Sans10114 1

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ICS 91.160.10
SANS 10114-1:2005
ISBN 0-626-17278-0 Edition 3
SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
Interior lighting
Part 1: Artificial lighting of interiors
Published by Standards South Africa

1 dr lategan road groenkloof private bag x191 pretoria 0001
tel: 012 428 7911 fax: 012 344 1568 international code + 27 12
www.stansa.co.za
© Standards South Africa
This eStandard is exclusively for IESSA delegates for use on one standalone PC. To access it from a file server or intranet
SANS 10114-1:2005
Edition 3
Table of changes
Change No. Date Scope
Abstract
Covers requirements for good lighting and also basic guidelines for, and recommendations on, the
design of artificial lighting installations for general interior locations. It is primarily aimed at new
installations in interior workplaces, but also applies in general to other interior locations.
Keywords
artificial lighting, glare, illuminance, interior lighting, lighting levels, lighting systems, luminance,
VDU (visual display unit).
Acknowledgement
Standards South Africa wishes to acknowledge the valuable assistance derived from publications of
the following organizations:
Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage

International Organization for Standardization
South African National Committee on Illumination
Foreword
This South African standard was approved by National Committee StanSA SC 64C, Lighting and
optics – Luminaires, in accordance with procedures of Standards South Africa, in compliance with
annex 3 of the WTO/TBT agreement.
This edition cancels and replaces edition 2.1 (SABS 0114-1:1998).
A reference is made in 5.4.6(f), 10.2.8 and I.3 to "national legislation". In South Africa this means
the Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1993 (Act No. 85 of 1993).
Clauses that contain requirements that relate to South African legislation will be given in a box as
given here.
SANS 10114 consists of the following parts, under the general title Interior lighting:
Part 1: Artificial lighting of interiors.
Part 2: Emergency lighting.
Annexes A to I are for information only.

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Introduction
The aim of this part of SANS 10114 is to provide basic guidelines and recommendations for the
creation of good viewing conditions and a comfortable visual environment.
Although the recommendations are primarily intended for interior workplaces, they also apply, in
general, to other interior locations.
The visual environment should be such that essential task details are easily visible and that adverse
factors, which can cause visual discomfort, are appropriately controlled or excluded.
The recommendations in this part of SANS 10114 are based on research and on experience gained
in the quality and quantity aspects of lighting, with the emphasis on electric lighting. Although this
part of SANS 10114 recognizes the need for good energy management and cost-effective lighting
schemes, this should not lead to the lowering of the recommended well-established standards
needed to promote efficient work, safety and welfare.
While the provision of sufficient illuminance on a task is a necessary element, the creation of
conditions of visual comfort which workers require to maintain efficiency throughout the entire work
period, depends in many instances not only on the quantity of light but even more on factors such
as the distribution of light throughout the workplace, glare, the luminance of surfaces such as walls,
floors, ceilings and equipment and the control of unwanted reflections.
Normally, lighting level is specified as the average illuminance over a surface or as the average
luminance of a surface. The lighting level provided by a lighting installation will decrease gradually
throughout the life of the installation. Therefore, the basis of these recommendations is the
"maintained average illuminance over a surface" or the "maintained average luminance of a
surface".
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Contents
Page
Abstract
Keywords
Acknowledgement
Foreword
Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1
1 Scope .................................................................................................................................... 5
2 Normative references ........................................................................................................... 5
3 Definitions ............................................................................................................................. 5
4 Fundamentals ....................................................................................................................... 8
4.1 Basic considerations .................................................................................................... 8
4.2 Visibility and visual performance ................................................................................. 9
4.3 Surfaces ....................................................................................................................... 10
4.4 Visual capability ........................................................................................................... 10
5 Luminance pattern ................................................................................................................ 10
5.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 10
5.2 Safety and amenity ...................................................................................................... 11
5.3 Stroboscopic effect and flicker of discharge lamps ..................................................... 12
5.4 Luminance of the general surroundings ...................................................................... 12
6 Revealing form and texture ................................................................................................... 32
6.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 32
6.2 Form and texture in the task ........................................................................................ 32
6.3 Form in the general surroundings ................................................................................ 33
7 Controlling glare .................................................................................................................... 34
7.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 34
7.2 Direct glare .................................................................................................................. 34
7.3 Reflected glare ............................................................................................................. 35
7.4 Discomfort glare and disability glare ........................................................................... 35
7.5 Control of lamp luminance ........................................................................................... 35
8 Colour ................................................................................................................................... 38
8.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 38
8.2 Colour appearance ...................................................................................................... 38
8.3 Colour rendering .......................................................................................................... 40
9 Lighting systems ................................................................................................................... 43
9.1 Classification ................................................................................................................ 43
9.2 Luminance distribution on major room surfaces .......................................................... 44
9.3 Energy-effective lighting .............................................................................................. 45
10 Lighting design ...................................................................................................................... 47
10.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 47
10.2 Visual requirements ..................................................................................................... 47
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Page
11 Work stations with visual display units (VDUs) ..................................................................... 49

11.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 49
11.2 Factors involved in VDU operation .............................................................................. 49
11.3 Environmental requirements ........................................................................................ 50
11.4 Recommendations on lighting ..................................................................................... 51
11.5 Positioning of light sources .......................................................................................... 53
12 Interaction between daylight and electric light ...................................................................... 56
12.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 56
12.2 Daylighting ................................................................................................................... 56
12.3 Co-ordination of daylight and electric light .................................................................. 57
13 Integration of lighting and air-conditioning ............................................................................ 58
13.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 58
13.2 Advantages of the integration of lighting and air-conditioning ..................................... 59
14 Depreciation and maintenance ............................................................................................. 60
14.1 Illuminance depreciation .............................................................................................. 60
14.2 Light loss factor (LLF) .................................................................................................. 64
14.3 Maintenance schedule ................................................................................................. 65
15 Calculations .......................................................................................................................... 65
15.1 Determining illuminance for acceptable visual performance ....................................... 65
15.2 Lumen method of calculation of average illuminance ................................................. 66
15.3 Assessing discomfort glare .......................................................................................... 70
16 Requirements ........................................................................................................................ 71
16.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 71
16.2 Illuminance values ....................................................................................................... 71
16.3 Glare rating .................................................................................................................. 71
16.4 Safety versus productivity (SA Legislation) .................................................................. 72
16.5 Generalization of illuminance ranges ........................................................................... 73
Annex A (informative) Derivation of desired luminance values ............................................ 74
Annex B (informative) Stroboscopic effect ........................................................................... 75
Annex C (informative) IP ratings ........................................................................................... 76
Annex D (informative) Temperature correction for fluorescent lamps .................................. 78
Annex E (informative) Lamp lumen depreciation (LLD) factors for specific lamp types........ 79
Annex F (informative) Correction for ballast impedance ...................................................... 80
Annex G (informative) Correction factor for lamp output ...................................................... 81
Annex H (informative) Measurement of illuminance and luminance ..................................... 82
Annex I (informative) Guide for the disposal of discharge lamps ....................................... 86
Bibliography............................................................................................................................... 89
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Interior lighting
Part 1:
Artificial lighting of interiors
1 Scope
1.1 This part of SANS 10114 covers requirements for good lighting and also basic guidelines for,
and recommendations on, the design of artificial lighting installations for general interior locations. It
is primarily aimed at new installations in interior workplaces, but also applies in general to other
interior locations.
1.2 This part of SANS 10114 does not cover security lighting or emergency lighting installations.
2 Normative references
The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute
provisions of this part of SANS 10114. All standards are subject to revision and, since any reference
to a standard is deemed to be a reference to the latest edition of that standard, parties to
agreements based on this part of SANS 10114 are encouraged to take steps to ensure the use of
the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. Information on currently valid national
and international standards can be obtained from Standards South Africa.
CIE 117, Discomfort glare in interior lighting.
SANS 10108, The classification of hazardous locations and the selection of apparatus for use in
such locations.
SANS 10389-1, Exterior lighting – Part 1: Artificial lighting of exterior areas for work and safety.
3 Definitions
3.1
acceptable
acceptable to the user's requirements
NOTE Accepted has a corresponding meaning.
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3.2
average luminance
average photometric brightness (of a surface)
luminous intensity, per square metre, that leaves the surface
NOTE The unit of luminance is candelas per square metre.
3.3
contrast
ratio between the luminance of an object and the luminance of its immediate background, equal to
(L1 – L 2) /L 1 or (L 2 – L 1) /L 1, where L 1 and L 2 are the luminances of the background and the object,
respectively
3.4
diffused lighting
lighting in which the light on the work plane or on an object is not incident predominantly from a
particular direction
3.5
direct glare
glare that results from high luminances or insufficiently shielded light sources in the visual field, or
from reflecting surfaces of high luminance
NOTE Direct glare is usually associated with bright areas, such as luminaires, ceilings and windows that are
outside the visual task or region being viewed.
3.6
disability glare
glare that impairs visual performance and visibility, but that does not necessarily cause discomfort
3.7
discomfort glare
glare that causes discomfort, but that does not necessarily impair visual performance or visibility
3.8
glare
condition of vision that is caused by luminance that sufficiently exceeds the luminance to which the
eyes are adapted and that causes annoyance or discomfort or reduction in visual performance and
visibility
3.9
illuminance
luminous flux density at a surface, i.e. the luminous flux incidence per unit area
NOTE The unit of illuminance is lux.
3.10
light loss factor
LLF
maintenance factor
MF
factor that is used to calculate the level of illumination after a given period of time and under given
conditions, taking into account temperature and voltage variations, dirt accumulation, maintenance
procedures and atmospheric conditions
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3.11
luminance
luminous intensity, in a given direction, of an infinitesimal element of a surface divided by the
orthogonally projected area of the element on a plane perpendicular to the given direction
NOTE The unit of luminance is candelas per square metre.
3.12
lux
lx [International System of Units (SI)]
unit of illuminance, where one lux is equal to
a) the illuminance produced on a surface of area 1 m2 by a uniformly distributed luminous flux of

