REVIEW IN POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY

Prof. Allan Lad A. Santos

Lecturer
 CRIMINALISTIC 2

Police Photography

• FUNDAMENTALS OF PHOTOGRAPHY
• POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY
• FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY
 FUNDAMENTALS
FUNDAMENTALS OF OF
PHOTOGRAPHY
PHOTOGRAPHY
(Part
(PART I)
I)
• HISTORY
• BASIC CONCEPTS
• PHOTOGRAPHIC PRINCIPLES
• PHOTOGRAPHIC LIGHT AND COLORS
• CAMERA AND ITS ACCESSORIES
• CHEMICAL PROCESSING
INTRODUCTION
• The word photography came from Greek
words photo “light” and graphos “to draw”.
Hence, photography means to write or draw
with light.

• PHOTOGRAPHY – the reproduction of images

trough -

✓ action of light upon sensitized material

✓ aid of a camera & its accessories
✓ chemical process involved
Photography also means…
the production of a permanent
record of an image with the
combined action of light and
chemical processing.

The word photography was coined

by SIR JOHN HERCHEL in 1839.
• FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY the application of the
principles of photography in the pursuit of justice
where in photographic evidence are at most
considerate.

• POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY the application of the

principles of photography to law enforcement work
particularly in crime scene documentation, evidence
preservation, criminal recording including personal
identification.
 SPECIAL USES OF PHOTOGRAPHY
Infrared Photography
is the recording of images
formed by infrared radiation. It
can penetrate haze that scatters
the waves of visible light. For
this reason, infrared
photographs often much clearer
than ordinary photographs.
Pictures can be taken with
infrared rays even at night or in
complete darkness.
ULTRAVIOLET PHOTOGRAPHY

The art or process of

photographing or recording
unseen objects by means
of ultraviolet light.
PHOTOMICROGRAPHY

Taking a magnified
photograph of small object
through attaching a camera
to the ocular of a
compound microscope so
as to show a minute details
of the physical evidence.
Photomacrogaphy
Taking a magnified (enlarged)
photograph of small object by
attaching an extended tube lens
(macro lens) to the camera.

Macro photography (or photomacrography or

macrography, and sometimes macrophotography),
is extreme close-up photography, usually of very
small subject/object, in which the size of the subject
in the photograph is greater than life size
Micro-photography

is the production of photographs

in which the image of an objects is
reproduced much smaller than it
actually is. It is just the opposite
of photomacrography.

George Shadbolt is credited with being the inventor of

microphotography, but the first known example of
micro-photography was by John Benjamin Dancer, in
1839
MUG SHOT
PHOTOGRAPHY

It is usually use for personal

identification which is the
first use of photography in
police work.
X-RAY PHOTOGRAPHY

Is widely use in medicine, industry,

and science. It is quite different from
ordinary photography. X rays are
invisible electromagnetic waves.
They behave much like visible light.
But they can pass through things
such as wood, cardboard, and flesh,
which light cannot penetrate.
 PHOTOGRAPHY TIMELINE
• Ancient times: Camera obscura
used to form images on walls in
darkened rooms; image formation via
a pinhole

• 16th century: Brightness and clarity

of camera obscura was improved by
enlarging the hole inserting a
telescope lens.
• 17th C: Camera obscura in
frequent use by artists and made
portable in the form of sedan
chairs.

• 1727: Professor J. Schulze mixes

chalk, nitric acid, and silver in a
flask; notices darkening on side
of flask exposed to sunlight.
Accidental creation of the first
photo-sensitive compound.
• 1800: Thomas Wedgwood makes "sun
pictures" by placing opaque objects on
leather treated with silver nitrate; resulting
images deteriorated rapidly,however, if
displayed under light stronger than from
candles.

• 1816: J. Nicéphore Niépce combines the

camera obscura with photosensitive paper

• 1826: Niépce creates a permanent image

• 1834: Henry Fox Talbot creates permanent
(negative) images using paper soaked in silver
chloride and fixed with a salt solution. Talbot
created positive images by contact printing into
another sheet of paper.
• 1841: Talbot patents his process under the name
"calotype".

• 1837: Louis Daguerre creates images on

silver-plated copper, coated with silver
iodide and "developed" with warmed
mercury;
• He was responsible for the Daguerreotype
process in photography.
• 1878 - Edward Muybridge photographs action of
galloping horses. He is considered as one of the
pioneers in the field of motion pictures.

• 1891 - Kodak introduces daylight-loading roll film.

