I

Going Bananas: Dried Banana Peel Extract as a Coagulating

Agent

A Capstone Project
Presented to the Faculty
of the Senior High Department of
De La Salle Andres Soriano Memorial College
Don Andres Soriano, Toledo City

In Partial Fulfilment
of the Requirements for the Academic Strand
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
(STEM)

By

Camomot, Ma. Nolunda

Englisa, Range
Gabuya, Louiegee
Ramas, Patricia Xylene
Tura, Charie Mae

January 2020
 II

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Contents II

List of Tables III

List of Figures IV

Acknowledgement V

Abstract VI

CHAPTER I: THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE 1-5

Background of the Study 1

Statement of the Problem 3

Objectives of the Study 3

Significance of the Study 4

Definition of terms 5

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE 6-18

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY 19-20

Materials and Procedure 19

Data Collection 20

CHAPTER IV: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 21-23

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 24-25

APPENDICES 38-47
 III

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1 21

Table 1.2 22
IV
 V

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The capstone project was made possible due to the significant individuals

who helped the researchers along the way. The researchers would like to extend

their gratitude towards them.

To Mrs. Carmelle, the researchers would like to thank your kindness for

letting Miss Ras Miles P. Englisa use the laboratory for getting blood samples. The

researchers appreciate Miss Yvette Rabur Mondragon’s effort for her voluntary

action for blood extraction. To Mr. Ronald P. Ramas, the researchers thank you for

lending your knowledge about chemistry that helped in the preparation of the dried

banana peel extract. In addition, the researchers thank Miss Ras Miles P. Englisa, a

medical technologist, in helping conduct the said study. To all the individuals who

participate in the blood pricking, the researchers appreciate your never-ending

support. Moreover, the researchers thank Mrs. Lorcyn Ruiz and Miss Joezl Dumat-

ol’s efforts in the completion of this paper. To Mr. Ronel P. Lipon, the researchers

thank you for your understanding and undying support that leads to the fulfillment

of this capstone project.

The researchers would like to express their deep gratitude towards their

parents, for their patience and encouragement and to Lord Jesus Christ in giving

the researchers the time and energy to finish their project without any casualties.

Sincerely,

The Researchers
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ABSTRACT

Cardava banana (Musa sapientum Linn. Var. compressa) is one of the most

abundant fruit in the country. In view of this, the researchers utilize the wasted

peelings and developed a coagulating agent out of it.

Harvard Medical School researchers reported the coagulating potential

(tannins and leucocyanidins) and healing properties of bananas that reduces pain

and cools off wounds. Moreover, unripe banana peelings contain more tannin

content (which promotes coagulation) than ripe bananas.

The objective of this study is to investigate and determine the coagulating

potential of banana peel extract, test out its effectivity by applying it to different

fresh blood samples, and examine its coagulating time.

Banana peel extract was acquired from banana peels that was sun-dried for

two days, pulverized using a blender, and was soaked in ethyl alcohol for 48 hours.

The solution obtained was filtered by a coffee filter. It was then water-bathed to

acquire a semi- solid consistency, and then diluted and is ready for application to

the set of fresh blood samples. Effectivity of the banana peel extract was observed

as coagulating activity and the clotting time was examined to the different fresh

blood samples. Agglutination was detected to the serum and EDTA whole blood

samples upon application with the extract diluted with distilled water and another

with alcohol. Coagulation was achieved with the fresh blood samples applied with

the extract diluted with distilled water. Results indicate that banana peel extract

diluted with ethyl alcohol is more effective than that of the extract diluted with

distilled water.
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CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Accidents happen when people least expect them. It may be just a prick of a needle,

or a sudden fall from the stairs. It may be a major and even a minor accident and it can be

avoided with proper measures. Sadly, it can cause damage and injuries causing people to

bleed, which can sometimes be a health risk. Human suffering and loss can cause

occupational accidents and diseases. With some 2 million workers dying each year their

economic cost is high (Safety and health at work, n.d). Injury can cause bleeding. It is cause

by the abrupt cut or harm in the blood vessels that triggers the reaction. Injury to internal

organs can also be due to bleeding which can cause major health problems (Bleeding,

2019). Too much injuries could cause bleeding and can further take up to more

complications in the body. In line with this, the researchers looked for accessible mediums

as means of aiding wound-healing via blood coagulation.

Philippines has been known to be a country of tropics because of its geographical

place located near the equator. Various species of tropical Fauna and Fiona prosper in this

type of weather, just like bananas. With 2.5 million metric tonnes exported, the country is

included as one of the top five exporters of the said fruit (ProMusa, 2019). With its

abundance in availability in the country, the researchers chose to seek for its constituents

in coagulating.
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Musa sapientum also known as ‘banana’ is a kind of plant that belonged to the

Musaceae family. Indigenous people utilized banana peels to speed up healing of burns

and wounds for thousands of years. This traditional medical usage of banana peels is now

being accepted in modern medical research (Adams, 2017). Similarly, Erickson (2016) said

that research has established that skin can be able to regenerate and re-mineralize with the

use of banana peels. They also give out anti-flammatory constituents and the capability to

mitigate pain. The peel of banana has properties of healing that occurs from a DNA level,

as thymidine is incorporated into cellular DNA. This promotes cell growth.

One of the most important banana cultivars in the Philippines is Musa sapientum

Linn Var. Compressa also known as Cardava banana. Banana peel is often perceived as

waste and may cause environmental threats if not dispose properly. Current studies

reported that tannins and leucocyanidins can be found in banana peels which can accelerate

and aid wound healing.

