevation of the wall. • Bricks are of uniform size and shape, and
Lap: is the horizontal distance between the vertical hence they can be laid in any definite
joints of successive brick courses. pattern.
Bed: is the lower surface of the brick when laid flat. • Bricks are light in weight and small in
Closer: is a portion of the brick with the cut made
size. Hence they can be easily handled.
longitudinally and is used to close up bond at the
end of the course. • Brick do not need any dressing.
• The art of brick laying can be understood
Queen closer: It is a portion of a brick obtained by cutting a brick
length wise into two portions. easily.
King closer: It is obtained by cutting the triangular piece between
the center of one end and the center of the other side.
• Ornamental works can be easily done
with bricks.
• Light partition walls can be easily
constructed in brick masonry.
39 40
10
Jointing and pointing

Jointing
is the operation of finishing of mortar joint as the masonry works
raised.
Joints depend on the exposure of the building, the type of brick
and preference of the designer.
It is the weakest part of a masonry construction and it requires

special care in laying and finishing.
Pointing
is the term used to describe existing or new joints which have
been racked out, 20 mm depth, and filled with a specially
selected mortar for the sake of appearance or as a weather
protection.
The pointing mortar mix must be slightly weaker than jointing

mortar and has purposes:
§ Water exclusion: the pointing makes the mortar water proof,
§ Wind exclusion: fills up air holes,
§ They also emphasize the pattern in which the masonry is
arranged. 41 42
• English bond
Standard Patterns for brick walls are:
This pattern consists of alternate courses of
headers and stretchers. The headers are
• Running bond centered on the stretchers and joints between
stretchers in all courses are aligned vertically.
The simplest of all brick structures, this
pattern consists of all stretchers. Metal ties
are used when this type of wall is used in
cavity-wall or veneer-wall construction.
. Block or stacked bond

• Flemish bond
There is no overlapping of units because all
vertical joints are aligned.
Each course of brick consists of alternate Generally, this patterned wall is bonded to
stretchers and headers. Headers in alternate the backing with rigid steel ties and
courses are centered over the stretchers in the
reinforcement in the horizontal mortar joints.
intervening courses. Half brick or “snapped”
headers can be used where structural bonding
between two wythes is not required.
43 44
11
Brick Bonds ….
• Common or American bond

A variation of the running bond, this pattern
introduces a course of full-length headers at
regular intervals, generally every fifth, sixth, or
seventh course.
Stretcher Bond Common Bond
. English cross or Dutch bond
This is a variation on the English Bond, but it

differs in that vertical joints between the
stretchers in alternate courses do not align
vertically. English Bond Flemish Bond
45 46
MASONRY WALLS CONSTRUCTION
Every brick project starts with putting / lying leads

or corners of the project. Generally there are
three ways of lying brick masonry project:
A. Rack-back lead – it is used when the wall does

not have a corner and on the basis of this it serves MASONRY WALLS CONSTRUCTION
as guide to attach a line for lying a brick wall.
B. Straight lead – its build plumb or right angle on

one end
C. Right angle lead – it consists of straight leads

joined together to form corner
47 48
12
Construction process ……
B. Laying the masonry units
Construction process 4. Lay the first course of masonry units in the mortar.
Beginning with the second unit, apply mortar to the head joint
Masonry construction end of each unit, then shove the masonry units in to place
firmly so that the mortar is squeezed out of all sides of joints.
To build the wall we must prepare the mortar and prepare And check the course for correct height.
the masonry units before start laying the masonry units.
5 . Throw another mortar layer and work on lead wall make
1. Preparation of the masonry units - masonry units sure courses are staggered for structural purpose until the fifth
should be wet before layer them so they do not course.
absorb water from mortar and obtaining adherence 6. Build another lead on the other end of foundation or grade
mortar. beam.
2. Preparation of mortar – to make the mortar, the mix 7. Filling in the leads in any bonding types as needed.
will have thick sand –cement ratio of 5:1. Sand and Starting with stretch a mason’s line between the complete leads.
When you reach the final unit, mortar both sides of it and push it
cement should be mixed dry, out from the tray.
straight down to squeeze the mortar out from the joints.
…. To build a higher wall, simply build more five courses lead at
3. Spread the mortar- with the point of towel, which each end of the wall.
ensure that the masonry units are laid evenly and also
help to squeeze out excess mortar on the sides the N.B: verify the vertical level of the wall after each layer. Do not build
masonry units are set in place. more than 1.2 meter height of wall per day.
49 50
Cavity wall
Cavity
Is a wall consists of an outer leaf or skin separated

