INTEGRATION

2.1 Integration of Functions

Relate Integration and Differentiation

WHAT IS INTEGRATION?

DIFFERENTIATION
3
x dy
y C  x2
3 dx
INTEGRATION

Integration is known as anti-derivatives

Anti-derivatives: reverse of differentiation.
The symbol

 - integral sign

f(x) - integrand (term that is being integrated)

dx - integrate with respect to x .

1
 Use The Basic Rules of Integration

RULES EXAMPLE

a)  dx  x  c

b)  k dx  kx  c

xn  1
c)  x dx   C;
n

n 1
n  -1

d) k f(x) dx  k  f(x) dx

e) [ f(x)  g(x)] dx   f(x)dx   g(x) dx

ax  b n  1
 ax  b
n
f) dx   C;
(n  1)a
n  -1

2
Example 1
Find the following integrals

 9dx  4 x dx
7
(a) (b)

2
 2x  3 x  5dx
2
(c)  3x 5 dx (d)

(3  x)(5  x)
 (2 x  1) 2 dx
2
(e) (f)  x4
dx

DIY 1

Find the following integrals

1  1 
(a)   x  x  x 2 

dx
x

 x (1  x )dx
2
(b)

(c)  x ( x  4) dx

3
 1
Determine Integration of e x and
x

1 ax b
  dx 
ax  b
e x
dx  e x
c e e c
a

Example 2

e  3e
5x 2x
(a) dx (b) dx

  2  3e 3 x 
2x  3
5e dx
(c)
(d)   e x dx 
 

4
 1 1 1
 x
dx  ln x  c  ax  b
dx  ln ax  b  c
a

Example 3

2  1
(a)  x dx (b)  1  dx
x

1 2
(c)  x  3 dx (d)  3( x  1) dx

DIY 2

1
 dx
x
(a) e (e)  3x dx
1
 dx
5 x
(b) e (f)  dx
2x  1
1
 2e dx 
3  5x
(c) (g) dx
5  2x
 (1  2e x ) 2  3
(d)   e x

dx


(h)  2 x  1 dx
5
 Determine Integral of the Forms

f ' ( x)
 dx ;  f ' ( x )e f ( x ) dx  f ' ( x)[ f ( x)] dx
n
and
f ( x)

f '( x)
 f (x)
dx  ln f ( x ) dx

 f ' ( x ) e f ( x ) dx  e f ( x )  c

[ f ( x )] n 1
 f ' ( x )[ f ( x )] dx  c
n

n 1

Example 4

4x
(a)  2 x 2  1dx


2
x
(b) 2 xe dx

 
2 3 6
(c) 6 x ( 2 x 5) dx

6
 Techniques of Integration

Find the integral by substitution:

 f ( g ( x)) g ' ( x)dx   f (u )du where u  g (x )

Steps of Substitution Method

1. Choose correct U
Let U = (guide line)

i. e ( p o w e r )  le t u

ii. (ln )  let u (dengan kuasa )

iii. polynomial – choose highest power

u
iv. ratio : /
u

du
2. 
dx
dx  __________ _ du

Hampir sama dalam

soalan

3. Substitute back and solve all in term of U

7
Example 5

 x(3  2 x) x 1  x dx
10
Find dx Find

x3 e2x
Find  2  x2
dx Find  2 x
e 1
dx

8
 2x  3
 xe dx
2
x
Find  ( x  4) 2 dx Find

1 (2  ln x )3
et Find  dx
Find  t 2 dt x

9
 DIY 3

Find

 (x  2 x )(3 x 2  2) dx
3
(a)

1
(b)  3x  4
dx

 xe dx
2
x
(c)

(d)  (3x  5) x  1dx

2x2 (u  1) 2 2x2
(e) Prove that 
x 1
dx  2 
u
du . Hence, find  x  1 dx

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2.2: Definite Integrals

Use the properties of definite integral

Properties

a
a) 
a
f ( x ) dx  0 if f (x ) exist

a b
b) 
b
f ( x ) dx    f ( x ) dx if b  a
a

b

c) a k dx  k (b  a ) if k is a constant

b b
d) a kf ( x) dx  k a f ( x)dx where k is a constant.
b b b
e) a  [ f ( x)  g ( x)]dx   f ( x)dx   g ( x)dx
a a

b c b
f) a  f ( x ) dx   f ( x ) dx   f ( x ) dx if a  c  b
a c

b
g) 
a
f ( x ) dx  0 if f ( x )  0 for a  x  b

Example 6
Evaluate
3 1
a) 
1
( x 3  1)dx b) 
0
x (2 x  1)8 dx

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Example 7
1
 3x x 3  1dx
2
Evaluate
1

12
Example 8
2
Evaluate 1
2 x  3 dx

13
Example 9
3 x 2 ( x 3  1) 4 , x  0 2
If f ( x )   2 , find  f ( x ) dx .
4 xe x 1 ,x  0 2

14
Example 10
2x 8 2x
By using a suitable substitution, find  2x  7
dx . Hence, evaluate 
4
2x  7
dx .

15
 Area of the region under a curve and between two curves

Area between the curve/line and the x – axis

If f is continuous throughout  a, b then the area of the region between the curve
b

y  f  x  and the x-axis from a to b is given by the formula A   f  x  dx

a

Example 11
Find the area between the curve f  x   x 2 and the x-axis between x  0 and x  2 .

DIY 4

1. Find the area between the curve f  x    x 2  2 and the x-axis between y-axis and x  2 .
2. Find the area between the curve f  x   2 x and the x-axis between x  0 and x  4 .

16
 Area between the curve and the y-axis

Area +ve

Area -ve

Example 12
Find the area of the region enclosed by y  2 x and y-axis between the lines y  1 and y  2 .

17
 DIY 5

Below is the graph of y  x . Calculate the area of the shaded region.

3

y  x3

x
0

-1

18
 Area between two curve

If f and g are continuous with f  x   g  x  throughout  a, b then the area of the

region between the curve y  f  x  and y  g  x  from a to b is the integral of

b

 f  g  from a to b A    f  x   g  x   dx
a

Example 13
Find the area between the curve f  x   x 2 , g  x   2 x  8 and y-axis.

19
Example 14
x2
Calculate the area of the region bounded by the curve y  and the line y  x .
3

20
Example 15
Calculate the area of the region bounded by the curve y  x and y  x  2 .
2

DIY 6

1. Calculate the area of the region between the curve y  9  x 2 and y  x  1 from x  0 to x  3 .
2

2. Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs y 2  8  x and y 2  x as shown in the following figure.
3. Find the area of the region bounded by the curves y  2 x  1 and y  x between x  0 and x  4 .
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