1 lm, or
b) the illuminance produced at a surface of which all points are at a distance of 1 m from a uniform
point source luminous intensity of 1 cd
3.13
maintained illuminance
calculated average value of illuminance, on the reference plane, after a period of time, that will exist
as a function of installation depreciation factors used to calculate the level of illuminance (see 3.10)
3.14
matt surface
surface from which the reflection is predominantly diffuse, with or without a negligible specular
component
3.15
reflected glare
glare that is caused by specular reflections of high luminance in polished or glossy surfaces in the
visual field
NOTE Reflected glare is usually associated with reflections from within a visual task or area near the region
being viewed (see 3.19).
3.16
reflection
general term for the process by which the incident flux leaves a surface or an object from the
incident side
3.17
suitable
suitable to the user's needs
NOTE Reflection is usually a combination of regular (specular) reflection and diffuse reflection.
3.18
utilization factor
coefficient of utilization
proportion of the luminous flux emitted by all the lamps together, and which reaches the work plane
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3.19
veiling reflection
specular reflections that are superimposed on diffuse reflections from an object and that, by
reducing the contrast within the image, partially or totally obscure the details to be seen
NOTE Veiling reflection is sometimes also called reflected glare (see 3.15).
3.20
visual environment
all portions of the visual field, including the visual task
3.21
visual task
those details and objects and their immediate background that have to be visible for the
performance of a given activity
4 Fundamentals
4.1 Basic considerations
4.1.1 For a person to be able to move around in a building interior and to perform tasks safely and
efficiently, both the total environment and the task shall be illuminated adequately and to acceptable
levels.
4.1.2 In order to promote productivity, the most important quality of a lighting installation is its
ability to enable all workers and operators to see their work and their tools in the required detail, so
that they can operate and carry out their tasks with the greatest possible speed and accuracy. The
lighting installation shall also provide safe and congenial working conditions and be designed to suit
the visual acuity of the individual worker.
4.1.3 In conjunction with the structure and decoration of the building, the lighting installation should
provide a pleasing environment that will stimulate interest and be conducive to a sense of wellbeing.
4.1.4 The lighting should be economically installed, reasonably easy to maintain and economical to
run.
4.1.5 Realization of these aims will involve
a) planning the luminance and colour patterns within both the work area and the general
surroundings, so that attention is drawn naturally to the important areas, task detail is seen
quickly and accurately, and so that the rooms are free from any sense of gloom or monotony,
b) where appropriate, using directional light to assist perception of the task detail and to achieve
good modelling (see 6.1),
c) eliminating visual discomfort by controlling direct and reflected glare from light sources,
d) minimizing stroboscopic effects from fluorescent lamps and other discharge lamps,
e) ensuring that the lighting has the required colour-rendering properties,
f) correlating both natural and artificial lighting throughout the building, in order to prevent
excessive differences in illuminance between adjacent areas and thereby to reduce the risk of
accidents, and
g) installing emergency lighting systems where necessary (see SANS 10114-2).
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4.2 Visibility and visual performance
4.2.1 Visibility (of an object) is a measure of the speed and the accuracy with which the object can
be detected visually and recognized. However, in order to satisfy all the needs of an individual,
activities also have to be performed easily and in comfort. These criteria are important aspects of all
lighting installations if efficient performance is to be achieved.
4.2.2 Visual performance is the rate of information processed by the visual system as measured,
for instance, by the speed and the accuracy with which the visual task is performed. The visibility of
a visual task is generally determined by the visibility of the most difficult element that has to be
detected or recognized for the task to be performed. This detail is referred to as the critical detail.
4.2.3 The visibility of a critical detail depends on many factors, including
a) the angular size of the detail (the angle subtended at the eye by the detail),
b) the luminance and colour of the detail,
c) light-adaptation,
d) the contrast in luminance and colour between the detail and its background (see figure 1),
e) available observation time,
f) the capability of the visual system,
g) the form of the detail,
h) similarity in form and texture between the detail and other details in the immediate surroundings,
i) advance knowledge about the moment when the detail will appear in the visual field,
j) the position of the detail in the visual field,
k) advance knowledge about the position of the detail in the visual field, and
l) experience with the visual task.
Figure 1 — Effect of contrast on visibility
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4.2.4 Where work is visually exacting and close and sustained attention is necessary, as in
diamond cutting, its luminance should be high if the work is to be done efficiently and without strain.
Where work is visually simple, as in general warehousing, comparable efficiency can be achieved at
lower levels of luminance.
4.2.5 The luminance of a matt surface is equal to the product of the illuminance at the surface and
the reflectance of the surface. The reflectances, which are part of the intrinsic properties of the task
and the interior, are not affected by the lighting and therefore, for visual tasks that involve matt
surfaces, the illuminance is the only factor of the lighting system that will affect visibility.
4.3 Surfaces
4.3.1 In the case of glossy surfaces and surroundings, the luminance of a perfectly specular
reflecting surface is proportional to the product of its (specular) reflectance and the environmental
illuminance in the direction of reflection.
Most reflectances are neither perfectly diffuse nor perfectly specular, but have mixed reflection
properties such that the luminance of a surface depends both on the illuminance at the surface and
on the luminance of the environment.
4.3.2 For tasks that involve glossy surfaces and surroundings, not only is the illuminance of
importance for good visibility, but also the directionality of the lighting. In view of the complexity of
trying to design the correct luminance for a task, this part of SANS 10114 recommends illuminance
values only, but the reflectivity of the task and its surroundings should not be ignored, particularly
for highly specular reflecting surfaces.
4.4 Visual capability
The average age of the worker should be taken into account when the required lighting levels for
specific tasks are being determined. The physiological capabilities of the human eye deteriorate
with age. This reduces the worker's speed of perception and tolerance of glare and also increases
the time needed for adaptation. As a result, there is a measurable reduction in visual sensitivity,
particularly for vision in low brightness environments. The illuminance levels and glare ratings in this
part of SANS 10114 are based on an average adult worker age, but if older persons are generally
employed, lighting levels should be increased by 15 % to 20 % and glare factors reduced.
NOTE CIE 19.2.1 and CIE 19.2.2 give formulae, tables and graphs that describe the relationship between
task illuminance and relative visual performance for various values of task difficulty and task demand level for
various age groups.
5 Luminance pattern
5.1 General
5.1.1 The luminance pattern seen within an interior is composed of three main parts: the task itself,
the background to the task, and the general surroundings of walls, ceiling, floor, equipment and
furnishings.
5.1.2 The reflection characteristics of the task shall be taken into account and the luminance
required for the task shall be expressed in terms of the illuminance. For a task detail of given size,
the illuminance necessary to produce a specified luminance will depend on the reflection factor and
surface characteristics of the task.
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For a perfectly diffusing surface, the luminance can be calculated in accordance with the following
formula:
E × ρ
L=
π
where
L is the luminance, in candelas per square metre;
E is the illuminance, in lux;
ρ is the reflection factor.
For example, if a matt surface that has a reflection factor of 0,5 is exposed to an illuminance of
200 lx, the luminance is
200 × 0,5
π
100
=
π
= 31,8 cd/m2
This formula can be used for approximate determinations of the luminance of matt surfaces.
5.1.3 The lower the reflection factor, the higher the illuminance should be. The methods used for
determining the illuminance required to achieve acceptable visual performance for a task of given
size and reflection factor are described in 15.1. (See also annex A.)
5.2 Safety and amenity
5.2.1 The value of illuminance that is recommended for a building for safety reasons will not
necessarily be the same value required for the work to be performed with acceptable efficiency.
Good lighting requires that considerations of safety and welfare as well as of visual efficiency be
taken into account. In activities where the visual demands are small, the levels of illuminance
derived from a criterion of visual performance alone might be too low to satisfy other criteria.
For such situations, therefore, illuminance recommendations are based on standards of welfare,
safety, and amenity judged to be appropriate to the activity; these recommendations will then also
be sufficient to provide luminances that ensure that the visual performance of these tasks exceeds
the specified minimum.
5.2.2 Illuminance recommendations for a large number of activities have been assessed using the
two criteria of visual performance and amenity, and these recommendations are given in table 1
(see 5.4.6). These values should be regarded as being the minimum average illuminance needed to
satisfy the general standards of lighting set out in this part of SANS 10114. Where higher standards
of amenity are required, the values can be increased accordingly.
The recommendations are valid under most conditions, whether the lighting is natural or artificial or
both. However, the general level of luminance or the luminance of some major area in the room
(such as a window) could have a dominant effect on the light-adaptation of the eye, without
sufficiently brightening the task. In such a case, visibility of the task will suffer, and it might then be
necessary to increase the illuminance of the task to a value higher than the recommended value, in
order to achieve the required visual performance.
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5.2.3 The illuminance on each horizontal work plane within a room should be reasonably uniform,
and the uniformity ratio of minimum to average illuminance (Emin to Eave) should not exceed 0,75:1.
The uniformity ratio between the average illuminance on each work plane and the average
illuminance on adjacent floor areas should not exceed 5:1.
5.3 Stroboscopic effect and flicker of discharge lamps
5.3.1 When discharge lamps operate on alternating current, their light output varies. These
variations in output are rarely very troublesome, but it is sometimes necessary to take precautions
to minimize them.
5.3.2 The cyclic variation of the light output is not normally perceptible in the case of lamps that
operate on a 50 Hz supply, since it occurs 100 times per second. It can, however, give rise to
stroboscopic effects whereby the true speed of rotating machinery or other objects is not
immediately apparent. (The rotation might appear to be slowed down, stopped or reversed.) Means
of overcoming this stroboscopic effect are available and should be used where there is any danger
that accidents could result from misjudgement of machine speed (see annex B).
5.3.3 In addition to this stroboscopic effect, annoying flicker can occur when tubular fluorescent
lamps are used. This flicker arises from half-wave rectification in the lamps or from random
movement of hot spots on the lamp cathodes. Flicker is also apparent at the extreme ends of
fluorescent lamps. Flicker that occurs at mains frequency can sometimes be overcome by the fitting
of opaque shields over the ends of the lamps or by other methods that screen the ends of the lamps
from direct view.
5.4 Luminance of the general surroundings