(50 mm- 70 mm) from an inner leaf by an air space Wall tie Performance of masonry walls:
called a cavity.
§ Design
The cavity has functions § workmanship,
•It improves the thermal efficiency of the wall § materials
as the air in the cavity is good insulation
•It prevents water from reaching the internal in addition to these:
skin D.P.C.
■ Mortar joints must be full
The two skins of masonry units each acting ■ Mortar must be compatible with and well bonded to the
independently are not very strong or stable and it units
requires a wall tie, tie together at regular at regular ■ Drainage cavity must be kept free of mortar droppings
intervals, made of galvanized steel, plastic. ■ Appropriate flashing material must be selected for the
expected service life of the building
Wall ties occur 90 cm apart horizontally and 45 ■ Flashing details must provide protection for all conditions
■ Flashing must be properly installed
cm vertically Stainless-steel wire wall tie ■ Weep holes must be properly sized and spaced
with plastic disc to hold ■ Weep holes must provide rapid drainage of penetrated
sheet insulation in place. moisture
With adequate provision for moisture drainage, masonry wall
systems can provide long-term performance with little required
51 maintenance. 52
13
MASONRY WALLS - Concrete Blocks

MASONRY WALLS -
Concrete Blocks
53 54
MASONRY WALLS - Cladding and Combinations Monolithic Walls

Monolithic walls – a wall built of material placed in forms
during construction.
§ traditional earth wall (rammed earth) and
§ modern concrete walls are examples.
55 56
14
Monolithic Walls Monolithic Walls
It is important to achieve the required alignment

and verticality during casting so that there is
minimal rectification work. The following
should be observed:
a) formwork should be in good condition;

b) proper bracing and strutting; and
c) thorough checks on plumb and alignment
before casting.
the Roman Pantheon, still the largest unreinforced solid

concrete
57 58
CONCRETE WALLS - Precast Concrete CONCRETE WALLS - Precast Concrete

 Can be structural or non structural
 Economical when large no. of identical pieces are
made
 Advantages
 Better quality control of concrete elements
 Elements can be cast and erected in all weather
conditions,
 Fast construction time
Types of precast concrete panels-
1-under sill cladding panels
2-storey high or more non structural cladding
panels
3-structural cladding panels
4-permanent shuttering-i.e., cladding units used
as permanent formwork to in-situ concrete.
59 60
15
CONCRETE
WALLS
Surface Treatments
CONCRETE WALLS
Precast Concrete
61 62
Frame Walls FRAMED WALLS
Frame walls – a wall is constructed as a frame at intervals

together with facing or sheathing on one or
both sides.
63 64
16
Wood Frame Walls

• Three types of light frame construction are used: Slab type
§ Slab
§ Platform • In slab style buildings the
§ Balloon concrete floor is placed on top of
the stem wall.
• The remaining of the building is
built the same as platform or
balloon construction.
– Wood structure must be
attached to concrete.
Concrete Slab
Stem Wall
Slab Platform balloon Footing
65 66
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
• Balloon construction
1. Construction of footing
This type of construction has four
major differences from platform.
Continuous concrete or masonry pad.
1. The studs are continuous If used, installed before the

from the bottom sill to the last foundation.
top plate.
2. The sub floor is installed after § Supports the foundation wall.
the studs are in place. § Size of footing depends on
the load of building and the
3. Fire stops are used to enclose load bearing characteristics
the space between the studs of the soil.
at each floor.
4. The second story joists are
supported by a rim joist.
67 68
17
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS ...

