GATE 2022 (Solution)

GATE-2022 (Solutions) PETROGATE Academy
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GENERAL APTITUDE
Q.1 – Q.5 carry ONE mark each

1.) After playing _________ hours of tennis, I am feeling _________ tired to walk back.
A.) too / too

B.) too / two
C.) two / two
D.) two / too
Ans: D
2.) The average of the monthly salaries of M, N and S is ₹ 4000. The average of the monthly
salaries of N, S and P is ₹ 5000. The monthly salary of P is ₹ 6000. What is the monthly salary
of M as a percentage of the monthly salary of P?
A.) 50%
B.) 75%
C.) 100%
D.) 125%
Ans: A
Solution:
Average salary of
(M + N + S)/3 = 4000
(N + S + P)/3 = 5000
Put P = 6000
Office Address: PETROGATE Academy, Usha Complex, GMS Road, Near Ballupur Chowk, Dehradun,
Uttarakhand - 248001
Contact No: 8780679522/9520599533 Email ID: petrogate4u@gmail.com
N + S = 9000
Hence M = 3000
M/P = (3000/6000) x 100 = 50%
3.) A person travelled 80 km in 6 hours. If the person travelled the first part with a uniform
speed of 10 kmph and the remaining part with a uniform speed of 18 kmph. What percentage
of the total distance is travelled at a uniform speed of 10 kmph?
A.) 28.25
B.) 37.25
C.) 43.75
D.) 50.00
Ans: C
Solution:
Let the total time travelled with 10 kmph be Y hours
(10Y) + [18 x (6 - Y)] = 80
Y = 3.5
𝟏𝟎 × 𝟑.𝟓
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟒𝟑. 𝟕𝟓%
𝟖𝟎
4.) Four girls P, Q, R and S are studying languages in a University. P is learning French and
Dutch. Q is learning Chinese and Japanese. R is learning Spanish and French. S is learning
Dutch and Japanese. Given that: French is easier than Dutch; Chinese is harder than Japanese;
Dutch is easier than Japanese, and Spanish is easier than French. Based on the above
information, which girl is learning the most difficult pair of languages?
A.) P
B.) Q
C.) R
D.) S
Ans: B
5.)
A block with a trapezoidal cross-section is placed over a block with rectangular cross section
as shown above. Which one of the following is the CORRECT drawing of the view of the 3D
object as viewed in the direction indicated by an arrow in the above figure?
A.)
B.)
C.)
D.)
Ans: A
Q.6 – Q.10 carry TWO mark each

6.) Humans are naturally compassionate and honest. In a study using strategically placed
wallets that appear “lost”, it was found that wallets with money are more likely to be
returned than wallets without money. Similarly, wallets that had a key and money are more
likely to be returned than wallets with the same amount of money alone. This suggests that
the primary reason for this behavior is compassion and empathy.
Which one of the following is the CORRECT logical inference based on the information in the
above passage?
A.) Wallets with a key are more likely to be returned because people do not care about
money
B.) Wallets with a key are more likely to be returned because people relate to suffering of
others
C.) Wallets used in experiments are more likely to be returned than wallets that are really
lost
D.) Money is always more important than keys
Ans: B
7. A rhombus is formed by joining the midpoints of the sides of a unit square. What is the
diameter of the largest circle that can be inscribed within the rhombus?
1
A.)
√2
1
B.)
2√2
C.) √2
D.) 2√2
Ans: A
Solution:
Side of rhombus = (1/4 + 1/4)1/2
𝟏 𝟏
Now diameter of circle = 𝟐 𝒙 =
𝟐√𝟐 √𝟐
8.) An equilateral triangle, a square and a circle have equal areas. What is the ratio of the
perimeters of the equilateral triangle to square to circle?
A.) 3√3 ∶ 2 ∶ √𝜋
B.) √(3 √3) : 2 ∶ √𝜋
C.) √(3 √3): 4 ∶ 2√𝜋
D.) √(3 √3): 2 ∶ 2√𝜋
Ans: B
Solution
Ratio of areas of triangle
√𝟑 𝟐
𝒂 = 𝒔𝟐 = 𝝅𝑹𝟐
𝟒
𝟐 √𝝅×𝟐
𝒂= 𝒔 and 𝒂 = 𝒔
√√𝟑 √√𝟑
Now Ratio of perimeter will be
3a:4s:2 𝜋R
Putting the values of s and R in terms of A
3√3 ∶ 2 ∶ √𝜋
9.) Given below are three conclusions drawn based on the following three statements.
Statement 1: All teachers are professors.
Statement 2: No professor is a male.
Statement 3: Some males are engineers.
Conclusion I: No engineer is a professor.
Conclusion II: Some engineers are professors.
Conclusion III: No male is a teacher.
Which one of the following options can be logically inferred?
A.) Only conclusion III is correct

B.) Only conclusion I and conclusion II are correct
C.) Only conclusion II and conclusion III are correct
D.) Only conclusion I and conclusion III are correct
Ans: A
10.) In a 12-hour clock that runs correctly, how many times do the second, minute, and hour
hands of the clock coincide, in a 12-hour duration from 3 PM in a day to 3 AM the next day?
A.) 11
B.) 12
C.) 144
D.) 2
Ans: Marks to ALL
Exp:
******************************END OF THE GA PAPER******************************
PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
Q. 11 - Q. 35 carry ONE mark each
𝐥𝐧 (𝟏+𝒙)
11.) The value of the 𝐥𝐢𝐦 { } is ______________
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
(A) e
(B) 1
(C) 0
(D) 1/e
Ans: B
Solution:
𝐥𝐧 (𝟏+𝒙) 𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 { } = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 { }=𝟏
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝟏+𝒙
12.) The following second order ordinary differential equation has the boundary
conditions: 𝑦(0) = 0, and 𝑦(1) = 1.
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
+ = 𝟓𝒚
𝒅𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
The type of above boundary condition is _____
(A) Neumann
(B) Dirichlet
(C) Cauchy
(D) Robin
Ans: B
Exp:
The type of above boundary condition is Dirichlet, because initial conditions are given
on dependent variable.
13.) Let ⃗𝑭(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒆𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙𝒊̂ + 𝒙𝒋̂ for (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ 𝑅2 . If C is the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4 oriented in the
anticlockwise direction, then ∮ ⃗𝑭. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝑹 equals to ______
(A) 4𝜋
(B) 6𝜋
(C) 7𝜋
(D) 8𝜋
Ans: A
Exp:
⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑭 𝒅𝑹 = (𝒆𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙𝒊̂ + 𝒙𝒋̂). (𝒅𝒙𝒊̂ + 𝒅𝒚𝒋̂) = 𝒆𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙𝒅𝒚
𝝏𝑵 𝝏𝑴
∮ ⃗𝑭. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝑹 = ∫ 𝒆𝒙 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙𝒅𝒚 = ∬ ( − ) 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 = ∬ (𝟏 − 𝟎)𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚 = 𝝅𝒓𝟐 = 𝟒𝝅
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝑹
𝑹
14.) The general equation for the production rate decline can be expressed as
𝟏 𝒅𝒒
= −𝒃𝒒𝒅
𝒒 𝒅𝒕
where, b and d are empirical constants, and q is the production rate.
Match the value of d (Group 1) with the appropriate decline curves (Group 2).
Group 1 Group 2
I. d = 0 P. Harmonic Decline
II. d =1 Q. Exponential Decline
III. 0 < d < 1 R. Hyperbolic Decline
(A) I – P; II – Q; III – R
(B) I – P; II – R; III – Q
(C) I – Q; II – R; III – P
(D) I – Q; II– P; III– R
Ans: D
15.) The production optimization is evaluated on the basis of discounted revenue to be