In addition, dried banana peel is also used for treatment of external wounds and

this plant has been reported by other authors for its coagulation and wound healing

properties. Thus, even in the country of Brazil, it is used for people who are bleeding for

wound treatment (Albuquerque as cited in Barros et al., n.d.). The traditional usage of M.

sapientum in handling of bleeding is verified. Its process of action is vasoconstriction in

order to create the protein network formation that makes it as a way for aggregation of cells

which leads to coagulation (Klotoé; Dougnon, 2010). In a recent study, the sap of M.

sapientum was collected and undergo testing on the different samples of blood that were

acquired through venepuncture from normal adult who volunteered for the study. It was

evident that blood coagulation is present (Ti, 2012).

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Based on the previous studies, the researchers aim to conduct an experiment to test

the effectivity of dried banana peel extract as a coagulant agent. In view of this, the

coagulating property of the dried banana peel extract that helps blood clotting will be

identified. This is why the objective of this study is to investigate the effect of Musa

sapientum on biochemical and haematological aspects in order to understand its process of

action.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to produce a coagulating agent that could be of use in aiding

wound-healing. Specifically, it aims to answer the following questions:

1. What are the blood clotting properties of dried banana peel extracts?

2. What are other ingredients that could increase the product’s effectivity?

3. What other suggestions can be made to maximize the product’s effectivity and

convenience?

Objectives of the Study

This study aims to achieve the following objectives:

1. Determine the dried banana peel extract’s ability to coagulate and its blood clotting

properties.

2. Know other ingredients that could increase the product’s effectivity.

3. To determine other suggestions to maximize the product’s effectivity and

convenience.
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Significance of the Study

The capstone project will be significant to the following:

Injured patients. the project’s product will be beneficial to injured patients since it aids

wound-healing and further promote hemostasis, specifically in coagulation of blood and

forming blood clot.

Medical Professionals. the outcome of the product will be significant to people working

in the field of medicine because they can now use the product to their patients and/ or for

first aid purposes.

Community Residences. should the product prevail in meeting the expected outcome,

people in the community can now use this as a better alternative in treating minor wounds

since the primary constituent is very accessible and common in the country.

Barangay Leaders. this study allows barangay leaders to be aware of the healing

properties of dried banana peel extract. The study will not be only address to the parameters

of the school but to the whole barangay which can help people in time of needs. Thus,

barangay leaders’ influence is needed to promote the said acquired knowledge.

Future Researchers. with the conclusion and product produced, it may serve as a

foundation in formulating new ideas and new revolutionary inventions that may be

discovered by future researchers.

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Definition of Terms

The following are terms that are operationally defined in this project.

Agglutination. Is the gathering of particles to form a clump by specific antibodies

to surface antigenic components known as direct agglutination or antigenic components

absorbed or chemically attached to red cells or inactive particles (Valenciano, 2014).

Coagulation. It’s a cascade of serine protease-driven reactions where thrombin is

responsible for the change of fibrinogen into fibrin. It and plays a vital role as a defense

reaction/ process against bacterial pathogens by control of bacteria in a clot and their

succeeding killing (Savini, 2018).

Hemostasis. It’s identified as the appropriate physiologic reaction to vascular

injury that gives prompt control of loss of blood (MarCastellanos & Weksler, n.d.).

Leucocyanidin. It’s a flavonoid lipid molecule (Showing Compound

Leucocyanidin, 2010).

Tannins. Otherwise known as tannic acid, it is defined as any of a group of pale-

yellow to light-brown substances in the form of fine particles, bits, or a mesh, widely found

in plants and used mainly in leather tanning, fabric dyeing, ink making, and in various

applications in the medical field (Augustyn et al., 2019). Tannins also has the ability to

hasten blood clotting, mitigate blood pressure, decrease the serum lipid level, produce liver

necrosis, and control immunoresponses (Bele et al., 2010).

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE

Bleeding caused by cuts and other accidents have become a widely-known problem

that could lead to health-complications. People with low platelets could be at risk with such

trouble due to the poor hemostatic activity that occurs in their blood. As a result, severe-

blood loss could happen or even worse—death.

Coagulation

Platelets also known as thrombocytes are cells in the blood, which are responsible

for blood coagulation. Blood proteins and platelets accumulates and form a fibrin clot. The

clot acts like a lattice to stop bleeding. Blood does not normally clot if a person has bleeding

disorders and is deficient of blood clotting factors. As a result, the blood takes time to

coagulate for the bleeding to stop (How Blood Clots: Coagulation, 2018).

Brazier, Y. (2018) stated that effective coagulation can be achieved with the action

of blood clotting factors. Platelets are cells and the coagulation factors are proteins. These

proteins can be found in the blood plasma and on blood vessels. Deep Vein Thrombosis

(DVT) can happen if a person’s blood clots too much. If a person has difficulty in blood

coagulation, a person has hemophilia in which bleeding happens too often. In addition, she

stated that when damage has been done in the endothelium, the lining of a blood vessel,

platelets will actively form a clot at the site of the injury. Proteins located in the plasma

responds to form fibrin strands. In a chemical level, the fibrin strands gathers and help

blood coagulation. It is important for blood to clot when injured for it stops the bleeding.
 7

Sometimes clots can occur inside blood vessels which can cause serious health problems

(Beckerman, J. 2018).

On a similar note, Saringer (2019) stated that blood coagulation happens when

there’s a damaged blood vessel. Platelets then gathered in the damaged site to clump

together which accelerates the development of fibrin formation that helps stop the bleeding.