5.4.1 When the task luminance appropriate to an activity has been determined (see 5.4.6 and
table 1), the luminance of the other parts of the room should be planned to afford visual comfort and
to stimulate general interest.
Recommended ratios for average luminance of the task to luminance of the background and the
visual surroundings are as follows:
– 3:1 (max.) between task and background;
– 5:1 (max.) between task and more remote darker surfaces (visual surroundings); and
– 1:5 (max.) between task and more remote lighter surfaces (visual surroundings) (for example, the
sky viewed through windows in walls and in roofs).
Present data on this aspect of design are limited, and the recommended ratios are given for general
guidance only.
5.4.2 In general, the task should be brighter than the background, but the relationship is less
critical at low and medium task luminance levels (below 100 cd/m2 ).
5.4.3 The illuminance of the task and of its background is usually the same, hence the luminance
ratio between them should be achieved by giving the background a finish that has a suitable
reflection factor. Moderate differences in colour and texture between task and background
sometimes enhance the contrast and thereby facilitate recognition of detail, but strong contrasts
should be avoided, since they can be distracting.
5.4.4 The luminance of the general surroundings, i.e. the walls, ceiling and floor, should be
sufficiently high to bring the eyes to an appropriate state of light-adaptation and to create a cheerful
atmosphere without causing visual discomfort or distraction.
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5.4.5 The recommendations for the visual surroundings refer only to the average luminance of the
visual surroundings but, for example, "life" and interest can be given to the appearance of many
interiors by including small areas of relatively high luminance or strong colours; however, these
areas should be so placed that they do not cause discomfort or distraction. In buildings where
exacting work is undertaken, "visual rest centres" shall be provided. Attention cannot be
concentrated on a task all the time, and the luminance pattern of the general surroundings should
be so arranged that, when the eyes are rested by looking up from the work, they view areas free
from patches of very high luminance or strong colour.
The light distribution in most industrial and commercial buildings will be determined by the
requirements for task illuminance and glare limitation, and the designer should therefore aim at
achieving the required luminance and colour relations within the general surroundings by employing
appropriate finishes for the different surfaces. A method for calculating the approximate luminance
of matt surfaces in a room is given in 5.1.
5.4.6 The lighting requirements for various rooms and activities are given in table 1 in the following
manner:
a) Column 1 lists specific interiors, areas, tasks, or given activities. If a particular location or task is
not listed, the values for the closest similar or comparable situation should be used.
b) Column 2 gives the minimum maintained illuminance (Em) on the reference surface of the
interior, area, task or activity listed in column 1.
c) Column 3 gives the maximum unified glare rating (UGR) applicable to the interior, area, task or
activity listed in column 1.
d) Column 4 gives the minimum colour-rendering indices (Ra) for the interior, area, task or
activity listed in column 1.
e) Column 5 gives comments and advisory notes for exceptions and special applications.
f) Column 6 gives the minimum illuminance level that is allowed to exist in terms of South African
national legislation (see foreword), for personal safety in the locations listed in column 1. It is
given here solely as additional information, and it is the responsibility of the employer to ensure
that this value is exceeded at all times.
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Table 1 — Minimum maintained illuminance values
1 2 3 4 5 6
SA
Type of interior, area, Em, UGR, Ra, legislation
Remarks
task, or activity min. max. min. min.
lx lx
General building areas
Entrance halls 100 22 60
Lounges 200 22 80
Circulation areas and corridors 100 28 40 100
Stairs, escalators and travelators 150 25 40
Loading ramps/bays 150 25 40
Canteens 200 22 80
Rest rooms 100 22 80
Rooms for physical exercise 300 22 80
Cloakrooms, washrooms,
200 25 80
bathrooms, toilets
Sick bays 500 19 80
Rooms for medical attention 500 16 90
Plant rooms, switch-gear rooms 200 25 60
Post rooms, switchboards 500 19 80
Stores, stockrooms, cold stores 100 25 60 200 lx if continuously 100
occupied
Dispatch packing and handling areas 300 25 60
Control stations 150 22 60 200 lx if continuously
occupied
Abattoirs
Cold store, casting and stunning pen 150 25 60 IP protection 100
Bleeding area 200 25 60 IP protection 150
Dressing, evisceration, washing
300 25 80 IP protection 200
tripery and skin sorting
Inspection and grading 500 25 80 300
By-products manufacturing, 200 25 80 IP protection 100/220
e.g. digesters, grinding, etc.
Agriculture
Loading and operating of goods- 200 25 80
handling equipment and machinery
Feed preparation, utensil washing 200 25 80
Cutting and sorting of fruit and 300 25 80
vegetables
Dairies
General work areas 200 25 80 150
Bottle inspection 500 22 80 300
Bottle filling 500 25 80 300
Dispatching 150 25 60 100
Airports
Arrival and departure halls, baggage
200 22 80
claim areas
Connecting areas, escalators,
150 22 80
travelators
Information desks, check-in desks 500 19 80
Customs and passport control desks 500 19 80
Waiting areas 200 22 80
Luggage store rooms 200 28 60
Security check areas 300 19 80
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Table 1 (continued)
1 2 3 4 5 6
SA
Remarks
lx lx
Airports (concluded)
Air traffic control tower 500 16 80 Dimmable lighting
Air traffic rooms 500 16 80 Dimmable lighting
Radar type and other control tower
Specialist advice required
type screens
Ticket hall and concourse 200 28 40
Ticket and luggage offices and
300 19 80
counters
Platforms and passenger subways,
50 28 40
underpasses
Testing and repair hangars 500 22 80 200
Engine test areas 500 22 80 200
Measuring areas in hangars 500 22 80
Bakeries
Preparation and baking 300 22 80 100
Finishing, glazing and decorating 500 19 80 200
Banks
Counters (see also offices) 500 19 80 300
Brewing and distilling
Brewhouse, bottling and canning 300 22 80 300
plants
Bottle inspection 500 22 80 300
Car parks (indoors)
In/out ramps (day) 300 25 40
In/out ramps (night) 75 25 40
Traffic lanes 75 25 40
Parking areas 75 28 40
Ticket office (manned) 300 19 80
Ticket vending machine 150 25 40
Cement, concrete and brick industries
Drying 50 28 20
Preparation of materials, work on 200 28 40
kilns and mixers
General machine work 300 25 80
Rough forms 300 25 80
Fibrizing, mixing, shredding, 300 25 80 Applies also to gypsum, 200
agitating, manufacturing of flat chalk, and similar
sheets, and corrugated sheets and products
moulded goods
Pipe and pole manufacturing: 200 25 80 150
mixing, spinning, reinforcing,
stripping
Ceramics and glass industry
Drying 50 28 20
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Table 1 (continued)
1 2 3 4 5 6
SA
Remarks
lx lx
Ceramics and glass industry (concluded)
Furnace rooms, mixing, bending, 200 28 60 100
annealing ovens, forming
Enamelling, rolling, pressing, 300 25 80 150
shaping simple parts, glazing, glass
blowing
Preparation, general machine work 300 25 80
Grinding, engraving, glass polishing, 750 19 80
shaping precision parts, manufacture
of glass instruments
Decorative work 500 19 80
Grinding of optical glass, crystal 750 16 80
hand grinding and engraving, work
on average goods
Precision work, e.g. decorative 1000 16 90 Colour temperature
grinding, hand painting > 4 000 K
Manufacture of synthetic precious 1500 16 90 Colour temperature
stones > 4 000 K
Finishing, bevelling, etching, 500 22 80 200
silvering
Brilliant cutting 800 19 90 500
Inspection – General 300 19 90 Use optical aids 150
as required
Inspection – Fine 800 19 90 Use optical aids 500
as required
Clay and pottery
Grinding, filter pressing, kiln rooms, 400 25 80 200
moulding, pressing, cleaning,
trimming, firing
Enamelling, colouring, decorating 600 19 80 300
Chemical, plastics and rubber industries
Remote-operated processing 50 20 Safety colours shall be
installations recognizable
Processing installations with limited 150 28 40
manual intervention
Chemical
Hand furnaces, boiling tanks, 150 22 60
stationary driers, or gravity
crystallizers
Mechanical driers 150 22 60 IP, corrosive, flammable
Evaporators, filtration plants 150 22 60 or vibration protection
Mechanical crystallizing, bleaching 200 22 60
Extractors, percolators, nitrators, 200 22 60 100
electrolytic cells
Controls, gauges, valves, etc. 100 22 60 100
Control rooms: vertical control panel 400 19 60 200
face, (vertical illuminance)
Local lighting if required
Control desks 400 19 60 200
General work area 150 22 60 100
Inspection 1000 19 80 500
16
SANS 10114-1:2005
Edition 3
Table 1 (continued)
1 2 3 4 5 6
SA
Remarks
lx lx
Plastics
Processing: calendering, extruding 300 25 60 200
Moulding: compression, injection 300 25 60 150
Sheet: shaping, 300 25 60 150
Trimming, machining, polishing 400 25 80 200
Colour matching and inspection 1000 19 80 500
Rubber
Fabric preparation creels 200 25 60 150
Dipping, moulding, compounding 500 25 60 150
calenders
Tyre and tube making 400 25 60 200
Curing 400 25 60 300
Churches, mosques, synagogues and temples
General interior 150 25 80
Pulpit and lectern areas, chancel, 200 22 80
choir
Altar, communion table 200 22 80
Vestries 200 22 80
Courtrooms
Seating 200 22 80 100
Court 500 25 80 300
Dye works
Reception, "grey" perching 600 25 80 500
Wet processes 300 22 80 Suitable IP protection 150
Dry processes 300 22 80 and supplementary 150
Dyers office 800 19 80 local lighting 500
Final perching 2000 16 90 if required 1500
Educational buildings
Playschool room 300 19 80
Nursery class 300 19 80
Nursery craft room 300 19 80
Classrooms, tutorial rooms 300 19 80 Lighting should be 200
controllable
Classroom for evening classes and 500 19 80 200
adult education
Lecture hall 500 19 80 Lighting should be
controllable
Chalk board (vertical illuminance) 500 19 80 Avoid specular reflections
Demonstration table 500 19 80 In lecture halls = 750 lx
Art and craft rooms 500 19 90
Art rooms in art schools 750 19 90 Colour temperature
> 5 000 K
Technical drawing rooms 750 16 80
Practical rooms and laboratories 500 19 80
Teaching workshops 500 19 80
Music practice rooms 500 19 80
17
SANS 10114-1:2005
Edition 3
Table 1 (continued)
1 2 3 4 5 6
SA
Remarks
lx lx
Educational buildings (concluded)
Computer practice rooms 500 19 80
Language laboratories 300 19 80
Preparation rooms and workshops 500 22 80
Student common rooms and 200 22 80
assembly halls
Assembly hall for exams 500 22 80
Teachers' rooms 300 22 80
Library shelves, stacks 300 22 80 Vertical illuminance
Reading tables 400 19 80
Dormitories 100 25 80 100
Corridors and stairs 150 28 80 100
Electrical manufacturing
Cable and wire manufacturing 300 25 80
Coil winding – large coils 300 25 80
– medium coils 500 22 80
– small coils 750 19 80 400
Coil impregnating 300 25 80 150
Coil and armature processes, 400 25 80 200
general
Galvanizing 300 25 80
Assembly
– rough, e.g. large transformers 300 25 80
– medium, e.g. switchboards 500 22 80
– fine, e.g. telephones 750 19 80
Precision, e.g. measuring equipment 1000 16 80
Electronic workshops, testing, 1500 16 80
adjusting
Electricity generating stations
Turbine halls (operating floor) 300 25 20 Safety colours shall be 200
Blowers, auxiliary generators 150 25 20 recognizable 100
Cable, screens, and transformer 100 25 60 75
chambers
Cable tunnel, covered walkways, 50 25 20 Safety colours shall be 50
storage tanks recognizable
Battery and charging equipment 150 25 60 100
rooms
Coal and ash handling 100 28 20 75
Boiler rooms 100 28 20 100
Boiler front (operating floor) 150 25 20 150
Safety colours shall be
Between boilers (operating floor), 150 25 20 recognizable 100
stairs, galleries, operating platforms,
and precipitator high-voltage
chamber
Pulverizers, feeders, ash-plants, 100 25 20 75
conveyors, (tunnel, junction tower)
Overland conveyor housing 100 25 20 Safety colours shall be 50
walkways recognizable
Boiler house and turbine house 150 25 20 100
basements
18
SANS 10114-1:2005
Edition 3
Table 1 (continued)
1 2 3 4 5 6
SA
Remarks
lx lx
Electricity generating stations (concluded)
Pump houses and rooms, water 150 25 20 Safety colours shall be 100
treatment plant recognizable
Control rooms, control panel face 300 19 80 200
(vertical illuminance)
Control desks with VDUs 400 19 80 200
(see clause 11)
Rear of control panels 150 22 80 100
Computer rooms (see clause 11) 500 19 80 500
Switch houses and rooms 200 22 60 150
Relay and telecommunications 300 25 60 200
rooms
Nuclear reactors, steam raising 200 25 20 Safety colours shall be 150
plant, reactor areas, boilers, galleries recognizable
Gas circulator bays 200 25 60 100
Reactor charge/discharge face 200 25 60 150
High-voltage substations (indoor) 200 25 60 100
Entertainment
Cinemas
Projection room 200 22 60 150
Corridors, stairs 150 22 80 100
Foyers 100 25 80
Auditoriums (other than during 100 22 80
performances)
Booking area 300 25 80 200
Concert halls
Foyers 100 25 80
performances)
Platforms 200 80
Stairs and corridors 150 22 80 100
Booking offices 300 25 80 200
Multi-purpose halls
General 300 22 80
Theatres
Foyers 150 25 80
performances)
Corridors, stairs 150 22 80 100
Fire stations
Appliance rooms 150 25 80 100
External apron 50 60 30
19
SANS 10114-1:2005
Edition 3
Table 1 (continued)
1 2 3 4 5 6
SA
Remarks
lx lx
Food industry
Workplaces and zones in breweries, 200 25 80 100
malting floor, area for washing,
barrel filling, cleaning, sieving,
peeling, cooking in preserve and
chocolate factories, fermentation
cellars
Sorting and washing of products, 300 25 80
milling, mixing, packing
Workplaces and zones in slaughter 500 25 80
houses, butcheries, dairies, mills,
filtering floors
Cutting and sorting of fruit and 300 25 80
vegetables
Manufacturing of delicatessen foods, 500 22 80
kitchens
Inspection of glasses and bottles, 500 22 80
product control, trimming, sorting,
decoration
Laboratories 500 19 80
Colour inspection 1000 16 90
Canning and preserving
Inspection of produce 500 22 90 300
Preparation, kettle areas, 400 25 80 200
mechanical cleaning, dicing,
trimming
Retorts for canned and bottled 200 25 80 150
goods
High-speed labelling lines 400 25 60 200
Can inspection 400 22 80 300
Automatic processes 200 25 60 25
Sugar refinery
General workplaces and zones 200 25 80
Crushing, settling, evaporating, 200 25 80 100
boiling, curing, drying, packing
Centrifuging, metering, filtering, 200 25 80 100
condensing
Panning, mixing, drying 300 25 80 150
Foundries and metal casting