• 1924 - Leica 35mm Camera, designed by Oskar

Barnack in commercial production.
• 1925 - Flashbulbs invented

• 1928 - Rolleiflex twin-lens reflex

camera manufactured.
• 1935 - Development of electronic flash.

• 1937 - Production of the first 35mm single-lens

reflex camera, the Exacta.

• 1948 - Polaroid Land camera launched,

producing developed black and white prints in
60 seconds.
NOTE:
• HISTORICALLY, the year 1839 is considered generally as the birth year of photography.

• Its first landmark in police history is generally confined to its application to the problem
of personal identification.

• In those days the Bertillon system of the facial features of the criminal were measured,
as well as the bone structures of the various parts of the body. These measurements
were worked into a classification system and the photograph of the criminal was used to
supplement the classification.

• Later, the Bertillon system was superseded by the fingerprint system of personal
identification. Under the fingerprint system the photograph of the subject is still placed
on his finger print chart, not to supplement the identification system but to have
available photograph if needed for investigation purposes.
 PRINCIPLES OF PHOTOGRAPHY
▪ In photography, the light writes when it strikes minute crystals of light
sensitive surfaces (films and photographic papers), through a mechanical
device (camera) and chemical processing (film development and printing).
As a process, photography is the method of using light to produce
identical image of an object that can be preserved permanently by
employing:
- camera: camera use to regulate, absorb and filter light
- film and any sensitized material to record light

▪ Photograph is a chemical and mechanical result of photography. To

produce a photograph, light is needed aside from sensitized material (films
and photographic papers).
• Light radiated or reflected by the subject must reach the
sensitized material while all other lights must be excluded.

• The exclusion of all other lights is achieved by placing the

sensitized material inside a light tight box. The light maybe
visible or invisible.

• The effect of light on the sensitized material is not visible in

the formation of images of objects. The effect could be made
visible with the aid of chemical processing of the exposed
sensitized material called development.
LIGHTS & COLORS
 LIGHT and PHOTOGRAPHY
• Light is the life of photography
• The study of lights is called OPTICS.
• Photography is the method of using light to produce
identical image of an object that can be preserved
through a camera and a film (any sensitized material to
record light)
 Understanding LIGHT
• LIGHT is made up of electrical and magnetic forces
traveling through space at high speed in waves, and it is
also a stream of energy particles called photons.

• LIGHT - is a form of radiation (electromagnetic

radiation). When an atom in a light source is changed
physically, it emits a photon (electromagnetic radiation)
which behaves like waves.
• Light, heat rays, X-rays and radio waves are all forms of
radiant energy, each differing from the others in
wavelength. Radiant energy can be identified by its
wavelength (measured in milli-microns or nanometers) and
listed on a number line called the electromagnetic spectrum.

• English scientist Sir Isaac Newton discovered that “white”

light is made up of different colors. When sunlight passes
through a three sided pyramid of glass called prism.
 The Electromagnetic Spectrum

• The electromagnetic spectrum covers a wide range of

wavelengths and photon energies.

• The human eye can detect radiations with wavelengths

between 400-700 μ (white light).
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
 Illustration of wave theory

▪ Wavelength - distance from crest to

crest.

▪ Amplitude - the height of the wave in

radio wave is refers to the volume.

▪ Frequency - the rate of rises and falls

( usually given in hertz).
 The Primary Colors
• Blue, Green and Red are the primary colors of light. When
blended together then the color white appears.

400-500 μ blue
500-600 μ green
600-700 μ red
 The Secondary Colors
• Magenta (blue-red), Yellow (green-red), Cyan (blue-green) are the
secondary colors. When mixed black appears.

Hence, WHITE is the presence of all colors while

BLACK is the absence of color.
 COLOR MIXING
Color Addition

R+B=M M+Y=R
R+G=Y M+C=B
B+G=C Y+C=G

R+B+G=W
Color Subtraction

W-R=C W-C=R C-G=B

W-B=Y W-Y=B Y-G=R
W-G=M W-M=G Y-R=G
 ATTRIBUTES OF COLORS
• HUE – differences of colors (wavelength)

• BRIGHTNESS – range of light as reflected in an object

measured from a light scale which runs through black,
through shades of gray, to white.