When blood has been coagulated, certain enzymes like plasmin and other substances takes

action that helps neutralize the excess clotting factors (Coagulation Factors, 2019).

Dahlbäck (2000) explained that blood coagulation is an important defense-mechanism

against excessive bleeding. Rupture of endothelium activates the coagulation system as a

response by forming a fibrin strand that clots blood. Platelets and proteins such as fibrin,

are several components involved in the coagulation cascade that participates in repairing

injured blood vessel. Cellular and protein components are primary hemostasis (the platelet

plug) and secondary hemostasis (the coagulation cascade). Excess blood clotting factors

should be destroyed in order to prevent thromboembolic events, in which clots break off

from the endothelium (the lining of the blood vessel) and cause ischemic damage elsewhere

in the body. On the other hand, while the clot retracts, the wound starts to heal (Hemostasis,

n.d.).

Coagulation process as such is highly essential to one’s own being. This helps in

the process of healing wounds and hemostasis. Hence, the researchers aim to meet the

objectives of the said capstone project, which is to produce a coagulating agent that may

aid wounded people in the future.

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Agglutination

Agglutination is the clumping of cells together. It’s usually used by the immune

system of the body to clump together pathogens or toxins. These invaders can be easily

inhibited by cells from the immune system once congregated (Paul, n.d.).

Agglutination is the clear manifestation of the clustered antigens and antibodies.

The reaction of agglutination apply to particulate test antigens that are carrier conjugated.

Particles that are conjugated reacts with serum of the patient that contains antibodies

(Agglutination Reactions, 2019).

Antibodies, which are agglutinins for A and B antigens are located in the plasma

and they are called as anti- B and anti-A. The antibody and antigen do not exist in the

similar individual because, they create antigen-antibody complexes when formed, and

agglutinating effectively in the blood (The McGill Physiology Virtual Lab, n.d.).

Agglutination is a serological reaction that shares similarities with the reaction of

precipitation. In a mixture, antigens combine with their matching antibodies on the surfaces

of easily sedimented particles, cross-linking them and causing them to form visible clumps.

(Lab 6. Agglutination, n.d.).

Schoeder also added that the red cell agglutination level observed in any test

procedure of blood bank is important and must be noted. The agglutination degree indicates

the amount of antibody or antigen present (Schoeder, 1999). On a macroscopic level, 4+

agglutination refers to one solid cell clump; 3+ refers to numerous aggregates that are large

and background is clear; 2+ refers to aggregates that are tiny to medium sized , and

background is still clear; 1+ refers to tiny aggregates and has a reddish and turbid
 9

background; +W refers to small aggregates and reddish and turbid background; and MF

Mixed Field refers to any level of agglutination in an area of cells that are unagglutinated.

On a microscopic level, Hem, otherwise known as Hemolysis refers to a reaction that is

positive and can be graded as partial or complete. Both agglutination and hemolysis can be

recorded on the similar tube; and Ø Negative refers to no agglutination activity and has a

reddish and smooth background.

Hemostasis

The process of blood clot formation at the site of vessel injury is called hemostasis.

When a disrupted blood vessel wall takes places, the hemostatic response must be fast,

contained, and carefully regulated. Excessive bleeding or thrombosis such as

nonphysiologic blood clotting not required for hemostatic regulation will appear if certain

elements of these processes are missing or dysfunctional (Leung, 2019). Moreover, Furie

(2019) added that hemostatic mechanisms are important to maintain the closed blood-

circulatory system. Normal hemostasis is the act of a complex system of three individual

components: blood cells (platelets), cells that line the blood vessels (endothelial cells), and

blood proteins (blood-clotting proteins).

Platelets are vital elements in hemostasis, the process by which the body forms clot

to prevent further loss of blood. Although damaged larger blood vessels generally needs

medical attention, hemostasis is effective in handling small and simple wounds in

(Anatomy and Physiology, n.d.). Moreover, Blanco (2017) stated that hemostasis is defined

as the appropriate physiologic response to vascular injury that provides prompt control of

blood loss.
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Hemostasis is the body's normal physiological response for the prevention and

stopping of bleeding/hemorrhage. It causes the blockage of any vascular rupture.

Generally, it maintains the fluidity of the blood and integrity of the blood vessels.

Abnormalities of which can cause hemorrhages and blood clots (Hemostasis, n.d.).

According to Hiller (n.d.), the hemostatic system is composed of the blood vessels,

platelets, and the plasma coagulation. Upon the injury of a blood vessel, three mechanisms

are triggered at the site of the injury: (1) the contraction of the vessel walls, (2) platelet

adhesion and aggregation (formation of the platelet plug), and (3) plasmatic which forms

the fibrin clot. These are the three essential mechanisms for normal hemostasis to occur.

Hemostasis is a process which changes blood from a liquid to a solid state. Primary

hemostasis is characterized by the following: vascular contraction, platelet adhesion and

formation of a soft aggregate plug. Hemostasis starts after endothelial disruption. Injury

causes the local vascular smooth muscle to contract temporarily. This vasoconstriction

slows the flow of blood, enhancing platelet adhesion and activation (Hemostasis, n.d.).

The literatures stated explains how significant hemostasis is in regulating wound-

healing and cell repair. Hemostasis and coagulation usually go together due to the

coordination of blood-clot and wound-healing process. Should this product prevail, then

the coagulation agent may somehow further promote hemostasis.