Man-size underground tunnels, 50 28 20 Safety colours shall be
cellars recognizable
Platforms 100 25 40
Sand preparation 200 25 80
Dressing rooms 200 25 80
Workplaces at cupola and mixer 200 25 80
Casting bay 200 25 80
Shake out areas 200 25 80
Machine moulding 200 25 80
Hand and core moulding 300 25 80
Die casting 300 25 80
Model building 500 22 80
20
SANS 10114-1:2005
Edition 3
Table 1 (continued)
1 2 3 4 5 6
SA
Remarks
lx lx
Furniture industry
Raw material store 100 25 60 50
Finished goods store 100 25 60 75
Wood machining and assembly 300 22 80 IP dust/flammable 150
protection
Rough sawing and cutting 200 25 60 Prevent stroboscopic 150
effects
Machining, sundry and assembly of 350 22 80 250
components
Cabinet making
Veneer sorting and preparation 500 22 90 500
Veneer pressing 400 22 80 250
Marquetry, inlay work 750 22 90 Colour temperature
> 4 000 K
Components store 100 25 60 75
Fitting, final inspection 500 22 80 400
Upholstery
Cloth inspection 800 22 90 750
Filling, covering 500 22 80 250
Slipping 500 22 80 400
Cutting, sewing 500 22 80 400
Mattress making
Assembly 400 22 80 250
Tape edging 500 22 80 500
Tool rooms
General 300 25 60 250
Benches 400 22 60 400
Spray booth
Colour finishing 600 22 90 Explosive hazard 250
Clear finishing 400 22 80 protection 150
Joinery
Bench gluing, assembly 300 25 80
Machine turning, fluting, dressing, 500 19 80 Prevent stroboscopic
rebating, grooving, cutting, sawing, effects
sinking
Quality control 1000 19 90
Gas works
Retort houses, oil gas plants, water 50 28 20 50
gas plants, purifiers, coke screening Safety colours shall be
and coke handling plants recognizable
Governor, meter, compressor, 250 25 60 IP/explosion hazard 75
booster, exhauster houses protection
Hat making
Stiffening, braiding, cleaning, 300 22 80
refining, forming, pouncing
Flanging, finishing, ironing 400 22 80 100
21
SANS 10114-1:2005
Edition 3
Table 1 (continued)
1 2 3 4 5 6
SA
Remarks
lx lx
Hat making (continued)
Inspection 1000 19 90
General work area 400 22 60 100
In accordance with
Hazardous areas SANS 10108
Health care premises
Waiting rooms 200 22 80
Stairs and corridors during the day 200 22 80 100
Illuminance at floor level
Stairs and corridors at night 50 22 80
Day rooms 200 22 80
Casualty and outpatient departments 200 19 80
Staff office 500 19 80
Staff rooms 300 19 80
Wards
General lighting 100 19 80
Reading lighting 300 19 80 Illuminance at floor level
Simple examination 300 19 80
Examination and treatment 1000 19 90
Night lighting, observation lighting 5 19 80
Bathrooms and toilets for patients 200 22 80
Examination room general 500 19 90
Ear and eye examination 1000 90 Local examination
luminaire
Reading and colour vision test with 500 16 90
vision charts
Scanners with image enhancers and 50 19 80 See clause 11 on VDUs
television systems
Dialysis rooms 500 19 80
Dermatology rooms 500 19 90
Dispensaries 400 19 80
Endoscopy rooms 300 19 80
Plaster rooms 500 19 80
Medical baths 300 19 80
Massage and radiotherapy rooms 300 19 80
Pre-op and recovery rooms 500 19 90
Operating theatre 1000 19 90
Operating cavity Special Em = 10 000 lx to
100 000 lx
Intensive care
General lighting 100 19 90 At floor level
Simple examination 300 19 90 At bed level
Examination and treatment 1000 19 90 At bed level
Night watch 20 19 90
Sterilization rooms 300 22 80
Disinfection rooms 300 22 80
Autopsy rooms and mortuaries 500 19 90
Autopsy table and dissecting table 5000 90 Values higher than
5 000 lx might be required
22
SANS 10114-1:2005
Edition 3
Table 1 (continued)
1 2 3 4 5 6
SA
Remarks
lx lx
Health care premises (concluded)
Dentistry
General lighting 500 19 90 Lighting should be
glare-free for the patient
At the patient 1000 90 Local examination
luminaire
Operating cavity 5000 90 Values higher than
5 000 lx might be required
White teeth matching 5000 90 Colour temperature
> 6 000 K
Colour inspection (laboratories) 1000 19 90 Colour temperature
> 5 000 K
Hosiery and knitwear
Circular and flat knitting machines, 400 22 80 200
universal winders, cutting out, folding
and pressing
Lock-stitch and overlocking 500 22 80 300
machines
Mending – Light goods 1000 19 80 800
Mending – Dark goods 1500 19 80 1000
Examining and hand-finishing light 600 19 80 400
goods
Examining and hand-finishing dark 1000 19 80 800
goods
Linking or running on 500 19 80 300
Iron and steel works