• SATURATION – or known as chroma, the concentration of

color (ex. The paint has a high concentration of red, so it has
high chroma)
 SOURCES OF LIGHT
• Natural Source - sunlight (daylight).
It is affected by atmospheric vapor,
atmospheric dust, reflected light
reached the objects and directly
coming from the source.
Daylight maybe classified according to its intensity.
➢Bright sunlight – no cloud interference
(High Contrast)
➢Hazy sunlight – thin cloud interference
(Average-low)
➢Dull sunlight – thick cloud interference
(Low Contrast)
 Some of the factors affecting the
• Artificial Source – those from color of the daylight:
continuous radiation and in short
duration. Almost all artificial light
sources can be used in atmospheric vapor atmospheric dust
photographing of objects, as long as
the light is capable of exposing the
sensitized materials (film).

➢ electronic flash
➢ photoflood lamp
➢ fluorescent lamp
➢ Infrared and Ultra-Violet lamp
 BEHAVIOR OF LIGHT

Speed of Light - 299, • Light moves in straight lines from

792.5 km/sec (approximately its source but it can be bent and
186,281 miles/sec ) scattered by objects placed in its
path through reflection.

• Non-luminous objects are only

visible when they reflect the light
from a light source.
 LUMINOUS VS. NON-LUMINOUS

• Objects that emit radiations within the visible spectrum are called
luminous objects.

• Non-luminous objects are visible because they reflect light from

luminous objects.
• Light maybe interfered. Any phenomenon having a periodic
disturbance of some sort and travels outward from a source is called a
WAVE.

• Interference -When two light beams cross, they may interfere in such
a way that the resultant intensity pattern is affected. When two waves
meet or interfere, they reinforce one another.

• The bending of light around an object gives rise to the phenomenon

called diffraction or refraction.
 MEDIUM OF LIGHTS
Transparent - mediums which merely slow the speed of light but
allows it to pass freely, transmit 90% or more of the incident light.

• Translucent - not completely clear or transparent but clear enough to

allow light to pass through, transmit 50% or less of the incident light.

• Opaque - Objects that divert or absorb light, but allow no light to pass
through, they absorb most of the light while reflecting some of it.
 EFFECTS OF LIGHTS

 Reflection - refers to the rebounding or deflection of light. The

angle of reflection depends upon the angle of the light striking the
material, which is referred to as the angle of incidence.

 Refraction – when the material in the path of the light is

transparent a change in the direction of the light occurs.
 Reflection vs. Refraction

 Absorption – light in opaque materials or medium

 Transmission - light in a translucent or transparent
medium.
THE CAMERA: A Mechanical
Device for Photography
 THE CAMERA
CAMERA- An instrument by which photographs are made,
consisting of a light-tight box fitted with a lens, a shutter, a
film compartment, and various control for precise
operation.
 PARTS OF THE CAMERA
• Camera body- a light-tight • Shutter- a mechanism that opens
container used to hold light and closes within the camera to
provide the time interval necessary
sensitive materials (film). for exposure. Time intervals are
called shutter speed.
• Lens - a single shaped piece of
optical glass or molded plastic
designed to gather and focus
light rays in a camera to form an
image of a subject on film.
• Film holder - part of the
camera that holds the light
sensitive material/film.
• Diaphragm - a device made of thin
overlapping metal leaves within a lens or
camera which can be adjusted to
specific apertures of f-stops to control
the amount of light that strikes the film.

• Viewfinder - an optical or electrical

device used to compose and frame a
scene; shows the entire scene coverage
that can be recorded in the film inside
the camera. Also called “view system” a
finder or view screen.
• Aperture - the lens opening, the size of which is regulated
by a diaphragm and expressed as an f-stop or f-number
(f-stop represents the ratio of the focal length of the lens
to the diameter of the lens. Also the number that
indicates the size of a lens opening.
• Shutter Speed Adjustment - it will control the
duration between the opening and closing of
the shutter.

• Lens Aperture - an opening (diaphragm) in a

light-blocking plate that will allows light to strike
the film or image sensor; the ratio between the
diameter and the focal length of the lens.

• Focusing Mechanism - a mechanism that

controls the sharpness or clearness of the
object being photographed. The focus is the
physical point at which rays of light from a lens
coverage to form properly defined image of
the subject.
• FLASH UNIT - an artificial light source
synchronized with the opening and
closing of the shutter to emit a brief
but very bright burst of illumination to
a scene.

• LIGHT METER - a device used in

determining the intensity of light that
srikes the subjects and affects the
film.
• EXTENSION TUBE - a tube inserted between
the lens and camera body to provide
increased magnification for
macrophotgraphy; used in photographing
minute objects.