Healing Properties of Bananas

In 2016, researchers from Harvard Medical School, working with the Wilderness

Medical Society, looked into the utilization of banana peel for wounds and burns (Adams,

2016). They came up with good grounds that bananas can be used as pain reliever and can
 11

cool burns. Banana peels and leaves in treating burns was recommended for use in the wild,

alongside papaya, honey, aloe vera, sugar paste and honey (Akolekar, 2003).

In a 2017 study from India’s LTMG Hospital and LTM Medical College, they

utilized banana peel dressings to treat 30 burn patients with significant burns. Their

research began in 1994 and had optimized their dressings in 1996 (Chin, 2006). The banana

peel dressings reduced the pain from the burns and helped protect those burns from

infections. The banana peel dressing not only aided in healing but also did not stick to the

burns. Furthermore, the dressings were easy enough to use by untrained personnel

(Akolekar, 2003).

In Bulacao, Cebu City, a study of aqueous and methanolic extracts from the stem

juice of Musa sapientum showed that it had wound healing properties attributed to

increased wound breaking strength, a decrease in glutathione, and a decrease in percentage

of wound area, scar area and lipid peroxidation. Wound healing was theorized to be due to

antioxidants and various biochemical parameters (Agarwal, 2009). Similarly, one study

evaluated ash values of dried stem powders and wound healing activity of stem juice in an

excision wound model. The study showed the stem juice of Musa paradisiaca Linn had

considerable wound healing activity in comparison to a standard drug, Nitrofurazone

(Bharathi et al., 2012).

In Baybay, Leyte a study evaluated the optimal concentration of gel from unripe

banana peel to be used in wound treatment in Wistar rats. A 4% gel concentration obtained

from the banana peel caused better epithelization of wounds healed through secondary

intention compared to different gel concentrations (Novato et al., 2011). A different study

investigating changes in blood pressure after eating bananas, showed that blood pressure
 12

among hypertensive individual was significantly reduced due to phytochemicals present in

bananas. The results could be due to diuretic activity from the intake of bananas which

showed an increase in urine volume and electrolyte excretion in test done on animals. Also,

the potassium ions, which are prevalent in bananas, could be the cause behind the

maintained drop in blood pressure (Dayanand et al., 2015).

Another study evaluated the wound healing activity of various extracts of M.

sapientum peel in an incision wound model in mice. The mice that exhibited improved

wound healing and an inhibition of DPPH radical bleaching, were of the group treated with

methanolic and hexanoic banana peel extract. These effects were attributed with alkaloids,

tannins, saponins, and phenol constituents present in the peel (Padilla-Camberos et al.,

n.d.). Traditionally, the astringent banana sap is used as a medicine to treat ailments such

as leprosy, fever, hemorrhage, hysteria, hemorrhoids, epilepsy, digestive disorders, and

insect bites (Kumar, 2012).

Kaempferol and quercetin, which are prominent in bananas, are compounds known

to fight numerous types of tumors, reduce inflammation, improve blood circulation, protect

nerves, and reduce the risk of contracting a number of diseases. Integrating bananas into in

significantly increases the healthiness of one’s diet. Rutin, a compound that bolsters effects

of vitamin C, helps to maintain strong, flexible blood vessels can also be found in bananas.

Rutin acts as an antioxidant along with it being anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer.

(Kilham, 2008)

The literatures mentioned elaborated on the significance of bananas due to their

healing properties. It strengthens the idea on how the project’s product promote wound

healing through blood clotting.

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Antimicrobial Effect of Bananas

One great reason for people to use peelings of banana for cuts and burns is their

antimicrobial potential because bananas hinder the development of bacteria. Fungal

infections (bacteria) can really interfere with wound/ burn healing; such infections can be

(Akolekar, 2003). The principles of antifungus and antibiotic can be found in a ripe

banana’s peel and pulp. (Brooks, 2008) The antibiotic property reacts against Mycobacteria

(Omojasola and Jilani, 2009). Inside the pulp and peel of green fruits, a fungicide is active

which is against a fungus disease of tomato plants (Ponnuswamy et al., 2011) and serotonin

are even existing in the pulp and peel that are ripe (Ratule et al., 2007). Norepinephrine,

dopamine, increases the elevation of blood while serotonin stops secretion of gas and the

smooth intestine muscle are stimulated (Anhwang et al., 2009).

Researchers from India’s Halgekar Institute of Dsental Science’s and Research

Center examined the peelings of bananas and their capability to prevent bacteria. The

researchers discovered bacteria inhibition upon the application of banana peel extract in a

laboratory. (Kapadia, 2015). Similarly, another study portrayed hexane fraction of M.

paradisiaca and C. indica’s hydromethanolic extract. It has constituents that are active with

the ability to correct diabetes-induced testicular dysfunction out of germ cell apoptosis

through pancreatic B-cells regeneration regeneration and the oxidative stress injury

recovery (Mallick, 2010).

Kapadia, Pudakalkatti, and Shivanaikar (n.d.) cited that because of its nutritional

values, banana is used. Even in the past, it is evident that the fruits and parts of banana

plants are utilized to cure and handle diseases of humans because of its antibacterial

property against microorganisms.

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Banana peel extracts have potential of antimicrobial activity like staphylococcus

aureus and other deadly microorganisms. Similarly, the fresh banana peel water extract has

inhibitory effect from microorganisms. (Chabuck et al., 2013) Moreover, another study

also show that banana peelings have antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli growth

and Staphylococcus aureus in vitro (The antibacterial effect of Musa sapientum.,n.d.).

