Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

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Effect of hydrogen enrichment on exhaust gas temperature and emission

of a dual fuel diesel engine
Amit Kumar a, Chandra Bhushan Kumar b, D.B. Lata a,⇑
a
Department of Energy Engineering, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand 835205, India
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vinoba Bhave University, Hazaribagh, Jharkhand 825301, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Rapid and irregulated use of fossil fuels to meet the energy requirements caused fast draining of stocks.
Available online xxxx Also, the use of these conventional resources emits harmful pollutants and gases in the atmosphere
which is a major concern as of now. To protect these resources for future needs, alternate energy sources
Keywords: must be identified. Many researchers contributed their effort to find the optimum solutions of energy
Hydrogen requirement and emission control. The present study revealed the effect of enrichment of gaseous hydro-
Exhaust gas temperature gen on the emission and exhaust gas temperature of the engine. For experimental study, a conventional
Dual fuel diesel engine
modified diesel engine was operated in dual fuel approach, could produce a power of 3.5 kw at a fixed
speed of 1500 rpm, compression ignition, four stroke, direct injection, single cylinder, model Kirlosker
TV1 was used. The experimental results revealed that induction of hydrogen as a gaseous fuel exhaust
gas temperature was increased in comparison with neat diesel. The exhaust gas temperature was incre-
mented by hydrogen enrichment upto 30 % after that it increased again. The NOx formation was increased
by increasing the hydrogen substitution compared with diesel. Again, the formation of carbon mono-
oxide and carbon di-oxide was reduced by increasing the hydrogen enrichment compared with neat
diesel.
Copyright Ó 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 2nd International Con-
ference and Exposition on Advances in Mechanical Engineering.

1. Introduction replace them. The implementation of alternative fuels like bio-

Energy supplement is essential in context to meet the daily
needs. The use of internal combustion (IC) engines to meet the
energy demands is the most prominent method. The wide applica-
tions of diesel engine is not limited to transportation sectors but
has been used in agriculture, small power generation unit, con-
structions etc. due to its high efficiency and durability. But burning
of diesel as a fuel in IC engine caused harmful gases such as carbon
mono-oxide (CO), hydrocarbon, oxides of nitrogen (NOx), carbon
di-oxide (CO2) etc. and particulate matters emission into the envi-
ronment. It was witnessed that the contribution of the transporta-
tion sector alone in green house gas emissions was around 30 %,
leading to global warming [1–2]. The vast requirement of fossil fuel
(limited stock) in different applications caused its rapid depletion.
It is requisite to use these fuels efficiently and save them for the
future generation, also evolve an alternate energy sources to
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: devdaslata@yahoo.com (D.B. Lata).
diesel, natural gas, alcohols, bio-fuels etc. on emission and perfor-
mance of the diesel engine has reviewed by Geng et al. [3]. Dual
fuel (DF) technology could be most promising solution for the uti-
lization of diesel in compression ignition (CI) engine with alterna-
tive fuels. Two different fuels could be inducted in DF engine at a
same time for engine operation. DF technology has been imple-
mented since 1800 s [4] and till date evolved efficiently [5]. Induc-
tions of secondary fuel like liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), biogas,
hydrogen (H2), syngas etc. in gaseous mode along with pilot spray
of diesel have been studied by many researchers and they found
remarkable results in term of engine performance and emission
[6]. Karim et al. explained deeply on the construction, working
principle [7] and the combustion behavior [8] of DF engine. The
effect of biogas in DF approach on the emission and performance
was reviewed by Deheri et al. [9] also the engine performance
was investigated by Bedoya et al. [10]. The factors affecting the
performance of DF engine by addition of LPG have studied by Poo-
nia et al. [11] while lower NOx and CO emission was observed by
Saleh [12] by addition of LPG in DF mode. The performance of DF

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.08.232
2214-7853/Copyright Ó 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 2nd International Conference and Exposition on Advances in Mechanical Engineering.

Please cite this article as: A. Kumar, C. Bhushan Kumar and D.B. Lata, Effect of hydrogen enrichment on exhaust gas temperature and emission of a dual fuel
diesel engine, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.08.232
A. Kumar, C. Bhushan Kumar and D.B. Lata Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

engine by using eucalyptus biodiesel and natural gas has investi-

gated by Tarabet et al. [12]. They observed a deficiency in HC
and CO in comparison to pure diesel.
The induction of gaseous H2 in DF engine could lead to better
performance and emission because of its excessive energy share
and free of carbon structure. The performance, combustion behav-
ior and emission of DF engine using H2 and diethyl ether has stud-
ied by Saravanan et al. [13]. They revealed remarkable decrement
in NOx formation compared with diesel. Lata et al. [14] explored
the effect on combustion parameters by inducting LPG as well as
H2 in DF mode. They concluded that increasing the LPG and H2 sub-
stitution reduces the combustion duration and rate of pressure
rise. Sharma and Dhar [15] studied that effect of H2 supplementa-
tion in DF mode and observed in reduction of harmful emission.
Kumar et al. [16] explored the effect of addition of H2 in DF mode
along with di-tert butyl peroxide as liquid additive in diesel. They
found remarkable results in term of brake thermal efficiency and Fig. 1. Pictorial view of experimental set-up.
harmful gas emissions.
Many researchers have studied the effect of H2 substitution in
DF mode and found satisfactory results. Due to carbon free emis- Table 2
Experimental plan.
sion by burning H2, abundant availability and high energy content
H2 substitution in DF mode could reduce the harmful emissions Sl No Parameters Load %
and enhance the performance of the engine satisfactorily. In this 1 Diesel 70
research study, the effect of H2 enrichment on exhaust gas temper- 2 Diesel + Hydrogen (15, 20, 25, 30, 35) 70
ature (EGT) and the emissions (CO2, CO and NOx) in DF mode has
studied.
2.2. Experimental plan
2. Materials and methods
The experimental study was conducted in DF approach with
The experimental investigations has been done by using diesel diesel as base fuel along with gaseous H2 as secondary fuel. The
as base fuel with H2 as gaseous fuel on a conventional engine (die- hydrogen substitution in dual fuel mode was fixed by 0, 15, 20,
sel) which was redesigned to perform in DF approach. 25, 30 and 35 % (volume) and the engine was running at a higher
load of 70 % of the total load (See Table 2).