• FILTER - a piece of colored glass gelatin,

plastic, or other material that attaches to
or over the camera or enlarger lens to
selectively absorb the light passing
throught it; used to enhance color or
contrast, remove reflections, reduce haze,
or produce a variety of special effects.
 CAMERA LENS

A camera lens (also known as

photographic lens or photographic
objective) is an optical lens or
assembly of lenses used in
conjunction with a camera body
and mechanism to make images of
objects either on photographic film
or on other media capable of
storing an image chemically or
electronically.
DIfferent Types of Camera lenses
 Wide-Angle Lenses
Wide-angle lens has a focal length
shorter than the diagonal of the film
frame or image sensor. It provides a
broader angle of view than a
standard lens and is therefore ideal
for photographing a group of
people or when working in confined
space. It is sometimes called a short
lens.
 Normal Lenses
A “normal lens”, is one that sees in a
similar proportion to the human eye.
These are typically between 35mm
and 50mm and are among the most
common prime lenses on the
market. They are wonderful for travel
and street photography, because the
images strike us as something that we
would see with our own eye.
 Telephoto Lens

Telephoto lenses are technically

defined as anything exceeding
50mm, though the term is usually
used to describe lenses which are
beyond 100mm. This type of lens
are useful for taking large images
of distant subjects when unable to
move close enough to the
subject.
 Prime Lenses
A prime lens has no zoom – it has
one focal length only. Because the
lens is manufactured precisely to
provide this one length, and doesn’t
have the moving pieces and
mechanisms required to zoom, they
can be tack sharp.

- If crisp and clear images are more

important to you than convenience,
these are the lenses you want to look
at.
 Zoom Lenses
A zoom lens has variable focal length. It allows fine-tuning of subject
framing by adjusting the focal length of the lens.
 Macro Lens

The macro lens are designed to

render a subject with 1:1 or higher
magnification for very close
focusing distances. They are
useful in taking close-ups of small
subjects or isolating details of
larger subjects because they
allow the camera to focus
extremely close to a subject to
record a detailed image.
 CLASSIFICATION OF LENS
• POSITIVE LENS a convex lens characterized by the
fact that it is thicker in the middle than the edge,
and forms a real image on the opposite side of
the lens. It has a positive focal length and bends
the rays together, which makes it a converging
lens.

• NEGATIVE LENS a concave lens characterized by

the fact that it is thinner in the middle than the
edge and forms a virtual image on the same side
of the lens. It is also known as diverging lens
because of its power to diverge rays of light that
passes through it.
 INHERENT DEFECTS OF LENS
• CHROMATIC ABERRATION the inability of the lens
to focus all colors in the same plane. This is the
most difficult lens aberrations to correct.

• SPHERICAL ABERRATION a lens defect wherein the

photographic rays passing through the edges
refract more sharply than those passing through
the central part of the lens. Thus, they come to
focus at the edges than at the central rays.

• ASTIGMATISM the inability of the lens to focus in

both horizontal and vertical plane at the same time.
• DISTORTION outer parts of the image produced
by the lens will be magnified either less or more
than the outer image.

• COMA known as lateral aberration. It is

considered with rays entering the lens obliquely.
It is lens defects that produces a blurred comet-
like image.

• CURVATURE OF FIELD the image formed by the

lens comes to sharper focus on a curved surface
than on a flat surface.

• CHROMATIC DIFFERENCE OF MAGNIFICATION

the inability of the lens to produce image sizes
of object with different color.
TYPES OF LENS ACCORDING TO THEIR DEGRE
OF CORRECTION

• ACHROMATIC lens corrected for chromatic aberration

• ASPHERICAL lens corrected for spherical aberration

• ANASTIGMATISM lens corrected for astigmatism

• RAPID RECTILINEAR lens corrected for distortion.

PHOTOGRAPHY
(Chemical Processing)
Photographic processing - is the chemical means by which
photographic film and paper is treated after photographic exposure to
produce a negative or positive image.

▪ Development
▪ Stop-Bath
▪ Fixation
▪ Printing
❑ Development – is the process by which
an invisible latent image in an emulsion is
made visible. In black and white emulsion,
the image is composed of grains black
metallic silver. While in a color emulsion,
the developed silver is replaced with cyan,
yellow and magenta dye.

❑ Stop-Bath – it halts the developer action

in appropriate moment. It also prevents the
contamination of the developer and fixer
from each other.
❑ Fixation – A fixer makes the developed
image permanent when it is followed by a
thorough washing. In this process the
unexposed silver halide crystals are
dissolved and removed from the emulsion
of the photographic materials.