Similarly, Zafar and Akter (2011) pointed out that the unripe fruit peels and leaves’ water

extract of the said fruit reported to exhibit antimicrobial activity on Staphylococcus and

Pseudomonas species in dehydrogenase assay. Musa paradisiaca has exhibited to supress

pathogens that are foodborne like Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella

enteritidis and Escherichia coli (Mokbel and Hashinaga 2005). Another statement by Tin

et al. (2010) postulates that banana’s male flower extract contains antibacterial

constituents. This can inhibit and decontaminate Listeria monocytogenes growth and

Staphylococcus aureus growth in the breast of chicken. Singh et al. (2013) evaluated the

activity of antibacterial red, green, and yellow bananas with ten pathogens. The results

show that such peelings have antimicrobial activity on P. gingivalis and A.

actinomycetemcomitans which can open new doors to further researches and discoveries.

The statements above supports the ability of the product to be more effective

because it does not just perform its job in coagulating, but it is also antimicrobial at the

same time, which means that it also cleanses bacteria present.

Coagulating Potential of Bananas

Current studies stated that unripe banana peel consist of tannins and leucocyanidin,

which can quickly heal or aid wound. Tannins (commonly referred to as tannic acid) are

dissoluble polyphenols that are found in several plant foods. This consistency have been
 15

reported to be obliged for decreases in feed intake, rate of growth, feed regulation, net

metabolizable energy, and protein digestibility in experimental animals. Thus, foods

affluent in tannins are determined to be of low nutritional amount. Contrarily, there are

new findings which shows that the major effect of tannins was not because of their

constrain on food consumption or digestion but rather due to the decreased efficiency in

transforming the absorbed nutrients to new body substances. This is why tannins in these

fruits, serves as a natural defense-mechanism against microbial infections. Tannins have

also been reported to utilize other physiological effects, such as to accelerate the clotting

of the blood. (Chung et al., 1998).

The pseudo-stem of the banana plant and the peels of an unripe banana contains

copper, zinc, sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, and iron; to a greater extent, the

fruit contains antioxidants which includes vitamins C and E, and beta carotene. The extract

of an unripe banana promotes high incorporation of thymidine into cellular DNA, which

improves cell proliferation. Unripe banana peel has leucocyanidin, a flavonoid that

generates cell proliferation, accelerating the wound healing of skin. The pulp and peel of

unripe banana have also been utilized in the operation of peptic ulcers in humans. Studies

with rats have laid out the effectiveness of unripe banana in the averting and treatment of

peptic ulcers. The unripe bananas’ active agent is soluble in water and gets inactive in ripe

bananas. The fresh sap of this plant is also used as local hemostatic for the treatment of

external wounds and this has been reported by other authors for its hemostatic and wound

healing. Consequently, its sap is used for treatment of bleeding in Brazil. (Albuquerque as

cited in Barros et al., n.d).

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The conventional use of sap of M. sapientum (Cardava banana) in the treatment of

bleeding is warranted. The mechanism of its action is vasoconstriction and to make the

configuration of a protein network that serves as a focal point to cell aggregation which

leads to stop the bleeding (Klotoé, 2012).

Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient for humans and bananas are said to be one of

the good sources of vitamin C. Its regular intake is known to boost the immune system of

the body and obviate common diseases such as colds. It is also valuable to the growth and

specially, to the repair of the tissues in all parts of the body and even in the formation of

collagen, tendons, ligaments and blood vessels. Aside from that, it is indispensable in the

process of wound healing, repair and maintenance of cartilage, bones, and teeth. It is also

an antioxidant and it is non-toxic. (Soliduum as cited in Barros et al., n.d.).

With the stated constituents present in bananas, it may serve as an eye-opener to

people who are clueless on the significant uses of bananas. With the related literature stated

above, it may pave way to new ideas and discoveries. It can truly prove that coagulation is

indeed evident in the fruit and it can become a coagulating agent in aiding wound-healing.

EDTA

Also known as Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, it an anti-coagulant that is

frequently used during the collection of blood that can cause the clumping of platelet and

pseudothrombocytopenia in patients with agglutinins that are EDTA-dependent (Reference

Module in Biomedical Sciences, 2014)

Banfi, Salvagno, and Lippi (2007) also added that anticoagulants are utilized to

avoid formation of clot in vivo and vitro. Specifically, anticoagulants are usually added to
 17

collection tubes to either maintain the blood in liquid state for testing hematologically or

to acquire appropriate plasma for coagulation and chemistry analyses.

EDTA, or Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid, which is also an aminopolycarboxylic

acid is utilized as an anticoagulant. It stops the coagulating process via calcium removal

out of the blood. Smears that are high quality can be acquired from a blood sample which

has EDTA in a range of 2 to 3 hours (Savanna, 2015).

According to Scholes et al. (2015), EDTA is a prevalent added substance for whole

blood collection and specimens of plasma. The said additive chelates two valence cations

like calcium (Ca2+), hence inhibiting blood clot formation.

Tannins and Leucocyanidin

Tannins does not just only treat burns and halt bleeding, but they also hinder

infection while continually heal wounds inside. Tannin’s ability to make a layer of

protection on the tissue exposed keeps the cut or wound from further infections. Tannins

are also significant on its application to the mucosal lining of the mouth (Stephane as cited

in Barros et al., n.d.).

Other than that, Bele, Jadhav, and Kadam (2010) stated that tannins have wide

applications and that it has an important role. Tannins are plyphenols that are woter-

soluble. They are present in a lot of food plants. It has been reported that they have other

effects physiologically like blood clotting acceleration, blood pressure reduction, serum

lipid level decrease, liver necrosis production, and immunoresponses. Similarly, Gray

(2012) postulated that leucocyanidin is an enzyme that takes part in biosynthesis of

flavonoids. Hence, flavonoids can block blood clots.