2. Construction of foundation
(foundation wall) 3. construction of sill plate
• Concrete or masonry wall • Wooden member attached to
that supports the building. the foundation.
• Must either extend below
• Pressure treated lumber
frost depth or be engineered
recommended.
for above frost line.
• Should include anchor bolts
to attach building to
foundation.
69 70
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS ... CONSTRUCTION PROCESS ...
4. Construction of floor joist

5. Construction of Sub floor
• The floor joists provide the support
for the floor. • The sub floor is attached to
• Size and spacing determined by the floor joists.
the designed floor load. • Plywood, MDF or particle
• Rim joist attaches to end of floor board is commonly used.
joists to fill in the space and tie the
• Concrete sub floors are also
ends together.
used
71 72
18
7. construction of studs
6. Construction of sole plate
• The studs form the structure for the
• The sole plate is fastened to walls.
the end of the studs before it • Spacing and size is determined by
attached to the sub floor. the loads, desired insulation value
• Anchors the wall to the sub and uses of the building.
floor. • Different stud arrangements are
used to attach the walls together at
the corners.
73 74

9. construction of bracing
• The purpose of the brace is to

8. construction of top plate
reinforce the building ability to
Force
resist “racking” forces.
• The first top plate attached to the • Racking forces are parallel to the
ends of the studs.
wall.
• The second top plate is nailed to
• Braces are set in the edge of the
the first one. It is used to
increase the load bearing studs.
capacity. Force
• Note: the plates overlap at the
corners to help tie the walls
together.
75 76
19
10. construction of wall cladding 10. construction of wall cladding
• Sheathing is the first layer of • Sheathing is the first layer of

material on the outside surface of material on the outside surface of
the walls. the walls.
• Sheathing may be sheet material, • Sheathing may be sheet material,
plywood, MDF. etc. or plywood, MDF. etc. or
dimensioned lumber. dimensioned lumber.
• Sheet material is more common. • Sheet material is more common.
77 78
11. When the building is

multistory, the parts from the
joists up is repeated.
joists up is repeated …
• In platform construction, the

• A second sub floor is installed
process repeats for each floor.
on the second story joists.
• Joists are placed to form the
• May be the same material or
ceiling for the first story and
different material from the first
the floor for the second story.
story sub floor.
79 80
20

11. When the building is multistory, the parts from the
multistory, the parts from the joists up is repeated…
joists up is repeated…
• The second story studs form
• The second story sole plate the walls for the second
serves the same function as story.
the first story.
• Usually the same spacing
• It attaches the second story as the first story, but lumber
studs to the floor. may be smaller dimensions.
81 82

joists up is repeated… • Roof construction follows………
• The second story top plate
serves the same function as the
first story plate--support the
joists (floor or ceiling).
• In a two story building, the
second story plates also
supports the rafters.
83 84
21
OPENINGS IN WALLS OPENINGS IN WALLS

1. Arches
 Openings are invariably left in the walls for the
provision of doors, windows cupboards, etc. An arch is normally a curved member of either
 These openings are bridged by the provisions of stone. Concrete, steel, etc.
either a lintel or an arch.
 Both lintels and arches are structural members
designed to support the loads of the portion of the Arches are constructed where:
wall situated above the openings. Loads are heavy,
Span is large,and
Architectural appearance is required.
85 86
OPENINGS IN WALLS WALL FINISH
2. Lintels A material used to cover the exterior or interior walls of a building or structure.
It is available in a wide variety of materials that are chosen based on their
 A lintel is a horizontal member, which is placed
appearance and functional characteristics.
across the opening.
 Lintels are easy to build and the supporting Based on applications there are different types of wall finishing:
walls need not be very strong.
 At least 10cm length of bearing is a minimum Tile cladding
Vinyl siding
requirement.
Metal cladding
 For very long spans, the bearing for the lintel Wood shingles
end should be equal at least to its depth. Masonry cladding
Wallpaper
plaster
Painting
Gypsum board …
87 AAU-EiABC, Chair Building 88