❑ Printing is the process whereby light is

transmitted through the negative to
produce a positive image on a light
sensitized material. Printing is not done in
complete darkness because a light is used.
The safelight may be a red or light of no
more than 10 watts.
 The Stages of Chemical Processing in Photography

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IymXunwspUA (darkroom development)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nue495wxlXo (printing)
 IMPORTANT ASPECTS IN DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
✓ Accelerator – borax, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, are some of the
alkaline chemicals used to increase the rate of oxidation of the reducing
agents, soften the gelatin of the film emulsion, and speed up solution
penetration.

✓ Restrainer – The chemical commonly used as restrainer is potassium bromide.

Without the restrainer, the developing solution will rapidly react and
abnormally develops unexposed silver halides near the surface of the
emulsion thus causing fog, streaks, and image lacking in contrast.

✓ Preservative – All organic developing agents in alkaline state have strong

chemical attraction to oxygen. Preservatives such as sodium sulfite or sodium
bisulfate is added to prevent excessive oxidation thus prolonging the usual life
of the developing solution and prevents the formation of colored oxidation
 IMPORTANT ASPECTS IN DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
✓ Stop BathStop bath Bath
or Rinse or Rinse Baththe negative is removed from the
– When
developer, small amount of solution remains in the emulsion and on the
surface of the film. Such traces of developer must be removed to neutralize
or stop its action and prevents stains. To remove traces of developer from
the negative, it should be immersed in a rinse bath.

✓ Fixer or Fixing agent – the commonly used fixer is sodium thiosulfate,

popularly known as “HYPO”, which is taken from its chemical name hypo-
sulfate. Its function is to convert the silver salts remain in the emulsion after
development into compound that is soluble in water.

✓ Acid or Neutralizer – Acetic acid is added to the fixing bath to prevent the
composition of the solution and to prevent the discoloration of the solution
and aids in the elimination of the stains.
❑ Printing is the process whereby light is transmitted
Photographic Printing
through the negative to produce a positive image on a
light sensitized material. Printing is not done in
complete darkness because a light is used. The
safelight may be a red or light of no more than 10
watts.

✓ Contact Printing – As the name implies, a contact print

is made by placing a sheet of printing paper in direct
contact with a negative (emulsion to emulsion). Light is
directed towards the negative and image is formed on
the sensitized coating of the paper which is the
reversed of the negative.

✓ Projection Printing – The same process as contact

printing only that the size of the photograph can be
enlarged in the desired size with the use of an
enlarger.
 THE SENSITIZED MATERIAL
• SENSITIZED MATERIAL refers to films
and papers that are composed of
emulsion containing SILVER HALIDE
crystals suspended in gelatin and
coated on a transparent or reflective
support.

• FILM a thin, transparent, flexible

acetate or polyester base, coated
with light-sensitive emulsion used in a
camera to record a photographic
image.
 THE FILM STRUCTURE
• Top coating (top layer) – scratch resistant
coating also called gelatin coating, an
over coating composed of a thin
transparent layer of a hard gelatin which
help protect the silver halide emulsion
from scratches and abrasions.

• Emulsion layer (silver salt + gelatin) – A

layer composed of silver compounds
which are light sensitive and halogens
(such as bromide, chloride and iodide
bromide in fast film emulsion). A silver
compound when combined with a
halogen becomes SILVER HALIDE. Silver
Halides are rare compound that are
responsible in forming the so called
LATENT IMAGE in the photographic film.
• Film base – commonly made of cellulose or other
material such as paper, plastic, or glass, which
supports the emulsion layer and is coated with a non-
curling antihalation backing.

• Antihalation backing – a black dye applied on the

rare surface of the film. Its function is to absorb light
that may penetrate the emulsion thus making the
image sharper since it suppresses double image. It
prevents halo formation in the photograph. The black
dye is removed during processing by one of the
chemicals in the developer. Its second function is to
control the film from curling inwards. (Towards the
emulsion surface).
 Choosing Film Types
• SLOW FILMS - (e.g.,ISO 32) are best for scenes where the light
is bright. The film is ideal for subjects that need to be
enlarged. Even if light is poor, the camera can be set-up on a
tripod and a long exposure given.

• MEDIUM SPEED FILMS - (e.g., ISO 200) is suitable for a wide

range different subjects and lighting conditions. It can also be
used in less light earlier or later in the day when the sun is
much lower in the sky.