generated by the projects. The net present value (NPV) for calculating the discounted
revenue is defined by
NPV = NPVR - cost
where, NPVR = present value of cash flow discounted at a given rate i.
If 𝜟Rn is the annual incremental revenue after optimization for nth year and m is the
remaining life of the project at the end of nth year, then which ONE of the following options
for NPVR is CORRECT?
(1+𝑖)𝑛
(A) 𝑁𝑃𝑉𝑅 = ∑𝑚
𝑛=1 𝛥𝑅𝑛
𝛥𝑅𝑛
(B) 𝑁𝑃𝑉𝑅 = ∑𝑚
𝑛=1 (1+𝑖)𝑛−1
𝛥𝑅𝑛 𝑛
(C) 𝑁𝑃𝑉𝑅 = ∑𝑚
𝑛=1 ( )
(1+𝑖)
𝛥𝑅𝑛
(D) 𝑁𝑃𝑉𝑅 = ∑𝑚
𝑛=1 (1+𝑖)𝑛
Ans: D
16.) The formation volume factors of oil and water are Bo and Bw, respectively. The CORRECT
relationship between the fractional water cut at the surface condition (fws) and the fractional
water cut at the reservoir condition (fw) is ____________
Bo 𝑓𝑤
(A) fws =
Bw + Bo
Bo 𝑓𝑤
(B) fws =
Bw + Bo 𝑓𝑤
Bw
(C) fws = 1
Bo ( f – 1)+ Bw
w
Bo
(D) fws = 1
Bw (f − 1)+ Bo
w
Ans: D
17.) Which ONE of the following is used to support the packer against the casing while
expanding the rubber sealing element?
(A) Blast Joints
(B) Slips
(C) Landing Nipples
(D) Side Pocket Mandrels
Ans: B
Exp:
The slip is wedge shaped and covered with teeth (wickers) that grip the casing when
the item is set.
18.) ‘Cupola’ offshore storage tank is an example of __________
(A) floating storage type.
(B) above-water storage type.
(C) submerged storage type.
(D) platform storage type.
Ans: C
Exp:
19.) The liquid shrinkage curves for different types of crude oil are shown in the following
figure.
Which curve represents the Black Oil?
(A) I
(B) II
(C) III
(D) IV
Ans: B
20.) The dynamic mud inflow rate and mud outflow rate profiles are shown in the following
figure.
Identify the “Hole ballooning” and the “Lost circulation” phenomena.
A.) Case 1 – Hole ballooning; Case 3 – Lost circulation

B.) Case 2 – Lost circulation; Case 3 – Hole ballooning
C.) Case 1 – Lost circulation; Case 2 – Hole ballooning
D.) Case 2 – Hole ballooning; Case 3 – Lost circulation
Ans: B
21.) What is the maximum permissible limit of ‘oil and grease’ in discharged wastewater
from a petroleum industry as per the guidelines of Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB),
India?
A.) 5 ppm
B.) 10 ppm
C.) 30 ppm
D.) 50 ppm
Ans: B
22.) The Timur chart for estimating the permeability is the plot between ________
(A) Porosity and Water Saturation
(B) True Resistivity and Water Saturation
(C) Porosity and Irreducible Water Saturation
(D) Porosity and True Resistivity
Ans: C
23.) The logging tool(s) preferred for the measurement of formation resistivity in a well
drilled with oil-based mud is/are ____________
(A) Dual Laterolog
(B) Compensated Neutron Log
(C) Compensated Density Log
(D) Induction Log
Ans: D
Exp:
Induction logging was originally developed to measure formation resistivities in

boreholes containing oil-based muds and in air-drilled boreholes because electrode
devices could not work in these nonconductive boreholes.
𝟏 𝟎. 𝟓 𝟎
24.) Which of the following properties of matrix 𝑨 = [𝟎. 𝟓 𝟏 𝟎. 𝟓] are CORRECT?
𝟎 𝟎. 𝟓 𝟏
(A) Singular
(B) Positive definite
(C) Symmetric
(D) Diagonal
Ans: B, C
Exp: (A)
𝟏 𝟎. 𝟓 𝟎
|𝑨| = |𝟎. 𝟓 𝟏 𝟎. 𝟓| = 𝟏(𝟏−. 𝟐𝟓) − 𝟎. 𝟓(𝟎. 𝟓 − 𝟎) + 𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟓 ≠ 𝟎
𝟎 𝟎. 𝟓 𝟏
(B) For the positive definite 𝒂𝒊𝒊 > ∑𝒋≠𝒊|𝒂𝒊𝒋 |
Here 𝒂𝒊𝒊 = 𝒂𝟏𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐𝟐 + 𝒂𝟑𝟑 = 𝟏 + 𝟏 + 𝟏 = 𝟑.
∑𝒋≠𝒊|𝒂𝒊𝒋 | = 𝒂𝟏𝟐 + 𝒂𝟏𝟑 + 𝒂𝟐𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐𝟑 + 𝒂𝟑𝟏 + 𝒂𝟑𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟓 + 𝟎 + 𝟎. 𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟓 = 𝟐.
Here, 𝟑 > 𝟐
Hence, option B is Correct
(C) 𝒂𝒊𝒋 = 𝒂𝒋𝒊 for all i and j
Hence Option C is correct
(D) Given matrix not diagonal matrix
25. Simpson’s one-third rule will give the exact value of the integral,
𝒃
𝑰 = ∫𝒂 [𝒃𝟎 + 𝒃𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝒃𝒏 𝒙𝒏 ], where 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑏0 , 𝑏1 , 𝑏2 , … , 𝑏𝑛 are numeric constants, if
the values of n are __________
(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 4
Ans: A, B, C
Exp:
Simpson’s one-third rule gives exact results when the degree of the polynomial is
three or less
Hence, options are A, B and C are correct
26.) Which of the following are NOT CORRECT during the operating cycle of a ‘sucker rod
pump’?
(A) Standing valve is open during the upward stroke.
(B) Standing valve is closed during the upward stroke.
(C) Travelling valve is closed during the upward stroke.
(D) Travelling valve is open during the upward stroke.
Ans B, D
Explanation:
27.) Which of the following statements related to the ‘enriched gas drive’ are CORRECT?
(A) The enriching components are transferred from the oil to the gas.
(B) The enriched gas drive is an example of immiscible enhanced oil recovery.
(C) A miscible zone is formed between the injected gas and the reservoir oil.
(D) In enriched gas drive, the viscous fingering results in poor sweep efficiency.
Ans: C, D
28. Select the CORRECT statements for the injection-production well pattern.
(A) Inverted 5-spot drive includes four injectors at the corners and the producer at the
centre.
(B) Regular 7-spot drive includes six injectors at the corners and the producer at the centre.
(C) Staggered-line drive involves staggered injectors and producers.
(D) Crestal injection involves positioning of the wells along the periphery of the reservoir.
Ans B, C
29.) The flammable gas detector works on which of the following phenomena?
A.) Catalytic
B.) Paramagnetic
C.) Electrochemical
D.) Photoionization
Ans: A, D
30.) A drilling mud with high gel strength is undesirable because it ____________
A.) retards the separation of cuttings and entrained gas at the surface.
B.) leads to the lost circulation.
C.) creates swabbing action beneath the bit while pulling the string.
D.) leads to the hole ballooning.
Ans: Marks to ALL
31.) Which of the following Logging tool combinations are required to estimate the
Hydrocarbon Initial in Place (HCIP)?
(A) Resistivity Log, Neutron Log and Gamma Ray Log
(B) Sonic Log, Neutron Log and Gamma Ray Log
(C) Resistivity Log, Density Log and Gamma Ray Log
(D) Neutron Log, Density Log and Sonic Log
Ans: A, C
32.) A homogeneous sandstone reservoir is under a radial steady state flow. The wellbore
radius is 0.1 m. The formation near the wellbore is damaged up to 0.9 m from the sand face.
The permeability impairment results in k/ks = 5, where k is the permeability in the
undamaged region and ks is that of the damaged region. The value of skin factor is
______________ (rounded off to two decimal places).
Ans: 9.0-9.4
Solution:
rs = rw + Ld
rs = 0.1 + 0.9 = 1.0 m
𝒌 𝒓𝒔
𝑺= ( − 𝟏) 𝒍𝒏 ( )
𝒌𝒔 𝒓𝒘
𝟏
𝑺 = (𝟓 − 𝟏)𝒍𝒏 ( ) = 𝟒 𝒍𝒏(𝟏𝟎)= 𝟒 𝒙 𝟐. 𝟑𝟏 = 9.21
𝟎.𝟏
33.) A reservoir is producing oil at 7000 stb/day with a producing gas to oil ratio (GOR) of
2000 scf/stb. At a certain point of time, the reservoir pressure is monitored and decided to
be maintained at a constant pressure of 2500 psi using water injection.
The PVT properties estimated at 2500 psi are:
• Bubble point pressure = 3000 psi