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Banana leaves and its peels have compounds that give out effect in healings. The

most important one is leucocyanidin which has, phenolic compounds, biogenic amines,

thymidine, carotenoids, and L-dopa. Zinc, copper, potassium, iron, calcium and

phosphorus as well as a number of other antioxidants are also in banana peels. Both unripe

and ripe peelings of banana give out the same effects. Inside the banana peelings give out

effective healing of wounds and benefits. The entire peel’s powder extracts and even the

other parts of the banana plant have healing properties (Pereira & Maraschin, 2014).

According to Lewis, Fields, and Shaw (1999) the banana’s active ingredient is

responsible for its antiulcerogenic effect, which is identified to be a flavonoid,

leucocyanidine. Other than the pulp from the fruit, the said flavonoid can also be located

in banana peels that are unripe (Jr. et al., 2012).

These two constituents are found in bananas, which is one of the most common

fruit in the country. Relating to the product to be created, the said constituents will play a

vital role in coagulation.

In connection, the researchers utilized the following related literatures to guide

them upon conducting the study. The medical uses of Banana allows the researchers to

identify and examine its coagulating factors. It paved way for the researchers to know the

traditional use of the sap of M. sapientum in the treatment of bleeding, its mechanism of

action and strengthen the investigation of the project.

 19

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

Materials

 Unripe Cardava banana peels (Musa sapientum Linn Var. Compressa)

 Ethyl alcohol

 Coffee Filter

 Blender

 Dropper

 Test Tubes

 Microscope

 Microscopic slides

 EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid): Whole Blood, Plasma, Serum

 Lancet

 Timer

 Sterilized syringe

 Needle/ Separator

Procedures

1. Prepare all necessary materials needed for the development of the product.

2. The bananas were washed with clean water, peeled, and cut into small pieces

(approximately 1 inch).

3. The small pieces were now then sun dried for 2 days until it becomes slightly

crisp.
 20

4. Pulverize the dried peels on a blender.

5. Soak it with 90 % ethyl alcohol in a glass container for 48 hours.

6. Filter the solution with coffee filter, evaporate it naturally and/ or water bath it

until a semi-solid consistency is achieved.

7. Dilute it with distilled water, and the other with alcohol.

8. Apply it to the different blood samples and observe.

Testing of the Product

Blood Type O (a universal blood type donor) was acquired with the voluntary

action of Patient X. EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid) was added for the Whole

Blood, Plasma and Serum to separate via Blood Bank Centrifuge. The Blood Samples was

labelled: purple cap for the EDTA (for the whole blood and plasma) and red cap for the

serum.

The coagulation time was tested by investigating the period for the EDTA (whole

blood) to coagulate as it is, added by the dried banana peel extract diluted with distilled

water, and the dried banana peel extract diluted with alcohol. Same process was followed

by the EDTA (plasma) and serum.

The Lancet was used by an experienced medical intern to acquire fresh blood

samples with all its components that will be tested for its coagulation time: as it is, added

by the dried banana peel extract with distilled water and the dried banana peel extract with

alcohol. A sterilized syringe was also used to draw blood from a volunteer. The average

time for the blood to clot is estimated to reach a range of 3-6 minutes. The result was then

observed by the researchers and was further verified by the said credible person.
 21

CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Table 1.1 Comparison of the Agglutination Reaction of EDTA Blood Samples

SAMPLES As it is B.P. (Distilled) B.P. (Alcohol)
(EDTA) Whole Cannot clot Agglutinate 1+ Agglutinate 1+
blood
(EDTA) Plasma Cannot clot Agglutinate 1+ Agglutinate1+

Blood Serum Cannot clot Agglutinate 1+ Agglutinate 3+

The table above shows the different results on the application of Banana Peel

Extract diluted with distilled water and Banana Peel Extract diluted with ethyl alcohol to

different Blood Samples with EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid).

The blood did not clot as it has EDTA applied into it that acts as an anticoagulant,

with the purpose to separate the serum from the whole blood and plasma as it was being

centrifuged. Nevertheless, the researchers observed agglutination or forming of particles

in their presented samples that speaks volumes. The said reaction was mentioned by an

article entitled Agglutination Reactions (2019) which states that agglutination is the clear

manifestation of the clustered antigens and antibodies.

Specifically, the different samples added with B.P. (distilled) and B.P. (alcohol)

manifested agglutination 1+ which is supported by statement on his article about Grading

Agglutination Reactions, which states that 1+ refers to tiny aggregates and has a reddish

and turbid background. The blood serum applied by B.P. (alcohol) manifests +3

agglutination as stated by Schroeder (1999); 3+ refers to numerous aggregates that are large

and background is clear.

 22

Table 1.2 Comparison of Clotting Time of Different Fresh Blood Samples

FRESH WHOLE BLOOD
SAMPLES As it is B.P. (Distilled)
Patient A 3: 32 mins 6: 00 mins
SAMPLES As it is B.P. (Alcohol)
Patient B 4: 17 mins 5: 57 mins
Patient C 5: 30 mins 5: 46 mins
Patient C 5: 30 mins 5: 46 mins

The table above shows the different results on the application of Banana Peel

Extract diluted with distilled water and Banana Peel Extract diluted with ethyl alcohol to

different Blood Samples. The average clotting time as it is, is 3-6 minutes.

 Patient A’s blood coagulated on 3: 32 minutes; applied with Banana Peel

Extract diluted with distilled water it reaches to 6:00 minutes which is

within range.