2.1. Experimental set-up details

3. Results and discussion
A diesel engine (technical specification is given in Table 1) mod-
ified to operate under DF condition is represented in the Fig. 1. A The study was executed on a modified diesel engine that was
hydrogen cylinder container connected with the fuel line was redesigned to operate in DF approach. The experimental observa-
maintained at an internal pressure of 100 bar. The H2 cylinder tions were collected on equilibrated engine condition. In this
was connected to pressure regulator followed by gas-detector experimental study, effects of H2 substitution on EGT and emis-
and flame-arrestor. The experimental set-up consisted of cooling sions (NOx, CO2 and CO) were analyzed and compared with neat
system for the exhaust air followed by smoke meter for smoke diesel at higher load (70 %).
measurement. Again, a gas analyzer was connected for the mea- The effect of variation of H2 substitution on EGT and NOx forma-
surement and analysis of gas emissions. A governor was inbuilt tion is shown in Fig. 2. It depicted that the addition of H2 increased
to manage the fuel flow while H2 flow was manually controlled. the EGT drastically compared with diesel. The addition of H2 is
The experimental set up consists of temperature sensors to quan- responsible for rapid combustion that increment the pressure
tify the EGT. The engine was equipped with dynamometer to vary and temperature of cylinder [17]. The sudden rise in pressure
the load manually. The engine was redesigned to operate in DF and temperature caused by immature combustion inside the cylin-
mode for a span of load ranges from 0.2 kg to 12.3 kg but the load der resulted in the formation of unburnt mixture of fuel that emits
was kept constant at 70 % of the total load. at a higher temperature. Further, by increasing the H2 upto 30 %
reduction in EGT was observed. The reduction in EGT could be
due to mature combustion inside the cylinder. Again, EGT
increased with maximum H2 substitution. The H2 supply is auto-
Table 1 matically controlled and the quantity depends upon the pressure
Experimental description of the engine.
difference created. The H2 substituted well upto 30 %, beyond this
Sl No Parameters Specifications limit contribution of diesel increases that is responsible for the EGT
1 No of cylinder 1 increment.
2 Swept volume (cc) 661.45 Similarly, it was observed that the formation of NOx was higher
3 Rated speed (rpm) 1500 in case of pure diesel (0 % - H2) and it was reduced with induction
4 Compression ratio 18 of H2. The NOx formation was increased by the insertion of H2. The
5 Engine type Compression ignition
6 Injection timing BTDC (degree) 19
addition of H2 caused rapid combustion that increased the cylinder
7 Inlet pressure (bar) 1.03 temperature and pressure and so the NOx formation [17].
8 Make and model TV1, Kirlosker The effect on EGT and the emission of CO with H2 substitution is
9 Rated power (kw) 3.50 shown in Fig. 3. It showed that increment in H2 substitution upto
10 Inlet temperature (K) 300
25 %, reduction in CO formation was observed. After that a nominal
2
A. Kumar, C. Bhushan Kumar and D.B. Lata Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 2. Variation of EGT (°C) and NOx (ppm) with H2 (%) substitution.

Fig. 3. Variation of EGT (°C) and CO (%) with H2 (%) substitution.

3
A. Kumar, C. Bhushan Kumar and D.B. Lata Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 4. Variation of EGT (°C) and CO2 (%) with H2 (%) substitution.

increment in CO formation was observed. The H2 substitution sig- Data availability

nificantly reduces the CO formation [18].
The effect on EGT and CO2 formation with the variation of H2 is
shown in the Fig. 4. It was depicted that by increasing the H2 sub-
stitution CO2 formation reduced remarkably. The substitution of
carbon free structure of H2 is responsible for the reduction of
CO2 formation [18].
4. Conclusions
Based on the experimental investigations the effects of enrich-
ment of H2 on EGT and emissions operating in DF mode, following
conclusions have been made:
Data will be made available on request.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgements
I am thankful to my supervisor and my family for proper guid-
ance, support and motivation.

 Exhaust gas temperature increases with induction of H2 com-

Appendix A. Abbreviations
pared with pure diesel.
 Increase in H2 substitution upto 30 % reduces the EGT, beyond
IC Internal combustion.
this it again increases.
CO Carbon mono-oxide.
 NOx formation reduces with the induction of H2 compared with
CI Compression ignition.
pure diesel, after that it increases.
CO2 Carbon di-oxide.
 CO formation reduces with H2 substitution compared with pure
DF Dual fuel.
diesel.
LPG liquefied petroleum gas.
 The formation of CO2 reduces with H2 substitution compared
EGT Exhaust gas temperature.
with pure diesel.
H2 Hydrogen.
NOx Oxides of nitrogen.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
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