• Oil formation volume factor = 1.2 rb/stb
• Water formation volume factor = 1.0 rb/stb
• Gas formation volume factor = 0.0012 rb/scf
• Solution GOR = 300 scf/stb
The initial water injection rate (stb/day) required to maintain oil production at 7000
stb/day is ____________ (rounded off to the nearest integer).
Ans: 22675-22685
Solution:
qw,res = QoBo + QgBg = QoBo + (GOR – Rs)QoBg
qw,res = (7000 x 1.2) + (2000 – 300) x 7000 x 0.0012
qw,res = 8400 + 14280 = 22680 rb/day
qw,sc = qw,res x Bw = 22680 x 1.0 = 22680 stb/day
34.) An oil well is drilled using an 8.5-inch drill bit at a penetration rate of 30 ft/hr. The rotary
speed is 20 rpm and the weight on the bit is 3500 lb. The value of the ‘d’ exponent for the
drilled section is ________ (rounded off to two decimal places).
Ans: 0.69-0.70
Solution:
Using the formula for d exponent
𝑹 𝟑𝟎
𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟔𝟎𝑵) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 (𝟔𝟎 × 𝟐𝟎)
𝒅= = = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝟓
𝟏𝟐 × 𝑾 𝟏𝟐 × 𝟑. 𝟓
𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( )
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑫 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟖. 𝟓
35.) A vertical wellbore is drilled with a 12.25-inch drill bit. While drilling, the bit could drill
a total rock volume of 385 ft3 in 6.5 hr. After drilling, the hole diameter throughout the depth
is found to be 12.49 inch. The average rate of penetration is ________ ft/hr (rounded off to two
decimal places).
Ans: 68.0-70.0
Solution:
Volume of mud drilled per hour = 385 ft3/6.5 hr = 59.23 ft3/hr
𝒇𝒕𝟑 𝝅 × 𝟏𝟐. 𝟒𝟗𝟐