Construction
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
22
WALL FINISH WALL FINISH

CURTAIN
WALLS
Metal and Glass
Clinker Finish Tile cladding
89 90
Building Construction I COTM 2072

WALL FINISHES
Plaster Over Masonry
91 92
23
WALL FINISHES
WALL FINISHES
Gypsum Board
Gypsum Board Application
93 94
WALL FINISHES
Ceramic Tiles
95 96
24
WALL FINISHES
Plastic Laminate CURTAIN WALLS
Precast Concrete
97 98
CURTAIN
WALLS
Metal and Glass
99 100
25
101 102
103
26

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Wall System 4/26/2023

Basics in building construction-walls

Building Construction I COTM 2072 Building Construction I COTM 2072

Building Construction I COTM 2072 Building Construction I COTM 2072

Building Construction I COTM 2072 Building Construction I COTM 2072

REQUIREMENT ….. REQUIREMENT

Building Construction I COTM 2072 Building Construction I COTM 2072

WALL TYPES: WALL TYPES…..

Building Construction I COTM 2072 Building Construction I COTM 2072

Building Construction I COTM 2072 Building Construction I COTM 2072

Types of retaining wall Types of retaining wall ...

3. Counterfort wall- counterforts are spaced at intervals and

• Are economical for height up to 3 meter.

4. Buttress wall – is similar to the counterfort wall except that

and Sheet pile …

Building Construction I COTM 2072 Building Construction I COTM 2072

Types of retaining wall ...

Four typical modes of failure on retaining walls:

Building Construction I COTM 2072 Building Construction I COTM 2072

MASONRY WALLS MASONRY WALLS

MORTAR Masonry walls may be:

Building Construction I COTM 2072 Building Construction I COTM 2072

• Strong in compressive strength and weak in

Building Construction I COTM 2072 Building Construction I COTM 2072

 General practice during masonry construction:

Building Construction I COTM 2072 Building Construction I COTM 2072

The most popular stone that is used in stone construction

B. Ashlar - refers to squared building stone finely or roughly

• stone is cut with a great accuracy and laid, as

Building Construction I COTM 2072 Building Construction I COTM 2072

Building Construction I COTM 2072 Building Construction I COTM 2072

Building Construction I COTM 2072 Building Construction I COTM 2072

MASONRY WALLS - CONCRETE BLOCKS

size of HCB 20* 20 * 40 cm

Building Construction I COTM 2072 Building Construction I COTM 2072

GLASS BLOCKS WALLS

Glass block is a translucent hollow block of glass with

Building Construction I COTM 2072 Building Construction I COTM 2072

• Special and corner blocks are

Panels are designed to be mortared

Building Construction I COTM 2072 Building Construction I COTM 2072

GLASS BLOCKS MASONRY WALLS - Brick wall

Building Construction I COTM 2072 Building Construction I COTM 2072

Building Construction I COTM 2072 Building Construction I COTM 2072

Building Construction I COTM 2072 Building Construction I COTM 2072

Jointing and pointing

It is the weakest part of a masonry construction and it requires

The pointing mortar mix must be slightly weaker than jointing

Building Construction I COTM 2072 Building Construction I COTM 2072

. Block or stacked bond

Building Construction I COTM 2072 Building Construction I COTM 2072

• Common or American bond

. English cross or Dutch bond

This is a variation on the English Bond, but it

Building Construction I COTM 2072 Building Construction I COTM 2072

MASONRY WALLS CONSTRUCTION

Every brick project starts with putting / lying leads

A. Rack-back lead – it is used when the wall does

B. Straight lead – its build plumb or right angle on

C. Right angle lead – it consists of straight leads

Building Construction I COTM 2072 Building Construction I COTM 2072

Building Construction I COTM 2072 Building Construction I COTM 2072

Is a wall consists of an outer leaf or skin separated