Production plants without manual 50 28 20 Safety colours shall be
intervention recognizable
Production plants with occasional 150 28 40
manual intervention
Production plants with continual 200 25 80
manual intervention
Slab store 50 28 20 Safety colours shall be
Furnaces 200 25 20 recognizable
Mill train, coiler, shear line 300 25 40
Control platforms, control panels 300 22 80
Testing, measurement and 500 22 80
inspection
Underground man-sized tunnels, belt 50 28 20 Safety colours shall be
sections, cellars, etc. recognizable
Slab yards, melting shops, ingot 100 28 40 75
stipping, soaking pits, blast furnaces,
work areas, pickling and clearing
lines, mechanical pump houses,
slabbing and large section rolling
mills
Mould preparation, light section wire 100 28 40 100
and cold strip mills, mill motor
rooms, slab and bloom inspection
and conditioning, sheet and plate
finishing, tinning, galvanizing and roll
shops
23
SANS 10114-1:2005
Edition 3
Table 1 (continued)
1 2 3 4 5 6
SA
Remarks
lx lx
Iron and steel works (concluded)
Tin plate inspection and pulpits 500 22 60 200
(control rooms)
Inspection areas
Rough work, e.g. counting, rough 300 25 40 100
checking of stock parts, etc.
Medium work, e.g. "go" and "no-go" 400 22 40 200
gauges
Subassemblies 400 22 40 200
Fine work, e.g. radio and 600 19 60 500
telecommunication equipment,
calibrated scales, precision
mechanisms, instruments
Very fine work, e.g. gauging and 1200 or 19 60 Local lighting or optical 1000
inspection of small intricate parts 1600 aids (or both)
Minute work 1200 or 19 60 1500
1600
Jewellery manufacturing
Working with precious stones 1500 16 90 Colour temperature
> 4 000 K
Manufacturing of jewellery 1000 16 90
Watchmaking (manual) 1500 16 80
Watchmaking (automatic) 500 19 80
Fine processes 800 19 80 500
Minute processes 4000 10 90 3000
Gem cutting, polishing 1500 19 90 Local lighting, if required 1000
Laboratories and test rooms

General laboratories, balance rooms 500 19 80 200
Electrical and electronic instrument 500 19 80 300
laboratories
Calibration scales, precision 700 19 80 300
mechanical instruments
Laundries and dry cleaning

Goods receiving, marking and 300 25 80
sorting
Washing and dry cleaning 300 25 80
Ironing, pressing 300 25 80
Inspection and repairs 750 19 80
Leather industry
Work on vats, barrels, pits 200 25 40
Fleshing, skiving, rubbing, tumbling 300 25 80
of skins
Saddlery work, shoe manufacture, 500 22 80
sewing, polishing, shaping, cutting,
punching
24
SANS 10114-1:2005
Edition 3
Table 1 (continued)
1 2 3 4 5 6
SA
Remarks
lx lx
Leather industry (concluded)
Sorting and grading 1000 19 90 Colour temperature 500
> 4 000 K
Leather dyeing (machine) 500 22 80
Glove making 500 22 80
Clicking and closing, preparation 800 22 80 500
operations
Cutting tables and presses, stitching 1000 22 80 500
Bottom stock preparation, lasting 800 22 80 500
and bottom finishing
Shoe rooms 800 22 80 500
Quality control 1000 19 80
Inspection 1000 16 90
Libraries
Shelves and stacks 300 22 80 Vertical illuminance 100
Carrels, reading rooms, newspapers 500 19 80
and magazines, reading tables,
counters
Binding 500 22 80 300
Cataloguing, sorting, stock rooms 300 22 80 200
Lifts
Car interior 100 60 100
Motor room 500 25 60 300
Material handling premises

Wrapping, packing and labelling 200 28 80 150
Sorting stock 200 80 100
Metal working and processing

Open die forging 200 25 60
Drop forging, welding, cold forming 300 25 60
Rough and average machining, 300 22 60
tolerances > 0,1 mm
Precision machining, grinding, 500 19 60
tolerances < 0,1 mm
Scribing, inspection 750 19 60
Wire and pipe drawing, shapes 300 25 60
Plate machining > 5 mm 200 25 60
Sheet metal-work < 5 mm 300 25 60
Tool making, cutting equipment 750 19 60
manufacture
Assembly
Rough 200 25 60
Medium 300 25 60
Fine 500 22 80
Precision 750 19 80
Galvanizing 300 25 60
25
SANS 10114-1:2005
Edition 3
Table 1 (continued)
1 2 3 4 5 6
SA
Remarks
lx lx
Assembly (concluded)
Surface preparation and painting 750 25 60
Template and jig making, precision 1000 19 80
mechanics, micro-mechanics
Blacksmith
Tempering 200 25 80 50
Machining and fitting
Rough bench and machine work 200 28 60 100
Medium bench and machine work, 400 25 60 200
ordinary automatic machines, rough IP protection
grinding, medium buffing and
polishing
Plating
Vats and baths 400 22 60 IP protection 200
Final buffing and polishing 600 22 80 200
Sheet metal
Bench work, pressing, punching, 300 25 60 150
shearing, stamping, spinning
Sheet inspection 500 25 60 300
Structural steel fabrication
General 200 28 60 100
Marking off 400 28 60 200
Welding and soldering
Gas and arc welding 250 28 60 150
Medium soldering, brazing and spot 350 25 60 200
welding, e.g. domestic hardware
Fine soldering and spot welding, 800 22 60 500
e.g. instruments, radio set assembly
Very fine soldering and spot welding, 1500 19 60 1500
e.g. printed circuits
Mining (surface buildings)

Preparation plants, work areas 200 25 20 Safety colours shall be
recognizable
Picking belts 300 25 60 IP/flammable protection
Winding houses 200 28 60
Lamp rooms, weighing cabins, fan 200 28 60
houses
Museums and art galleries

General 200 16
Displays and paintings Specialist guidance
necessary
Offices
Entrance halls and reception areas 200 22 80 100
Corridors and passages 200 22 80
26
SANS 10114-1:2005
Edition 3
Table 1 (continued)
1 2 3 4 5 6
SA
Remarks
lx lx
Offices (concluded)
Conference rooms, general offices, 500 19 80 300
typing and filing
Computer and business machine 500 19 80 See VDU section 500
operation
Copying, circulation, etc. 300 19 80
Reception desk 300 22 80
Archives 200 25 80
Writing, reading, data processing 500 19 80
Technical drawing 750 16 80 500
CAD workstation 500 19 80 See VDU section
In accordance with
Outdoor areas and plants
SANS 10389-1
Paint industry
General automatic processes 200 25 80 150
Special batch mixing 400 22 80 IP/flammable protection 300
Colour matching 600 19 90 300
Paint shops and spray booths

Rubbing, dipping, ordinary painting, 400 22 80 200
spraying and finishing
Fine painting, spraying and finishing 700 22 80 IP/flammable protection 300
Re-touching and matching 1000 22 90 500
Paper industry
Pulp mills, edge runners 200 25 80
Paper manufacturing and 300 25 80
processing, paper and corrugating
machines, cardboard manufacturing
Paper and board making, machine 300 25 80 150
houses, calendaring, preparation
plants, cutting, trimming, finishing
Inspection and sorting (overhauling) 400 25 80 IP/flammable protection 200
Paper converting process, general 300 25 60 150
Associated printing 300 22 80 200
Paper bag, carton, and box making

Corrugated boards, cartons, 200 25 60 150
containers and paper box
manufacturing
Coating and laminating process 300 22 60 200
Associated printing 300 22 90 200
Pharmaceutical and fine chemical