𝟓𝟗. 𝟐𝟑 = × 𝑹𝑶𝑷
𝒉𝒓 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟒𝟒
ROP = 69.6 ft/hr
Q.36 – Q.65 carry TWO mark each
36.) A real gas is produced from a gas reservoir at a constant temperature of 300C. The
compressibility factor (Z) is observed to change with pressure (P) at a rate of
𝒅𝒁
( ) 𝒕 = 𝒁𝟐
𝒅𝑷
The difference in the compressibility of the real gas from the ideal gas at a given pressure (P)
and temperature (T) is __________
(A) Z
(B) Z2
(C) Z
1
(D)
𝑍2
Ans: A
Solution:
For real gas,
𝟏 𝟏 𝝏𝐳 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
Cg = − ( )T = - (𝒛𝟐 ) = -z
𝐩 𝐳 𝝏𝑷 𝐩 𝐳 𝐩
For ideal gas,
𝟏
Cg =
𝐩
Difference = 1/p – (1/p – z) = z
37. A brine solution is being injected at a velocity (u) downward through a tubing of diameter
(d) inclined at an angle of  from vertical with gravitational acceleration g. Which ONE of the
following options is CORRECT for the velocity (u) and the angle () such that the ratio of
frictional pressure drop to the gravitational pressure drop is four times the Fanning friction
factor?
1
(A) 𝑢 = (2𝑔𝑑)2 ; 𝜃 = 30𝑜
(B) 𝑢 = 𝑔𝑑 ; 𝜃 = 30𝑜
1
(C) 𝑢 = (𝑔𝑑)2 ; 𝜃 = 60𝑜
1
(D) 𝑢 = (𝑔𝑑)2 ; 𝜃 = 30𝑜
Ans: C
Solution:
𝑵 𝒇𝒎 𝝆𝑳𝒗𝟐
Friction Pressure drop ( )=
𝒎𝟐 𝟐𝒅
𝑵 𝟒 𝑿 𝒇𝒇 𝝆𝑳𝒗𝟐
Friction Pressure drop ( )= (𝒇𝒎 = 𝟒 𝑿 𝒇𝒇 )--------------- (i)
𝒎𝟐 𝟐𝒅
𝑵
Gravitational pressure drop ( )=𝝆𝒈𝒉
𝒎𝟐
(Tubing inclined at an
Gravitational pressure drop (
𝑵
) = 𝝆 𝒈 𝑳 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝜭 ---------- (ii) angle of  from vertical)
𝒎𝟐
So: h = L 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝛳
According to the question-
(Frictional pressure drop to the gravitational pressure drop is four times the Fanning
friction factor)
𝟒 𝑿 𝒇𝒇 𝝆𝑳𝒗𝟐
𝟐𝒅 = 𝟒 𝑿 𝒇𝒇
𝝆 𝒈 𝒉 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝜭
𝝆𝑳𝒗𝟐
=𝟏
𝟐𝒅 𝝆 𝒈 𝑳 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝜭
𝒗𝟐
=𝟏
𝟐𝒅 𝒈 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝜭
𝒗𝟐 = 𝟐𝒅 𝒈 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝜭
𝒗𝟐 = 𝟐𝒅 𝒈 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝜭
(If 𝜭 = 𝟔𝟎𝒐 )
𝒗𝟐 = 𝟐𝒅 𝒈 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝟔𝟎
𝟏
𝒗𝟐 = 𝟐𝒅 𝒈 𝑿
𝟐
𝒗𝟐 = 𝒅 𝒈
𝒗 = √𝒅𝒈
38.) Which ONE of the following options is the CORRECT match of contaminants and their
effluent treatment techniques?
I. Suspended solids P. Ion exchange
II. Biodegradable organics Q. Filtration
III. Heavy metals R. Trickling filters
IV. Suspended oil and grease S. Flocculation
A.) I – P ; II – Q ; III – R ; IV – S
B.) I – Q ; II – R ; III – P ; IV – S
C.) I – Q ; II – S ; III – P ; IV – R
D.) I – R ; II – S ; III – Q ; IV – P
Ans: B
39.) Capillary pressure (𝑃c) vs water saturation (𝑆w) curves for different sandstone
reservoirs (I, II, III and IV) are given in the following figure.
Which reservoir has the most uniform pore size distribution?
(A) I
(B) II
(C) III
(D) IV
Ans: D
40. Flow tests are conducted for oil well in reservoirs P, Q, R and S having different
parameters as given in the following table. In all the four cases the wells are tested at 1200
stb/day.
Identify the reservoir in which the pressure transient reaches earliest at a point 2000 ft
away from the wellbore.
(A) P
(B) Q
(C) R
(D) S
Ans: C
Solution:
𝟗𝟒𝟖 𝛟 𝛍 𝐜𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝟐 𝛟 𝛍 𝐜𝐭
t= →
𝐤 𝐤
𝛟 𝛍 𝐜𝐭 𝟎.𝟐𝟑 𝐱 𝟎.𝟖 𝐱 𝟕𝟓
tP → → → 0.138
𝐤 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝛟 𝛍 𝐜𝐭 𝟎.𝟐𝟏 𝐱 𝟏.𝟏 𝐱 𝟕𝟎
tQ → → → 0.3234
𝐤 𝟓𝟎
𝛟 𝛍 𝐜𝐭 𝟎.𝟐𝟓 𝐱 𝟎.𝟗 𝐱 𝟖𝟎
tR → → → 0.120
𝐤 𝟏𝟓𝟎
𝛟 𝛍 𝐜𝐭 𝟎.𝟐𝟖 𝐱 𝟏.𝟏 𝐱 𝟗𝟎
tS → → → 0.163
𝐤 𝟏𝟕𝟎
tR is minimum
41.) Identify the CORRECT match for the flow regimes (Group 1) with the corresponding
slopes of the pressure derivative (Group 2) used in the type curve analysis.
Flow Regime (GROUP I) Pressure Derivative Slope (GROUP II)
I. Spherical Flow P. 1
II. Linear Flow Q. 1/4
III. Bilinear Flow R. -1/2
IV. Boundary Dominated Flow S. 1/2
(A) I – P; II – Q; III – R; IV – S
(B) I – Q; II – S; III – R; IV – P
(C) I – R; II – S; III – Q; IV – P
(D) I – S; II – P; III – Q; IV – R
Ans: C
42.) The log data obtained for a particular well section are shown in the following figures.
Identify the CORRECT interpretations for different zones.
(A) Zone 1 – shale Zone 2 – clean sand with oil
Zone 3 – clean sand with gas Zone 4 – clean sand with water
(B) Zone 1 – clean sand with gas Zone 2 – clean sand with oil
Zone 3 – clean sand with water Zone 4 – shale
(C) Zone 1 – shale Zone 2 – clean sand with gas
Zone 3 – clean sand with oil Zone 4 – clean sand with water
(D) Zone 1 – clean sand with water Zone 2 – clean sand with oil
Zone 3 – clean sand with gas Zone 4 – shale
Ans: C
43.) Well testing is to be conducted on the bounded sandstone reservoirs as shown in the
following figures. All the reservoirs have the same drainage area, rock and fluid properties,
and well bore conditions.
Which of the following statements are CORRECT for the given reservoirs?
(A) Pseudo steady flow regime will develop first in Reservoir 1.
(B) Infinite acting behavior will stop first in Reservoir 2.
(C) Infinite acting behavior will sustain the longest in Reservoir 1.
(D) Pressure depletion will be the fastest in Reservoir 3.
Ans: C, D
44.) An exploratory well is planned to be drilled in a basin that extends up to a depth of 5000
m. The surface temperature is 30°C. The geothermal gradient of the basin is 0.025°C/m.
Select the possible range(s) of depth at which the potential oil-bearing zones can be
encountered.
A.) 800 m to 950 m

B.) 1500 m to 1650 m
C.) 3100 m to 3150 m
D.) 4550 m to 4600 m
Ans: B, C
Solution
For depth of 950 m, temperature is

𝒅𝑻
Tres = Tsurface + ( ) x h = 30 + (0.025 x 950) = 53.75 0C
𝒅𝒉

𝒅𝑻
𝒅𝒉

𝒅𝑻
𝒅𝒉

𝒅𝑻
Tres = Tsurface + ( ) x h = 30 + (0.025 x 4600) = 145 0C
𝒅𝒉
Therefore, ans is B, C
45. The following data are given for an oil well scheduled for a drawdown test.
If the well is tested at a constant rate, the ‘Wellbore Storage Effect’ would sustain for __________
hours (rounded off to two decimal places).
Ans: 48.0-52.0
Solution:
Wellbore Storage Effect due to Fluid Expansion/Compression
C = Cf Vwb = 100 x 10-6 x 180 = 0.018 rb/psi
Wellbore Storage Effect due to Changing Fluid Level
𝟏𝟒𝟒 Aa
𝐂=
𝟓. 𝟔𝟏𝟓 𝛒
Here,
𝛑[𝐈𝐃𝟐𝐜 − 𝐎𝐃𝟐𝐓 ] 𝛑[𝟕.𝟔𝟕𝟓𝟐 − 𝟐𝟐 ]