• FAST FILMS - (e.g., ISO 400) are used for low-light situation
where a less-sensitive, slower film may result in under
exposure. The quality however, is not good as the slower film
speeds.
 FILM CATEGORIES
• BLACK - & - WHITE FILMS records the actual intensity of light as shades
of gray. The developing stage of the photographic process turns
silver halide crystals that have been exposed to light into minute
grains of metallic silver. It has anti-halation backing, a coating at the
back of the film.

• COLOR FILMS is more complex which consists of three layers of light-

sensitive emulsion - red, green or blue with layer sensitive to a
particular color. During exposure, blue light from a subject will appear
wil affect the silver halide crystals in the blue-sensitive layer of the film
and so on.
 Classification of film according to Spectral
sensitivity

1.Blue film: sensitive to UV, and blue colors only

2.Orthochromatic: UV, Blue and green only
3.Panchromatic: UV, and all colors of the visible spectrum
4.Infrared: sensitive to all
Film speed (Emulsion Speed) - the rating of the film’s
sensitivity to light. It also indicates the amount of silver salt
per square inch of the negative.

Classification of films according to film speed

1.ASA- American Standards Association

2.DIN-Deutsche Industrie Normen
3.ISO- International Standard Organization
 Film Speed Standards
ASA DIN ISO
12 12º 12/12º
25 15º 25/15º
50 18º 50/18º
100 21º 100/21º
200 24º 200/24º
400 27º 400/27º
800 30º 800/30º
1600 33º 1600/33º
 Essential Features of Film
Graininess - is the pattern of the film’s silver crystals that
forms the image. Film speed affects the graininess of
the film.

Latitude - is the film’s ability to deliver usable image

when it is either over- or underexposed.

Contrast - is the film’s ability to capture a certain tonal

range or records the difference in apparent brightness
between adjacent tonal areas.
Resolution - it’s the ability to produce images of high clarity
and definition.

Sharpness - it’s the ability to produce image that have the

apparent quality of high resolution (also called acutance, a
function of resolution, contrast, density, grain)

DX codes - checkered markings on a film that gives

information about the film. i.e. latitude, film speed and
number of frames/exposure available. DX coding is a recent
innovation in film and camera technology.
 Photographic paper
Parts of a photographic paper
1.Emulsion
2.Base

Paper types

❑Contents
a.Bromide paper: enlarging/projecting
b.Chloride paper: Contact printing
❑Weight
a.Single-weight: used for all ordinary photographic purposes
b.Double-weight: used for large prints

❑Stock
a.Resin coated: offers more rapid processing time and dry-down time
with or without drying machines
b.Fiber coated: has greater image quality and longer stability

❑Surface
a.Glossy: gives maximum detail and brilliance. Recommended for
small prints
b.Matte: are softer and less glaring.
 ESSENTIALS OF PHOTOGRPAHY
• EXPOSURE - the amount of light received by a photographic emulsion or imaging
chip. Overall exposure is a product of the intensity of light, the aperture size and the
shutter speed.

• EXPOSURE CONTROL

1. SHUTTER SPEED - determine the length of time that the film is exposed to light.

2. LENS OPENING - determine the amount of light that reaches the film. The
indicator on the camera for the amnt of light passing through the camera lens is
called “f” number. The smaller the “f” number, the wider the opening and vice versa.
The Lens Opening
FOCUSING
• FOCUS - the physical point at
which rays of light from a lens
converge to form a properly
defined image of the subject.
FOCAL LENGTH - The focal length of a lens can
be define as the distance from the optical
center of the lens to the focal plane when the
lens is set or focused at infinity.

• POINTS TO CONSIDER TO
ENSURE PHOTOGRAPHED
IMAGES ARE IN FOCUS
1. Sharp image
2. Tripod
3. Type of Lens
 DEPTH OF FIELD
• DEPTH OF FIELD - the distance measured from the nearest
to the farthest object in apparent sharp focus when the lens is
set or focused at a particular distance.

• TO GET DEPTH, REMEMBER THE FF;

1. Use small lens - to get depth, photographer will use
small lens with a large “f” number. Understanding this
concept will control the sharpness of every photograph.
2. Change in depth - increasing in depth can be
accomplished by moving further away from the subject of
the photograph, but often distorts the photograph by
changing the size of image. To change the depth is to set the
aperture to a higher number.
3. Moving subject - when photographing a moving object,
a fast shutter speed will be needed to stop the action.
End of Presentation

Coffee Break