Raw material storage 200 28 60 150
Control laboratories and testing 500 19 80 200
Pharmaceuticals manufacturing, 500 25 80 IP/flammable protection
grinding, granulating, mixing and
drying, tableting, sterilizing and
washing
27
SANS 10114-1:2005
Edition 3
Table 1 (continued)
1 2 3 4 5 6
SA
Remarks
lx lx
Pharmaceutical and fine chemical (concluded)
Preparation of solutions and filling, 400 25 80 200
labelling, capping, inspection
Fine chemical plant processing 200 25 80 IP/flammable protection 150
Fine chemical finishing 500 25 80 200
Photographic
Safety-light darkrooms 10 40 5
Post offices
Circulation 200 22 60 100
Counters 500 22 60 200
Sorting of mail 500 25 60 300
Printing industry
Cutting, gilding, embossing, block 500 19 80
engraving, work on stones and
platens, printing machines, matrix
making
Paper sorting and hand printing 500 19 80
Type setting, re-touching, 1000 19 80
lithography
Colour inspection in multi-coloured 1500 16 90 Colour temperature
printing 5 000 K
Steel and copper engraving 2000 16 90 Localized lighting
Standard bookbinding work, 500 22 60
e.g. folding, sorting, gluing, cutting,
embossing, sewing
Type foundries: dressing type, hand 300 25 60 150
and machine casting
Front assembly, sorting 500 22 80 300
Printing plants: machine 300 25 60 150
composition, imposing stones
Presses 400 25 60 200
Composition room 400 19 60 300
Proofreading casting 500 19 80 300
Electrotyping: block making, 500 25 60 150
electroplating, washing, backing
Moulding, finishing, routing 400 25 60 200
Photoengraving: Block making, 400 25 60 200
etching, masking
Finishing, routing 500 25 60 300
Colour printing: inspection area 1000 19 90 500
Refrigeration
Chilling and cold rooms, ice-making 200 25 60 100
Restaurants and hotels

Reception/cashier desk, porter's 300 22 80 200
desk
Kitchen 500 22 80 150
Restaurant, dining room, function 200 22 80 Design for intimate
room, bars atmosphere
28
SANS 10114-1:2005
Edition 3
Table 1 (continued)
1 2 3 4 5 6
SA
Remarks
lx lx
Restaurants and hotels (concluded)
Self-service restaurant 200 22 80
Buffet 300 22 80
Conference rooms 500 19 80 Lighting should be
controllable
Corridors 100 25 80 At floor level 100
At night, lower
illuminance levels are
acceptable
Stairs 150 25 80 100
Entrance halls 200 80 100
Lounges 150 19 80
Bedrooms: general 100 80
Dressing table, headboards, etc. 200 80
Billiard rooms: general 200 80
Billiard tables Special lighting
Card rooms 300 22 80
Laundries 300 22 80 150
Goods and passenger lifts 100
Cloakrooms and toilets 150
Bathrooms 100
Self-service counters 300 22 80
Retailing
Sales areas (small) 300 22 80
Sales areas (large) 500 22 80
Till area, wrapper table 500 19 80
General work areas 300 22 80
Stairs and corridors 200 22 80 At floor level 100
Stockrooms 200 25 80
Soap manufacturing
All processes e.g. kettle houses and 300 25 80 150
ancillaries, batch or continuous soap
rooting, soap stamping, etc.
General areas 300 25 60 100
Auto processes 200 25 60
Control panel face 200 25 60 Vertical illuminance 200
Product processing and packing 200 25 60 150
Telephony
Manual exchange rooms (on desk) 300 22 60 100
Main distribution frame rooms in 300 25 60 200
automatic exchanges
Battery rooms 150 25 60 Corrosive/flammable 100
protection
Textile industry
Workplace and zones in baths, bale 200 25 60
opening
Carding, washing, ironing, drawing, 300 22 80
combing, sizing, card cutting, pre-
spinning
29
SANS 10114-1:2005
Edition 3
Table 1 (continued)
1 2 3 4 5 6
SA
Remarks
lx lx
Textile industry (continued)
Spinning, plying, reeling, winding, 500 22 80 Prevent stroboscopic
warping, weaving, braiding, knitting effects
Sewing, fine knitting, taking up 750 22 90
stitches
Manual design, drawing patterns 750 22 90 Colour temperature
> 4 000 K
Finishing, dyeing 500 22 80
Drying room 100 28 60
Automatic fabric printing 500 25 80
Burling, picking, trimming 1000 19 80
Colour inspection, fabric control 1000 16 90 Colour temperature
> 4 000 K
Invisible mending 1500 19 90
Hand tailoring 1000 19 90 500
Cotton or linen
Bale breaking, blowing, carding 300 25 60 100
Roving, slubbing, spinning (ordinary 300 22 60 100
counts), winding, hackling,
spreading, cabling
Warping, slashing, dressing and 300 25 80 150
dyeing, doubling (fancy), spinning
(fine counts)
Healding (drawing in) 800 19 80 500
Weaving: patterned cloths 800 19 90 500
Weaving: plain "grey" cloths 800 19 80 150
Cloth inspection 1000 19 90 500
Jute
Weaving, spinning flat, Jacquard 300 25 60 150
carpet looms, cop winding
Yarn calender 400 25 60 100
Silk or synthetics
Soaking, fugitive tinting, conditioning 500 25 80 150
or setting of twist
Spinning 500 25 80 300
Winding, twisting, rewinding and 350 25 80 200
coning, quilling, slashing IP/flammable protection
Warping 400 25 80 200
Weaving 800 19 80 500
Woollens
Preparing, raising, brushing, 300 25 60 100
pressing, backwashing, gilling,
grabbing, and blowing
Blending, carding, combing (white), 300 25 80 150
IP/flammable protection
tentering, drying, cropping
Spinning, roving, winding, warping, 500 25 80 300
combing (coloured), twisting
30
SANS 10114-1:2005
Edition 3
Table 1 (continued)
1 2 3 4 5 6
SA
Remarks
lx lx
Woollens (concluded)
Weaving: fine worsteds 800 19 80 500
medium worsteds, fine woollens 500 19 80 300
heavy woollens 400 19 80 200
burling and mending 800 19 80 IP/flammable protection 500
Perching: "Grey" 800 19 80 500
Finals 2000 19 90 1000
Tobacco
Primary manufacturing: weighing, 250 22 80 100
blending, conditioning, threshing,
cutting IP protection
Cigarette making machines, filter 500 22 80 500
plug makers
Catcher (inspection) 1000 22 90 500
Hand processes 750 90
Cigarette or tobacco packing 600 22 80 500
Transport terminals, bus, rail, sea

Radar type and other control tower
Specialist advice required
type screens
Reception areas (desks), customs 300 22 60
and immigration halls, lounges,
luggage collection, security check
Check-in counters, customs and 500 22 80
passport control
Circulation, platforms, dispatch 150 25 60
Vehicle construction/servicing
Body work and assembly 500 22 80
Painting, spraying chamber, 750 22 90 IP/flammable protection
polishing chamber
Painting: touch-up, inspection 1000 16 90 Colour temperature
> 4000 K
Upholstery manufacture 1000 19 80
Final inspection 1000 19 80
General assemblies, chassis 400 25 60 200
assemblies, car assembly, trim
shops, body subassemblies
Final inspection 500 22 80 300
Servicing
Parking areas (indoors) 50 28 40 50
Washing, polishing, greasing 200 25 60 Local lighting if required 10
Servicing pits 200 22 60 Illumination on underside 100
of vehicle
Repairs 350 22 60 200
Workbenches 400 22 60 200
Fuel pumps 200 28 40 100
Warehousing
Small material, racks, packing and 200 25 60 Vertical illuminance on 150
dispatch racks
31
SANS 10114-1:2005
Edition 3
Table 1 (concluded)
1 2 3 4 5 6
SA
Remarks
lx lx
Warehousing (concluded)
Issue counters 300 25 60 200
Loading bays, large material 100 28 60 75
Inactive storage and automatic 50 28 60 20
stores
Woodworking and sawmilling

Rough sawing and bench work, 250 25 60 Prevent stroboscopic 150
sizing, planning, rough sanding effects
Medium machine and bench work, 300 25 60 200
gluing, cooperage
Fine bench and machine work, fine 500 22 60 200
sanding and finishing
Automatic processing, e.g. drying, 50 28 40
plywood manufacturing
Steam pits 150 28 40
Saw frame 300 25 60 Prevent stroboscopic
effects
6 Revealing form and texture

6.1 General
The directions from which light falls on the surface of a three-dimensional object affect its
appearance or form. By changing the directional component of the light, both the form and the
surface texture of the object can be enhanced or suppressed. This effect is known technically as
modelling, and it can be used to improve the visibility of some task details and also to give a more
pleasing appearance to buildings and to objects within them.
6.2 Form and texture in the task
6.2.1 General
By appropriate use of directional light and control of the size and position of the light sources, the
solid shape of the component parts of some tasks and details of surface textures or polish can be
enhanced or suppressed, a facility particularly important in the lighting of many industrial inspection
processes.
The requirements vary widely from task to task and usually call for individual study, but the general
principles are given in 6.2.2 to 6.2.6 (inclusive).
6.2.2 Light that reaches the object mainly from a single source of limited size
Modelling is marked and the appearance of the object changes radically as the relative positions of
source, object and observer change. Any obstruction of the light from the source will result in a
heavy loss of illuminance on the work plane.
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If the source is small or bright, the shadows will be hard, and the characteristics of all surfaces that
have finishes other than matt will be revealed by highlights. Lighting of this type can assist in the
examination of texture pile and of unpolished surfaces.
If the source is large and less bright, the degree of modelling will still be considerable, but shadows
will be softer and any texture less clearly displayed.
6.2.3 Light that reaches the object from a single very large source (such as a
luminous ceiling)
Modelling is slight, there are no perceptible shadows, and texture is scarcely apparent.
6.2.4 Light that reaches the object from several sources
The individual effects tend to cancel one another and modelling is reduced. If the sources are small,
the multiple shadows might cause confusion in some tasks, for example in complicated mechanical
or electrical assemblies.
6.2.5 Indirect lighting
Modelling is almost completely absent. Modelling light for revealing task shape or texture usually
comes from sources specially located in relation to the work and is superimposed on the general
lighting (natural or artificial, or both) in the room. Sometimes the sources can be built into the
machines or other equipment, but, no matter how they are installed, they should be positioned and
screened to prevent glare.
6.2.6 Orientation and mounting heights
The orientation and mounting heights of linear sources of light in relation to obstructions shall be
taken into account, since linear sources can cause confusing shadows. For example, a length of
belting or an arm could cause appreciable shadow from a fluorescent lamp if the belting or arm lies
parallel to the major lamp axis, but if the lamp or the obstruction is turned at right angles, the
shadow will be reduced considerably and, in some cases, could disappear altogether. Where
vertical illuminance is of importance, it should be borne in mind that the more diffuse the lighting,
the higher the vertical component of the illuminance.
6.3 Form in the general surroundings