Aa = = = 43.122 in2 = 0.299 ft2
𝟒 𝟒
𝟏𝟒𝟒 Aa
𝐂=
𝟓. 𝟔𝟏𝟓 𝛒
C = (144 x 0.299)/(5.615 x 45) = 0.17 rb/psi
Total wellbore storage effect is
C = 0.018 + 0.17 = 0.188 rb/psi
For pressure drawdown, the corresponding times are:
(𝟐𝟎𝟎,𝟎𝟎𝟎 + 𝟏𝟐,𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐒) 𝐂 𝛍 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐱 𝟎.𝟏𝟖𝟖 𝐱 𝟐

t> = = 50.13 hours
𝐤𝐡 𝟑𝟎 𝐱 𝟓𝟎
46. During the core analysis, the following data are measured at laboratory and reservoir
conditions.
The capillary pressure at the laboratory condition is 50 psi. The calculated capillary pressure
using the Leverett J-function at the reservoir condition is ______ psi (rounded off to two
decimal places).
Ans: 36.0-37.0
Solution:
Pc ,lab 50
J(Sw) = 0.21645 √𝒌/φ = 0.21645 𝟑𝟓 √𝟏𝟎𝟎/0.3
σ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
J(Sw) = 5.645
Pc ,res
J(Sw) = 0.21645 √𝒌/φ
σ 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
Pc ,res
5.645 = 0.21645 √𝟖𝟎/0.25
25
Pc,res = 36.45 psi
47. The total oil production rate (measured at the bottom hole conditions) from a volumetric
reservoir is 200 bbl/day (1 bbl = 5.615 ft3) at the flowing bottom hole pressure (FBHP) of
3000 psi. The reservoir has the following properties:
Considering a radial flow under pseudo steady state, the bottom hole pressure after 180 days
is __________ psi (rounded off to two decimal places).
Ans: 2280-2290
Solution:
𝛛𝐏 𝐪
= −
𝛛𝐭 ct 𝐕𝐩
𝑷 − 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒙 𝟓.𝟔𝟏𝟓

=−
𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝟓𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝒙 𝝅 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟐 𝒙 𝟏𝟎 𝒙 𝟎.𝟏𝟖
𝑷 − 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎
= − 3.971
𝟏𝟖𝟎
P – 3000 = -714.8
P = 2285.2 psi
48. An incompressible fluid (density = 40 lb/ft3) flows at a steady state through a linear
porous media with the following properties:
The absolute value of the difference between the actual fluid velocity (ft/day) at θ = 00 and
θ = 100 is __________ (rounded off to three decimal places).
Ans: 0.165-0.175
Solution:
The vertical distance between the two points is
ΔZ = (L) (sin l00) = 1500 x sin 100 = 260.5 ft
Selecting datum at point 2

𝝆 𝟒𝟎
Φ1 = p1 – ( ) Δz = 1600 – [( ) x 260.5] = 1527.6 psi
𝟏𝟒𝟒 𝟏𝟒𝟒
𝝆 𝟒𝟎
Φ2 = p2 + ( ) Δz = 1590 - [( ) x 0] = 1590 psi
𝟏𝟒𝟒 𝟏𝟒𝟒
ΔΦ = 1590 – 1527.6 = 62.4 psi
Therefore, q for 100 inclination is
𝐤𝐀 (Φ1-Φ2) 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝐱 𝟏𝟓 𝐱 𝟑𝟎 𝐱 𝟔𝟐.𝟒

q = 1.127 x 10-3 = 1.127 x 10-3 = 2.109 bbl/day
𝛍𝐋 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝐱 𝟏.𝟓
Actual fluid velocity for 100 inclination is:
𝒒 𝟐.𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝐱 𝟓.𝟔𝟏𝟓
V= = = 0.146 ft/day
𝝓𝑨 𝟎.𝟏𝟖 𝐱 𝟏𝟓 𝐱 𝟑𝟎
q for 00 inclination is
𝐤𝐀 (𝐏1-P2) 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝐱 𝟏𝟓 𝐱 𝟑𝟎 𝐱 𝟏𝟎
q = 1.127 x 10-3 = 1.127 x 10-3 = 0.338 bbl/day
𝛍𝐋 𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝐱 𝟏.𝟓
Actual fluid velocity for 00 inclination is:
𝒒 𝟎.𝟑𝟑𝟖 𝐱 𝟓.𝟔𝟏𝟓
V= = = 0.0234 ft/day
𝝓𝑨 𝟎.𝟏𝟖 𝐱 𝟏𝟓 𝐱 𝟑𝟎
Absolute value of the difference between the actual fluid velocity (ft/day) at θ = 00
and θ = 100 is = 0.146 + 0.0234 = 0.1694 ft/day
49.) An oil well (wellbore radius = 0.5 inch) in a heavy oil reservoir (drainage radius = 745
ft, oil viscosity = 500 cP) is being operated at 200 rb/day and 150 psi under the radial steady
state flow regime. A huff and puff steam injection is planned to reduce the oil viscosity to 35
cP. The steam soaks into the reservoir up to a distance of 65 ft from the centre of the
wellbore. The new production rate at the downhole condition after the steam stimulation is
_________ rb/day (rounded off to two decimal places).
Ans: 661.0-664.0
Solution:
re
𝐏𝐈 𝐒𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐰𝐞𝐥𝐥 µ𝐨𝐜 ln(r )
PI ratio increase = = re
w
rh
𝐏𝐈 𝐮𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐰𝐞𝐥𝐥 µ𝐨𝐜 ln(r ) + µ𝐨𝐡 ln(r )
h w
745
𝒒𝒏𝒆𝒘 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒙 ln(0.0416)
= 745 65 = 4896.5/(1219.5 + 257.4)
𝒒𝒐𝒍𝒅 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒙 ln( 65 ) +𝟑𝟓 𝒙 ln(0.0416)
𝒒𝒏𝒆𝒘
= 3.315
𝟐𝟎𝟎
Qnew = 663.0 rb/day
50.) If Z is the standard normal variable having mean 0 and standard deviation 1, then the
probability of occurrence of Z in the range of -3 to 3 is ________ (rounded off to three decimal
places).
𝟏𝟔𝟕𝒛 𝟏𝟏𝒛𝟑
Given: 𝐞𝐫𝐟(𝒛) ≈ 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒉 ( + )
𝟏𝟒𝟖 𝟏𝟎𝟗
Ans: 0.996-0.999
Exp:
Given 𝝁 = 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝝈 = 𝟏
𝑿−𝝁 𝑿−𝟎
𝒛= = =𝑿
𝝈 𝟏
Hence, 𝑷(−𝟑 < 𝑿 < 𝟑) = 𝑷(−𝟑 < 𝒛 < 𝟑) = 𝟐𝑷(𝟎 < 𝒛 > 𝟑) = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟕
51. In a three-dimensional 𝑥𝑦𝑧 space, if 𝒗 ̂, and Curl( 𝒗