 Patient B’s blood coagulated in 4:17 minutes; when applied with Banana

Peel Extract diluted with ethyl alcohol, it reached to 5:57 minutes which is

within range. Moreover, the researchers also observed the increase of

coagulation on the blood sample that was applied with banana peel extract

with alcohol despite on the delay of clotting time.

 Two Samples of Patient C’s blood both coagulated at 5:30 minutes; when

applied with Banana Peel Extract diluted with ethyl alcohol, it reached to

5: 46 minutes which is within range. Increase in blood coagulation was still

observed with the blood that was applied with banana peel extract with

alcohol despite on the delay of clotting time.

 23

The findings that the researchers observed coincides with a few scientific

literatures that supports the project. According to Chung et al., (1998), unripe

banana peel consists of tannins and leucocyanidin, which can quickly heal or aid

wound. Tannins have also been reported to utilize other physiological effects, such

as to accelerate the clotting of the blood. Another statement that proves the

effectivity of the leucocyanidin content in the extract is mentioned by Barros et al.

(n.d.) which states that the extract of an unripe banana promotes high incorporation

of thymidine into cellular DNA, which improves cell proliferation. Unripe banana

peel has leucocyanidin, a flavonoid that generates cell proliferation, accelerating

the wound healing of skin. He further elaborated that the fresh sap of this plant is

also used as local hemostatic for the treatment of external wounds and this has been

reported by other authors for its hemostatic and wound healing. Consequently, its

sap is used for treatment of bleeding in Brazil.

 24

CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION

In this study, it is shown that M. sapientum extract diluted with ethyl alcohol

manifests blood coagulation on different fresh blood samples. Although the fresh

blood sample as it is, coagulated faster than the blood with banana peel extracts

diluted with ethyl alcohol, the researchers observed more accumulation of blood

forming with the latter. On the other hand, the M. sapientum extract diluted with

distilled water manifests slow blood clotting time on the different fresh blood

samples and show poor blood accumulation. Moreover, blood serum and EDTA

whole blood samples only exhibit agglutination 1+ and 3+ on the application of

both banana peel extract diluted with distilled water and alcohol respectively. With

all of the evidences stated above, the researchers have come to a conclusion that the

application of the extract diluted with alcohol promotes better blood coagulation

than that diluted with distilled water. Thus, the usage of banana peel extract as a

coagulating agent is truly evident.

 25

RECOMMENDATIONS

Upon arriving to a conclusion, the researchers recommend the following:

1. For better saturated solution, it is recommended to use alcohol in diluting the semi-

solid substance.

2. For better application of the coagulating agent to the blood, follow the 2:1 ratio.

3. For ease of delivery to affected sites, it is recommended to develop the extract into

a gel product.

4. To maximize the convenience of wounded patients, it is recommended to develop

a medical plaster out of the product.

5. Testing for the different concentration to the blood samples is also recommended.

6. A toxicity test is suggested to prove the M. sapientum peel extracts’ safety.

7. For future studies, the researchers would like to recommend knowing the blood

type of each patient, their vital signs and their health problems.

8. Blood samples of patients with low platelet count are also recommended to be

investigated and see the increase of hemostatic activity in their blood with regards

to the presented product of the researchers.

 26

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 38

APPENDICES

Summary of Expenses

ITEMS UNIT QUANTITY PRICE

Cardava Bananas Kilogram 3 120 Php

Ethyl Alcohol Litre 2 280 Php

Distilled water Millilitre 350 10.50 Php

Blood Bank Centrifuge fee - - 500 Php

TOTAL 910.5 Php

TIME TABLE
DATE TIME ACCOMPLISHED
 39

December 23, 2019 9:00 AM-4:00 PM Gathered all necessary

materials in the making of
the capstone product.
December 26, 2019 11:00 AM- 1:00 PM Began peeling the banana
peels and had it laid down
to dry under the sun.
December 27, 2019 8:00AM- 5:00 PM Sun drying process of the
banana peelings
December 28, 2019 8:00AM- 5:00 PM Sun drying process of the
banana peelings.
December 29, 2019 8:00 AM- 3:00 PM Pulverizing the banana
peelings using a blender
and had it soaked with
ethanol for 48 hours.
December 30, 2019 12:00 AM- 11:00 PM Soaking process of the
solution.
December 31, 2019 12:00 AM- 8:00 PM Filtering process of the
solution and evaporating
process of the acquired
extract; Diluting process.
Completion of the product.
January 3, 2020 8:00AM- 2:00 PM Chapter 1-3 Revision
process.
January 6, 2020 9:00 AM- 12:00 PM Chapter 1-3 Revision
process.
January 10, 2020 9:00 AM- 3:00 PM Blood centrifuge process.
January 12, 2020 5:00 PM Acquiring the blood
centrifuge samples from the
laboratory.
January 13, 2020 4:00 PM- 6:00 PM Initial testing of product to
the centrifuged blood
samples.
January 14, 2020 3:00 PM-5:00 PM Making the initial results
and data collected.
January 20, 2020 10:00 AM- 5:00 PM Conducting the final testing
of product to the different
blood samples.
January 21, 2020 8:00 AM- 4:00 PM Making the final results and
discussion.
January 22, 2020 8:00 AM- 4:00 PM Making the final revisions
of chapter 1-3.
January 23, 2020 8:00 AM- 3:00 PM Making the rest of Chapter
4 and 5.
January 27, 2020 8:00 AM- 4:00 PM Display board making.
January 28, 2020 8:00 AM- 4:00 PM Display board making
 40

January 29, 2020 8:00 AM- 4:00 PM Display board making and
chapter 4 and 5 final
revision process.
January 30, 2020 8:00 AM- 4:00 PM Finalization of chapter 4
and 5; finalization of the
product.
January 31, 2020 8:00 AM- 4:00 PM Finalization of display
board, entire capstone
paper, and submission of
requirements.
February 12, 2020 8:00 AM- 4:00 PM Finalization of Capstone
paper for hardbound.