6.3.1 General lighting which also gives good modelling in a building reveals to advantage the form
of the building's architecture and the appearance of objects and people within the building. Pleasing
effects can be achieved when light appears to flow predominantly from one side of a room.
6.3.2 Pleasing modelling with artificial light can be produced when the designer has considerable
freedom in the positioning of the luminaires. This is often possible where appearance within the
building is a primary purpose of the design. Good modelling is especially important in the lighting of
buildings that have considerable architectural merit and, for these, expert advice should be sought.
In many factories and offices where the main brief to the designer is functional efficiency, it is
usually necessary to mount the luminaires overhead in more or less symmetrical arrays; under such
conditions, the degree of modelling is generally low but this frequently has to be accepted for the
sake of other important operational factors.
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7 Controlling glare
7.1 General
7.1.1 Glare affects visual performance negatively. It can be described as "light out of place" and
can be caused by any source of excessive luminance in the visual field. The source of glare could
be the sky viewed through windows in walls and roofs, or the luminaires in the room, and might be
seen either direct or by reflection from polished surfaces. Glare is not always immediately apparent;
its deleterious effects sometimes become evident only after long periods of sustained and exacting
work.
Under the high levels of illuminance characteristic of modern installations, little or no direct disability
to vision will occur, but there could well be serious discomfort caused by the complex interplay of
the luminances, sizes and positions of the light sources as seen against the luminance of the
general surroundings.
7.1.2 The degree of glare discomfort that is acceptable varies with the situation and with the
general stress induced by the working conditions. Glare that would be intolerable when exacting
work is being done might pass almost unnoticed in buildings where the activity demands only
casual attention. Where the occupants are seated and their normal vision is limited to a more-or-
less fixed direction, as in the case of assembly lines and large drawing offices, glare can be more
apparent than in cases where the activity of the occupants entails their moving about or where the
line of vision of the occupants is otherwise changing.
Sensitivity to glare discomfort varies considerably between individuals, and the recommendations in
table 1 take this into account. Good lighting requires that the degree of glare be limited to a value
acceptable to the majority of the people that use a particular building.
Authenticated Universal Glare Rating (UGR) data produced by the tabular method at 1:1 spacing to
height ratio in accordance with CIE 117, shall be provided for the luminaire or scheme by the
manufacturer of the luminaire, for compliance with the glare rating given in table 1.
7.2 Direct glare

7.2.1 The degree of glare that results from direct viewing of the light sources in an interior depends
on a number of factors of which the luminances and areas of the sources, their positions, and the
average luminance of the general surroundings are the most important. In this part of SANS 10114,
glare discomfort is expressed in terms of a UGR. The UGR for any natural or artificial lighting
installation can be computed from the basic formula given in 15.3 but, although necessary in some
circumstances, this procedure is tedious. In the case of artificial lighting installations where the
luminaires are mounted symmetrically overhead (a condition which frequently arises), the UGR can
be derived from tabulated data that cover a large number of luminaire types.
7.2.2 Acceptable freedom from glare discomfort is achieved by ensuring that the computed UGR
for the installation does not exceed the value recommended in table 1 for the particular interior.
These recommended values are related to the conditions of the different activities. They are
tolerance limits, not absolute values, and are based on good current practice. The UGR
recommendations are limited to those locations where the rating can be derived from the tabulated
data, i.e. to general systems of artificial lighting. Precautions should none the less be taken to guard
against excessive glare in other situations. For example, light sources used for the local lighting of
tasks and light sources mounted on stairways and along corridors should be suitably screened.
7.2.3 Direct glare can be reduced by so arranging the relative positions of the luminaires that either
a) they are outside the visual field when a task is being performed, or
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b) if they are in the visual field,
1) they are suitably shielded, or
2) they are fitted with reflectors or translucent diffusers to reduce the surface luminance, or
3) they are provided with a higher background luminance to reduce the contrast between the
light source and its background.
7.3 Reflected glare

Glare can also be experienced when light sources or other bright areas are seen by reflection in
polished or glossy surfaces. Within the task area, visibility of essential details might be reduced and
discomfort and distraction could be caused to the operators. Often the only solution to the problem
is to replace polished surfaces with matt surfaces, but the effect can be mitigated by taking the
following actions:
a) so arrange the relative positions of the light sources and the tasks that images of the sources
reflected in polished surfaces lie outside the visual field or, when such an arrangement is not
possible, reduce the surface luminance of the source (It should be noted that while direct glare
from luminaires can be controlled by correct shielding of lamps, for example by louvres, this
method is seldom effective for controlling reflected glare.); and
b) use light surfaces rather than dark surfaces for the background.
7.4 Discomfort glare and disability glare

Glare is caused by bright light sources or brightly lit surfaces in the visual field. According to the
effect experienced, distinction is made between discomfort glare and disability glare. Discomfort
glare causes discomfort, but does not necessarily impair visibility, whereas disability glare reduces
visibility but does not necessarily cause discomfort. In interior lighting practice, discomfort glare is
likely to be more of a problem than disability glare, and measures taken to control discomfort glare
will normally take care of disability glare too. The perception of discomfort tends to increase with
observer age and contributes to stress and fatigue. The degree of discomfort glare that can be
accepted depends on the kind of activity under the lighting installation. The higher the visual
demand level, the less glare there should be.
7.5 Control of lamp luminance

7.5.1 Function of luminaires
The highest luminance in the visual field produced by an electric lighting installation is produced by
the lamps themselves. Usually these values of luminance are too great to be acceptable in normal
viewing directions, except for some lamp types of moderate luminance, such as fluorescent lamps
viewed endwise. For that reason, lamps are either housed in luminaires or are integrated in the
building structure. The basic optical function of luminaires is to direct the light emitted by lamps
towards the tasks and away from the occupants' eyes, in order to increase the effective illuminance
and to limit glare.
7.5.2 Means of glare control
7.5.2.1 Glare control by shielding
Opaque material can be used to intercept the light emitted by a lamp in the direction of an
occupant's eyes. The lamp luminance will then be shielded from the occupant and cannot cause
any glare (see figure 2). In cases where the inner surface of a screen could become visible, its
luminance should be considered as a glare source.
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The principle of luminance control by shielding is applied in the form of louvres, baffles, reflectors,
spillrings, etc., which might be elements of the building structure. The degree of shielding is
characterized by the shielding angle S, which is the angle of elevation above the horizontal of a line
between the lowest luminous part of the lamp (or the flash on a specular reflector) and the lower
edge of the screen (see figure 2(c)).
a) A screen shields the lamp b) More screens are required if c) Examples of forms of shielding
(with a shielding angle S) shielding is required in more
from view in the shaded area directions
Figure 2 — Principles of glare control by shielding
7.5.2.2 Glare control by deflection
An appropriate optical device interposed between the lamp and the occupant's eyes can be used to
deflect the light emitted by the lamp away from his eyes into other directions. Optical devices that
are frequently used for this purpose are refracting systems (for example, prismatic panels), mirrors
(flat or curved types), and reflectors (diffusing or specular) (see figure 3.)
In the case of systems that use refractive material, no sharp shielding angle can be given owing to
the relatively large size of the lamp in comparison with the distance between lamp and material. The
use of reflectors can be considered as a combination of the principles of shielding and deflection.
a) A refractor can deflect the path b) A mirror deflects the path of c) Examples of deflection by
of lamp light away from the eye lamp light and usually also acts luminaires, and their luminous
towards the task as a shielding screen intensity diagrams
Figure 3 — Principles of glare control by deflection
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7.5.2.3 Glare control by translucence
Translucent material is characterized by its ability to diffuse light while transmitting it. When
translucent material is placed between a lamp and the occupant's eyes, this material replaces the
lamp as the potential glare source, but is of greater area and lower luminance. Therefore, whereas
shielding and deflection hide or redirect the light from the lamp, translucence reduces the
luminances without necessarily reducing significantly the intensity of the bare lamps in the relevant
directions. This is a useful means of providing illuminance on vertical surfaces (see figure 4).
In combination with the other principles of luminance control, the use of translucent material of low
transmittance can be effective for creating suitable luminance distribution in the visual field, for
example translucent louvres. While other means of discomfort glare control reduce disability glare
as well, translucence does not control disability glare.
a) Translucent material diffuses the lamp light and so b) Examples of translucent luminaires, and their
replaces the lamp luminance with its own lower luminous intensity diagrams
luminance
Figure 4 — Principles of glare control by translucence
7.5.2.4 Glare control by indirect lighting
Luminance control by indirect lighting consists in concealing the lamps from view and directing the
light of the lamps to elements of the building structure (usually the ceiling and the frieze), which then
become a secondary light source of low luminance (see figure 5).
If the ceiling has a nearly uniform luminance, it should be dealt with as if it were a luminous ceiling,
but if its luminance is irregular, the areas of high luminance should be considered as separate large
glare sources. Application of a combination of indirect lighting, shielding and deflection, whereby
part of the light of the lamps is deflected to the ceiling and another part to the task, can be more
effective than the use of one technique on its own.
Figure 5 — Principle of glare control by indirect lighting,