̅ = 𝟑𝒛𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒛𝒋̂ + 𝒛𝒌 ̂,
̅) = 𝒂𝒊̂ + 𝒃𝒋̂ + 𝒄𝒌
then the value of a + b + c is equal to ________ (in integer).
Ans: 1.0-1.0
Exp: Given 𝒗 ̂
̅ = 𝟑𝒛𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒛𝒋̂ + 𝒛𝒌
𝒊̂ 𝒋̂ ̂
𝒌
Curl 𝒗
̅=| 𝝏 𝝏 𝝏 ̂
| = −𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝟑𝒋̂ + 𝟎𝒌
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛
𝟑𝒛 𝟐𝒛 𝒛
Now given
Curl ( 𝒗 ̂,
̅) = 𝒂𝒊̂ + 𝒃𝒋̂ + 𝒄𝒌
̂ = 𝒂𝒊̂ + 𝒃𝒋̂ + 𝒄𝒌
−𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝟑𝒋̂ + 𝟎𝒌 ̂
We get, 𝒂 = −𝟐, 𝒃 = 𝟑, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄 = 𝟎
Thus, 𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄 = −𝟐 + 𝟑 + 𝟎 = 𝟏
52. The local minimum value of the real function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐𝟏𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝟔𝒙 − 𝟐𝟎 is _______
(in integer)
Ans: -128
Exp:
𝒅𝒇
= 𝟔𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝟔 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙
Or x = 1, 6
𝒅𝟐 𝒇
= 𝟏𝟐𝒙 − 𝟒𝟐
𝒅𝒙𝟐
At x = 1,
𝒅𝟐 𝒇
= 𝟏𝟐 × 𝟏 − 𝟒𝟐 = −𝟑𝟎 < 𝟎
𝒅𝒙𝟐
Function is Maximum
At x = 6
𝒅𝟐 𝒇
= 𝟏𝟐 × 𝟔 − 𝟒𝟐 = 𝟑𝟎 > 𝟎
𝒅𝒙𝟐
Function is Minimum
Hence, the local minimum value of the real function at x = 6 is −𝟏𝟐𝟖.
53. Consider the following ordinary differential equation
𝒅𝒚
= 𝒙𝟐 𝒚
𝒅𝒙
The initial value is 𝑦(0) = 1 and the step size is 0.1. Solving this differential equation by
Euler’s first order method, the value of 𝑦(0.2) is _________ (rounded off to three decimal
places).
Ans: 1.001 – 1.001
Exp:
Given 𝒙𝟎 = 𝟎, 𝒚𝟎 = 𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒑 𝒔𝒊𝒛𝒆 𝒉 = 𝟎. 𝟏
𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒙𝟐 𝒚
Using Euler’s first order method
𝒚𝒏+𝟏 = 𝒚𝒏 + 𝒉𝒇(𝒙𝒏 , 𝒚𝒏 ) = 𝒚𝒏 + 𝟎. 𝟏(𝒙𝟐𝒏 × 𝒚𝒏 ) for n = 0 and 1
For n = 0,
𝒚𝟏 = 𝒚(𝟎. 𝟏) = 𝒚𝟎 + 𝟎. 𝟏 × (𝒙𝟐𝟎 × 𝒚𝟎 ) = 𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟏(𝟎) = 𝟏
For n = 1
𝒚𝟐 = 𝒚(𝟎. 𝟐) = 𝒚𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟏 × (𝒙𝟐𝟏 × 𝒚𝟏 ) = 𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟏(𝟎. 𝟏𝟐 × 𝟏) = 𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟏
54.) In a horizontal circular pipe, liquid and gas are flowing concurrently at the same
superficial velocity. However, the average velocity of the gas is greater than the average
velocity of liquid. If the slip velocity is equal to the superficial velocity of each of the phases,
the fractional liquid holdup is _______ (rounded off to two decimal places).
Ans: 0.60-0.65
Solution:
𝑽𝑺𝒍𝒊𝒑 = 𝑽𝒈𝒂𝒔 − 𝑽𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅
𝑉𝑔𝑎𝑠 = 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐺𝑎𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑉𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

𝑽𝒔𝒈 𝑽𝒔𝒍
𝑽𝒈𝒂𝒔 = , 𝑽𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅 =
𝑯𝒈 𝑯𝒍
𝑉𝑠𝑔 = 𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐺𝑎𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑉𝑠𝑙 = 𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑽𝑺𝒍𝒊𝒑 = −
𝑯𝒈 𝑯𝒍
(𝑯𝒈 = 𝟏 − 𝑯𝒍 )
𝟏−𝑯𝒍 𝑯𝒍
(Given:- 𝑽𝑺𝒍𝒊𝒑 = 𝑽𝑺𝒈 = 𝑽𝒔𝒍 )

𝑽𝒔𝒍𝒊𝒑 𝑽𝒔𝒍𝒊𝒑
𝟏−𝑯𝒍 𝑯𝒍
𝟏 𝟏
𝑽𝑺𝒍𝒊𝒑 = 𝑽𝑺𝒍𝒊𝒑 ( − )
𝟏 − 𝑯𝒍 𝑯𝒍
𝑯𝒍 − (𝟏−𝑯𝒍 )
1=
𝑯𝒍 (𝟏−𝑯𝒍 )
𝑯𝒍 − (𝟏 − 𝑯𝒍 )= 𝑯𝒍 (𝟏 − 𝑯𝒍 )
-1 = 𝑯𝒍 − 𝑯𝟐𝒍
𝑯𝟐𝒍 - 𝑯𝒍 - 1 = 0
Compare with this equation ax2 + bx + c = 0
a=1
b = −1
c = −1
[−𝐛 ± √(𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝐚𝐜)]

𝑥=
𝟐𝐚
[−(−𝟏) ± √((−𝟏)𝟐 − 𝟒𝐱𝟏𝐱(−𝟏))]

𝑯𝒍 =
𝟐𝐱𝟏
[𝟏 ± √(𝟏 + 𝟒)]
𝑯𝒍 =
𝟐
[𝟏 ± √𝟓]
𝑯𝒍 =
𝟐
[𝟏 ± 𝟐. 𝟐𝟑]
𝑯𝒍 =
𝟐
If take +ve
[𝟏 + 𝟐. 𝟐𝟑]
𝑯𝒍 =
𝟐
[𝟑. 𝟐𝟑]
𝑯𝒍 =
𝟐
𝑯𝒍 = 1.615 (𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 ∶ 𝑯𝒍 𝑛𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 1)
If take -ve
[1 − 2.23]
𝐻𝑙 =
2
[1.23]
𝐻𝑙 =
2
𝑯𝒍 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟓
55.) A 1 kg-mol bottled gas consists of the following composition at 30 0C.
The equilibrium vapour composition of n-Butane in mol % is ________ (rounded off to two
decimal places).
Ans: 18.0-19.0
Solution:
Ptotal = PvBXB + PvPXP + PvEXE = (0.5 x 3) + (0.45 x 10) + (0.05 x 40) = 8 bar
PB = XBPvB = 0.5 x 3 = 1.5 bar
PB = YBPtotal
1.5 = Yb x 8.0
Yb = 0.1875 = 18.75%
56.) A crude oil with a flowrate of 1000 kg/hr is to be cooled using water in a double-pipe
counter-flow heat exchanger from a temperature of 80C to 40C. The water enters the
exchanger at 20C and leaves at 40C. The specific heat capacities of the oil and the water at
constant pressure are 2 kJ kg-1 K-1 and 4.2 kJ kg-1 K-1, respectively. The overall heat transfer
coefficient is 0.25 kW m-2 K-1. Neglecting the heat loss and using the log mean temperature
difference (LMTD) method, the minimum heat exchanger area (m2) required for the
operation is __________ (rounded off to two decimal places).
Ans: 3.0-3.15
Solution:
∆ 𝑻𝟏 = 𝟖𝟎℃ − 𝟒𝟎℃ = 𝟒𝟎℃
∆ 𝑻𝟐 = 𝟒𝟎℃ − 𝟐𝟎℃ = 𝟐𝟎℃

∆𝑻𝟏 −∆𝑻𝟐
LMTD= ∆𝑻
𝒍𝒏(∆𝑻𝟏 )
𝟐
𝟒𝟎−𝟐𝟎
LMTD= 𝟒𝟎
𝒍𝒏(𝟐𝟎)
𝟐𝟎
LMTD=
𝒍𝒏(𝟐)
LMTD= 𝟐𝟖. 𝟖𝟓℃
Heat Transfer Q = m x c x ∆𝑻𝒉 = U x A x ∆𝑻𝐋𝐌𝐓𝐃

𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
Q= (kg/sec) x 2 x (𝟖𝟎 − 𝟒𝟎) = 0.25 x A x 𝟐𝟖. 𝟖𝟓
𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑿 𝟐 𝑿 𝟒𝟎
A=
𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝑿 𝟎.𝟐𝟓 𝑿𝟐𝟖.𝟖𝟓
A = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟖 𝒎𝟐
57.) In an oil reservoir undergoing water flooding, the areal and vertical sweep efficiencies
are 0.75 and 0.85, respectively. The average water saturation behind the flood front is 0.63
at breakthrough, and the initial water saturation is 0.17. If the initial volume of in-situ oil at
the start of water flooding is 3200 rb, the amount of oil produced during the water flooding
is ________ rb (rounded off to two decimal places).
Ans: 1120.0-1143.0
Solution:
Ev = El x EA = 0.75 x 0.85 = 0.6375

𝐒𝐨𝐢 − 𝐒𝐨,𝐚𝐯𝐠 𝐒𝐰,𝐚𝐯𝐠 − 𝐒𝐰𝐢
ED = ( )=( )
𝐒𝐨𝐢 𝟏− 𝐒𝐰𝐢
𝟎.𝟔𝟑 − 𝟎.𝟏𝟕
ED = ( ) = 0.554
𝟏−𝟎.𝟏𝟕
ER = Ev x ED = 0.6375 x 0.554 = 0.353
Np = ER x N = 0.353 x 3200 = 1129.6 rb
58.) The initial water saturation in an oil reservoir with a free gas cap is 30%. The initial gas
saturation is 40%. At the end of water flooding, all the free gases are dissolved due to the
elevated pressure and the oil formation volume factor reaches a value of 1.20 rb/stb. The
final water saturation at the end of water flooding is 50%. If the two-phase formation volume
factor at the initiation of the water flood is 2.3 rb/stb, the pore-to-pore displacement
efficiency under the current reservoir condition is __________ % (rounded off to one decimal
place).
Ans: (Marks to ALL)
59.) The station survey data during the directional drilling at two locations are given below.
Dogleg angle = cos-1[cos𝛼A cos𝛼B + sin𝛼A sin𝛼B cos(𝛽A – 𝛽B)]
The calculated dogleg severity (dogleg angle per 100 m of drilled section) is ________
(rounded off to one decimal place).
Ans: 8.1-8.3
Exp:
DLS = {cos-1[cos14.8 cos13.5 + sin14.8 sin13.5 cos(19 – 10)]}/(4530-4499)
DLS = 8.23/100 m
60.) A sandstone reservoir has the formation top at a depth of 3421 ft from the surface as
shown in the following figure. The reservoir is logged with a modular dynamic tester (MDT).
At a depth of 3425 ft, the formation pressure is recorded as 1560 psi and the sampled crude
has a density of 350API.
Considering a normal hydrostatic pressure gradient (brine density of 1.04 g/cc) and a
capillary displacement pressure of 1.2 psi, the oil water contact (OWC) is found at a depth of
_________ ft from the surface (rounded off to two decimal places).
Ans: 3435-3670
Solution:
h (𝛒𝐰 − 𝛒𝐨 )
Pd =
𝟏𝟒𝟒
h (𝟎.𝟒𝟓 − 𝟎.𝟑𝟔𝟖)𝟔𝟐.𝟒
1.2 =
𝟏𝟒𝟒
h = 33.77
OWC = 3425 + 33.77 = 3458.77 ft
61.) The drill pipes and drill collars with a combined length of 2500 m are held on the hook
without rotation and mud flow. The specific gravity of the mud in the annulus is 1.5 and that
inside the drill string is 1.4. The material density of the drill pipe and drill collar is 7850
kg/m3. The specifications of drill pipes and drill collars are given below.
The overall weight acting on the hook is _______ kN (rounded off to two decimal places).
Ans: 3870-4070
𝝆 𝝆
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 (𝟏− 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 )−𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 (𝟏− 𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 )
𝝆𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 𝝆𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍
Exp: 𝑩𝒐𝒖𝒚𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 =
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆 −𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆
𝝅 𝟏. 𝟓 𝝅 𝟏. 𝟓
( ×. 𝟒𝟎𝟔𝟐 × (𝟏 − ) − ×. 𝟏𝟐𝟕𝟐 × (𝟏 − )
𝑩𝒐𝒖𝒚𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒂𝒕 𝑫𝑪 = 𝟒 𝝅
𝟕. 𝟖𝟓 𝟒
𝝅
𝟕. 𝟖𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟎𝟕
×. 𝟒𝟎𝟔𝟐 − ×. 𝟏𝟐𝟕𝟐
𝟒 𝟒
𝝅 𝟏. 𝟓 𝝅 𝟏. 𝟓
( ×. 𝟏𝟓𝟔𝟐 × (𝟏 − ) − ×. 𝟏𝟎𝟔𝟐 × (𝟏 − )
𝑩𝒐𝒖𝒚𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒂𝒕 𝑫𝑷 = 𝟒 𝟕. 𝟖𝟓 𝟒 𝟕. 𝟖𝟓 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟗𝟖
𝝅 𝝅
×. 𝟒𝟎𝟔𝟐 − ×. 𝟏𝟐𝟕𝟐
𝟒 𝟒
Now Bouyant weight of DC = 500 x 870 x 0.807 = 351045 kg
Bouyant weight of DP = 2000 x 30 x 0.798 = 47880 kg
Total weight = 398925 kg
Converting it to kilo newton = 398925 x 9.8 = 3909465 = 3909.46 kN
62.) A drilling rig is designed with 12 lines strung between the crown block and the traveling
block. The hoisting system has an output power of 650 HP (1 HP = 33000 lb-ft/min). When
the drill string is pulled up with a speed of 52.5 ft/min, the tension in the fast line reads
46180 lb. Assume that the rig utilizes all the available output power of drawworks and the
drill string is pulled at a constant system efficiency. If the drill string is pulled at the same
output power and the tension in the fast line is 35690 lb, then the pullout speed of the drill
string is ____________ ft/min (rounded off to one decimal place).
Ans: 67.0-69.0
Exp:
Sinch the power output is same
We can equate the power at the travelling block
46180 x 12 x 52.5 = 35690 x 12 x Vb
Vb = 67.93 ft/min
63.) In a sandstone reservoir, the density log reads 2.11 g/cc and sonic log reads 90 µs/ft.
The other parameters are given below:
Matrix density (𝜌ma) = 2.68 g/cc
Fluid density (𝜌f l) = 1.0 g/cc
Compressional wave travel time in matrix (∆𝑡ma) = 54 µs/ft
Compressional wave travel time in fluid (∆𝑡f l) = 189 µs/ft
The calculated secondary porosity of the reservoir is _________ % (rounded off to the nearest
integer).
Ans: 6.0-8.0
Solution:
𝛷𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 = 𝛷𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 − 𝛷𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐

𝜌𝑚𝑎 − 𝜌𝑏 2.68 − 2.11
𝛷𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = = = 0.33
𝜌𝑚𝑎 − 𝜌𝑓 2.68 − 1
𝛥𝑡𝑏 − 𝛥𝑡𝑚𝑎 90 − 54 36
𝛷𝑆𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 = = = = 0.26
𝛥𝑡𝜌𝑓 − 𝛥𝑡𝑚𝑎 189 − 54 135
𝜱𝒔𝒆𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒚 = 𝜱𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 − 𝜱𝒔𝒐𝒏𝒊𝒄
𝛷𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 = 0.33 − 0.26 = 0.07 = 𝟕. 𝟎 %
64.) The Waxman-Smits equation to estimate water saturation for shaly sands is given as,
𝑩𝑸𝒗
𝑪𝒕 = 𝜱𝒎∗ 𝑺𝒏∗
𝒘 (𝑪𝒘 + )
𝑺𝒘
where, B is cation mobility (m Ω-1 meq-1 ml-1), and Qv is cation exchange capacity per pore
volume (meq ml-1). The values of other parameters are:
Porosity (∅) = 0.25
BQv = 17.0 Ω-1
Cementation factor (m*) = Saturation exponent (n*) = 2.0
Resistivity of water (Rw) = 0.05 Ω m
True resistivity of formation in the oil zone (Rt) = 12 Ω m
As per the given dataset, the calculated water saturation (Sw) in oil zone is ____________ %
(rounded off to the nearest integer).
Ans: Marks to ALL
Solution:
𝑩𝑸𝒗
𝑪𝒕 = 𝜱𝒎∗ 𝑺𝒏∗
𝒘 (𝑪𝒘 + )
𝑺𝒘
1 1
𝐶𝑤 = = = 20 (Ω m)−1
𝑅𝑤 0.05
1 1
𝐶𝑡 = = = 0.0833 (Ω m)−1
𝑅𝑡 12
Use the given equation
𝐵𝑄𝑣
𝐶𝑡 = 𝛷𝑚∗ 𝑆𝑤𝑛∗ (𝐶𝑤 + )
𝑆𝑤
17
0.0833 = (0.25)2 𝑆𝑤2 (20 + )
𝑆𝑤
17
0.0833 = 0.0625 𝑆𝑤2 (20 + )
𝑆𝑤
0.0833 = 1.25 𝑆𝑤2 + 1.0625 𝑆𝑤
1.25 𝑆𝑤2 + 1.0625 𝑆𝑤 − 0.0833 = 0
Compare with this equation ax2 + bx + c = 0
a = 1.25
b = 1.0625
c = −0.0833
[−𝐛 ± √(𝒃𝟐 − 𝟒𝐚𝐜)]

𝑥=
𝟐𝐚
[−1.0625 ± √(1.06252 – (4 x 1.25 𝑥(−0.0833))]

𝑆𝑤 =
2 x 1.25
[−1.0625 ± √(1.1289 + 0.4165)]

𝑆𝑤 =
2.5
[−1.0625 ± 1.243]
𝑆𝑤 =
2.5
If take -ve
[−1.0625 − 1.243]
𝑆𝑤 =
2.5
𝑆𝑤 = −1.15 (𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒)
If take +ve
[−1.062 + 1.243]
𝑆𝑤 =
2.5
𝑆𝑤 = 0.0724 = 𝟕. 𝟐 %
65.) The hydrogen index (HI) of a potential source rock is 500. If 400 g of the same rock
produces 6000 mg of hydrocarbons during a thermal pyrolysis at the maximum
temperature, the calculated total organic content (TOC) of the rock is _________ weight %
(rounded off to one decimal place).
Ans: 2.9-3.1
Solution:
𝑺𝟐
Hydrogen Index = 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑻𝑶𝑪
S2 = 6000/400 = 15 mg/gm of sack
𝟏𝟓
500 = 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑻𝑶𝑪
TOC = 3 wt%
***********************************END OF PAPER***********************************

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GATE-2022 (Solutions) PETROGATE Academy

Q.1 – Q.5 carry ONE mark each

A.) too / too

M/P = (3000/6000) x 100 = 50%

Let the total time travelled with 10 kmph be Y hours

(10Y) + [18 x (6 - Y)] = 80

Q.6 – Q.10 carry TWO mark each

Side of rhombus = (1/4 + 1/4)1/2

Ratio of areas of triangle

Now Ratio of perimeter will be

Putting the values of s and R in terms of A

Statement 1: All teachers are professors.

Statement 2: No professor is a male.

Statement 3: Some males are engineers.

Conclusion I: No engineer is a professor.

Conclusion II: Some engineers are professors.

Conclusion III: No male is a teacher.

Which one of the following options can be logically inferred?

A.) Only conclusion III is correct

Ans: Marks to ALL

******************************END OF THE GA PAPER******************************

Q. 11 - Q. 35 carry ONE mark each

where, b and d are empirical constants, and q is the production rate.

II. d =1 Q. Exponential Decline

III. 0 < d < 1 R. Hyperbolic Decline

(D) I – Q; II– P; III– R

15.) The production optimization is evaluated on the basis of discounted revenue to be

NPV = NPVR - cost

where, NPVR = present value of cash flow discounted at a given rate i.

(A) Blast Joints

(C) Landing Nipples

(D) Side Pocket Mandrels

18.) ‘Cupola’ offshore storage tank is an example of __________

(A) floating storage type.

(B) above-water storage type.

(C) submerged storage type.

(D) platform storage type.

Which curve represents the Black Oil?

Identify the “Hole ballooning” and the “Lost circulation” phenomena.

A.) Case 1 – Hole ballooning; Case 3 – Lost circulation

(A) Porosity and Water Saturation

(B) True Resistivity and Water Saturation

(C) Porosity and Irreducible Water Saturation

(D) Porosity and True Resistivity

(A) Dual Laterolog

(B) Compensated Neutron Log

(C) Compensated Density Log

(D) Induction Log

Induction logging was originally developed to measure formation resistivities in

(B) Positive definite

(B) For the positive definite 𝒂𝒊𝒊 > ∑𝒋≠𝒊|𝒂𝒊𝒋 |

Here 𝒂𝒊𝒊 = 𝒂𝟏𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐𝟐 + 𝒂𝟑𝟑 = 𝟏 + 𝟏 + 𝟏 = 𝟑.

∑𝒋≠𝒊|𝒂𝒊𝒋 | = 𝒂𝟏𝟐 + 𝒂𝟏𝟑 + 𝒂𝟐𝟏 + 𝒂𝟐𝟑 + 𝒂𝟑𝟏 + 𝒂𝟑𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟓 + 𝟎 + 𝟎. 𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟓 = 𝟐.

Hence, option B is Correct

(C) 𝒂𝒊𝒋 = 𝒂𝒋𝒊 for all i and j

Hence Option C is correct

(D) Given matrix not diagonal matrix

Hence, options are A, B and C are correct

(A) Standing valve is open during the upward stroke.

(B) Standing valve is closed during the upward stroke.

(C) Travelling valve is closed during the upward stroke.

(D) Travelling valve is open during the upward stroke.

(C) Staggered-line drive involves staggered injectors and producers.

END OF THE GA PAPER