PROFILE OF THE RESEARCHERS

 41

Name : Ma.Nulonda Camomot

Age : 18
Address : DAS, Toledo City Cebu
Email Address : manulondss@gmail.com

Our capstone project was indeed the most challenging project I have encountered.

We worked at tables surrounded by blood samples and other laboratory equipment. Project-

based learning, and its hands-on relative, maker education, would argue that projects like

these not only deepen understanding of academic content but also boost creativity,

persistence, problem-solving and related skills critical for success in a rapidly changing

world. Critical thinking is a part big part of it. Its one reason why we are making this project

is to help our community especially to those at home experiencing minor accidents

involving blood. When we speak about roles, we are not referring to traditional job titles.

Rather, we mean roles that everyone can play at various points in a project. At times, our

work requires that we delve deeply into details; in other situations, we are required to step

back and see how all the elements of our work connect in delivering solutions that are part

of a broader narrative. Helping others do their job well and the team deliver on making

meaningful experiences to glue a team together, making project work easier for all and

creating a more positive environment to help in making meaningful project experiences.

 42

Name : Range P. Englisa

Age : 18
Address : Bulubugan, Tajao, Pinamungajan, Cebu
Email Address : rangeenglisa@gmail.com

The journey of our Capstone project was like that of a roller coaster. It was fun and

thrilling yet at the same time dangerous and distressing. We encountered numerous feats

in which we explored and ventured knowledge that feeds our curiosity. We were able to

dive into the world of Medicine through this event and for that I am grateful. The subject

of our study focuses on dried banana peel extract as a coagulating agent, for which we

gathered dried banana peels and turn them into extracts and test its effectivity to coagulate

blood. In addition, we reach out for help to get the blood samples that we needed which

takes days to arrive. The testing day was full of awe and wonder for we discovered that our

product really works. My sister which is a medical technologist helped us throughout the

day, pricking and getting our blood was very exciting and fulfilling that we did all of that

in the name of science. Moreover, I am very proud of my groupmates for their never-ending

efforts and passion to finish our project. My groupmates’ actions were never wasted nor

exploited, it was all for good cause and that is to help people who needed saving. Above

all, this Capstone moment will forever become a joyous memory.

 43

Name : Louiegee G. Gabuya

Age : 17
Address : Township, Poog, Toledo City
Email Address : gabuyaluigi@gmail.com

They say that to learn, one must know that he does not know anything; you cannot

fill a cup that’s already full. Upon the initial planning stage of the capstone, out of all the

proposed projects, only the project that I proposed was approved. I used to think that it

would be easy and that I already had all it took to accomplish the project but, my

ambitiousness almost led to the failure of the group. Then, my groupmates made me realize

that helping hands were all it took. After our “comeback”, we no longer acted like lesser

minds being led by a superior decision maker, but rather, a group of minds that thought

alike and complemented the work of each other. Well, I guess I do have to mention that it

was my idea to make a coagulant of sort. I’m not really proud of the fact that it was my

idea; I’m prouder that we actually got to contribute something to the world of medicine.
 44

Name : Patricia Xylene G. Ramas

Age : 18
Address : Pakigne, Minglanilla, Cebu
Email Address : xyleneramas143@gmail.com

Our Capstone project was neither nice nor was it dreadful—it was the best. We

were able to explore the vast aspects of medical technology and were able to indulge our

knowledge and satisfy our curiosities on the said field. My team learned different factors

of blood coagulation and how the entire blood clotting processes worked. Although it was

truly tiresome to search related articles and literature for the project, I was still amazed on

how everything made sense and realized on how great the community could be if only we

learn to be resourceful. Other than that, we also managed to create the perfect coagulating

agent on the most cleanest, technical, and safest way possible. But of course, there is no

denying on the fact on how extremely exhausting it was to remake the whole process again

and again to produce the perfect product and had it tested out to different samples. Our

patience and perseverance was truly tested and were at the most crucial point however, we

managed to surpass it by believing in ourselves. Who knew that within an odd group of

people, great things could happen and I think that is the best thing that occurred throughout

the making of the project. Despite all problems and hitches encountered along the way, I

feel quite thankful on how well everything turned out to be and am grateful for having such

significant group mates. Without them, none of these would be made possible.
 45

Name : Charie Mae Tura

Age : 17
Address : Luray 2, Toledo City
Email Address : charieemaetura@gmail.com

I am really out of words to describe our capstone journey. Challenging and stressful?

Indeed, it is but, seeing all of our sweats, tears, sleepless nights, prayers and efforts that we

invest in this project have now paid off makes me say that it is worth it. We experienced

things that prepare us to become a medical technologist such as performing and analyzing

the results of complex scientific tests on blood which fed up and satisfy our curiosities. It

was not easy especially for someone who has a psychological fear in blood like me.

Although, I did not perform any blood related things such as getting blood sample from a

volunteer, I could proudly say that all of us poured our very best in order to accomplished

this project successfully. We work as a team and i think that's what makes our capstone

journey a memorable one.

 46

DOCUMENTATION

Testing of the Product

 47

Making of the Product