where the illuminated surfaces act as glare sources
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7.5.2.5 Glare control by positioning
In reasonably small rooms, glare can be controlled by mounting luminaires high up and, if possible,
behind ceiling beams. In long narrow rooms, inexpensive luminaires with bare fluorescent lamps are
often acceptable if mounted lengthwise.
8 Colour
8.1 Introduction
The colour qualities of a lamp are characterized by two different aspects:
a) its colour appearance (which can be described by its co-ordinates in the CIE chromaticity
diagram, or by its colour temperature, provided that the eye is fully adapted to the light in
question); and
b) its colour-rendering properties, which affect the perceived colour of objects illuminated by the
lamp.
Both the colour appearance and the colour-rendering properties of a light source are determined by
the spectral composition of the light emitted. Completely different spectral compositions, however,
can result in similar colour appearances and yet can produce great differences in colour rendering.
No fixed conclusions regarding the colour-rendering properties of a lamp can be drawn from its
colour appearance.
8.2 Colour appearance
8.2.1 CIE chromaticity diagram
In the CIE system (see CIE 15), the chromaticity of light is stated in terms of x and y co-ordinates in
the CIE chromaticity diagram (see figure 6). These chromaticity co-ordinates are calculated from the
spectral distribution of the radiant power of the light source. The representative points for all colours
lie within the area bounded by the spectral locus (S), which is a smooth line that connects the
chromaticity points of the spectral colours, and by the line (P) that joins the ends of the spectral
locus. The point W indicates the "white point" (co-ordinates x = 0,33 and y = 0,33), which
represents the chromaticity point of the equi-energy spectrum. The point D indicates the
CIE standard illuminant D65, which represents average daylight. The locus of blackbody
chromaticity on the x, y diagram is known as the Planckian locus (L).
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S = Spectrum locus with wave lengths in nanometres
L = Planckian locus with colour temperature in kelvins
Figure 6 — CIE chromaticity diagram
8.2.2 Correlated colour temperature
The chromaticity of a full radiator (blackbody radiator) that lies on the Planckian locus can be
specified by its colour temperature. Sources that are not full radiators but the chromaticities of which
lie on or in the neighbourhood of the Planckian locus can be referred to by the "nearest" or
"correlated" colour temperature. These values are obtained by the use of diagrams that contain loci
of isotemperature lines (see figure 7). Correlated colour temperature is a concept that is only strictly
meaningful for spectral power distributions that approximate full radiators.
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Figure 7 — Relationship between chromaticity

and correlated colour temperature
The colour appearance of lamps normally used for interior lighting can be divided into three groups,
according to their correlated colour temperature (see table 2).
Table 2 — Lamp colour appearance
1 2
Correlated colour
Colour
temperature
appearance
K
Warm < 3 300
Intermediate 3 300 to 5 300
Cold > 5 300
8.3 Colour rendering
8.3.1 Colour shift method for specifying the colour-rendering properties of light
sources
The International Commission on Illumination (CIE) recommends a method of measuring and

specifying the colour-rendering properties of light sources based on the comparison of the
colorimetric shift of Munsell test samples when seen under a specific source as compared with the
appropriate reference illuminant.
Classification of the colour-rendering properties of lamps should be in the form of a general colour-
rendering index Ra based on the average colorimetric shifts of a set of eight selected test colours
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(R1 to R8 ), each of which has an individual colour-rendering index. This general colour-rendering
index can be supplemented by one or more of the individual colour-rendering indices of a set of six
more samples, R9 to R14, which might have specific significance, or by the individual indices R1 to
R8 mentioned above.
The maximum value of the colour-rendering index is 100. This figure becomes progressively less as
the colour-rendering properties of the test lamp deviate farther from those of the reference
illuminant.
The reference illuminant should be of the same or nearly the same colour temperature as the lamp
to be tested. Unless otherwise specified, the reference illuminant for light sources with a correlated
colour temperature of 5 000 K or below should be a full radiator, and above 5 000 K, it should be
one of the series of spectral power distributions that define the CIE standard illuminants for daylight
(for example, D65).
8.3.2 Lamp colour-rendering groups
In order to simplify specifications for the colour-rendering indices of the lamps to be used for lighting
interiors, colour-rendering groups have been introduced as indicated in table 3, and some examples
are shown in table 4.
Table 3 — Lamp colour-rendering groups
1 2 3 4 5
Colour- Colour- Colour Examples of use

rendering group rendering index appearance
range Preferred Acceptable
Warm Colour matching

1A Ra > 90 Intermediate Clinical examinations
Cold Picture galleries
Houses, hostels,
Warm restaurants, shops,
―
Intermediate offices, schools,
hospitals
1B 90 > Ra > 80
Printing, paint and
Intermediate textile industries,
Cold demanding industrial
work
Warm
2 80 > Ra > 60 Intermediate Industrial work Offices, schools
Cold
3 60 > Ra > 40 Cold Rough industries Industrial work
Rough industries,
industrial work with
4 40 > Ra > 20 Warm ― low-order colour -
rendering
requirements
NOTE If so desired, colour-rendering group 2 can be subdivided into groups 2A and 2B in a way that
corresponds to the subdivision of group 1.
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Table 4 — Typical lamp colour-rendering index
1 2
Colour-rendering
Type of lamp
index / range
Incandescent Very good = 100
Tungsten halogen Very good = 100
Fluorescent Standard = ± 60
Triphosphor = 80 to 98
Blended Fair = 60
Metal halide Good = 80 to 90
Mercury vapour Standard = ± 46
High-pressure sodium Standard = 20 (Poor)
Deluxe = 65
Low-pressure sodium Bad = 0
NOTE This information is provided for guidance only.
Specific details should be specified by the manufacturer.
8.3.3 Colour rendering of objects
8.3.3.1 The appearance of coloured surfaces depends on their reflection characteristics, on the
spectral composition of the light illuminating them, on the colour of the background or visual
surroundings, and on the colours of the objects the eye has seen just before. Good colour rendering
is important in the lighting of most buildings, both on the grounds of amenity and of improving visual
efficiency by facilitating recognition of task detail. (In some occupations, correct and constant colour
rendering is essential to the performance of the work.)
8.3.3.2 The colour rendering of coloured objects is most accurate by daylight. Light from most
artificial sources changes the colours of objects in some measure, and for some activities where
high standards of amenity are set, lamps should be selected primarily on the basis of their colour-
rendering properties rather than on their light output.
8.3.3.3 In some occupations, such as cotton grading or colour matching of paints, critical colour
judgements or comparisons are necessary and for such work specially designed artificial lighting
systems are preferred to natural lighting. Such systems have the advantage of providing light that is
constant both in quality and quantity, so enabling work to be carried out at all times. The frequent
changes that are characteristic of natural lighting limit the periods when such work can be
undertaken, even during normal hours of daylight. The level of illuminance for all critical work should
be high and a minimum average illuminance of 1 000 lx is recommended.
8.3.3.4 There are a few occupations where colour distortion can assist vision by exaggerating
contrasts between different parts of the task. The lighting of coal-picking belts in collieries is one
example and for such work suitable mercury vapour lamps are generally used.
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9 Lighting systems
9.1 Classification
9.1.1 General
Once the general requirements for the lighting installation and the room to be lit are known, an
analysis of the visual task will result in more special requirements for the illumination of the interior.
This analysis will determine the choice of lighting system to be used and the location and
arrangement of the luminaires.
9.1.2 General lighting
General lighting produced by a regular array of luminaires with or without indirect components
results in a specific horizontal illuminance with a certain uniformity. In certain situations, luminaires
with a special light distribution are preferred so that the light comes predominantly from one
direction.
9.1.3 Localized general lighting
As an alternative to arrangements of uniformly spaced luminaires, advantages in cost saving and

energy saving can be realized by relating the light to the working areas.
9.1.4 Local lighting
Local lighting can be provided by additional luminaires placed close to the visual task, to illuminate
only a limited area. In industrial cases, local lighting is often referred to as supplementary lighting.
Local lighting is recommended for working areas where
a) the work involves very critical visual tasks and especially where the increased illuminance is only
required on restricted areas,
b) the perception of forms and textures requires strong directional light,
c) the general lighting does not penetrate to certain places because of obstructions,
d) higher illuminances are necessary for people with reduced eyesight, or
e) it is necessary to compensate for contrast reductions caused by the general lighting.
9.1.5 Direct lighting
When luminaires direct 90 % to 100 % of the emitted luminous flux downward, they form a direct
lighting system. The distribution can vary from widespread to highly concentrated, depending on the
material, finish and shape of the reflector and on the shielding or control method employed.
9.1.6 Semi-direct lighting
The distribution from semi-direct luminaires is predominantly downward (60 % to 90 %) but with a
small upward component to illuminate the ceiling and upper walls. The characteristics are the same
as for direct lighting, except that the upward component will tend to soften shadows and improve
room brightness.
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9.1.7 General diffused lighting
When downward and upward components of light from luminaires are about equal (each 40 % to
60 % of total luminaire light output), the system is classified as general diffused lighting.
9.1.8 Direct-indirect lighting
Direct-indirect lighting is a special category within the classification for luminaires that emit very little
light at angles near the horizontal. Since this characteristic results in lower luminances in the direct-
glare zone, direct-indirect luminaires are usually more suitable than general diffused luminaires,
which distribute the light equally in all directions.
9.1.9 Semi-indirect lighting
Lighting systems that emit 60 % to 90 % of their light output upward are defined as semi-indirect.
The characteristics of semi-indirect lighting are similar to those of indirect systems, except that the
downward component can produce some degree of directionality on the visual task and can be
used to add interest to the luminaire.
9.1.10 Indirect lighting
Lighting systems classified as indirect are those that direct 90 % to 100 % of the light upward to the
ceiling and upper side walls. In a well-designed installation, the entire ceiling becomes the primary
source of illumination, and shadows will be virtually eliminated. Luminaires shall have a sufficient
distance below the ceiling to obtain reasonable ceiling luminance without excessive luminance
immediately above the luminaires.
9.2 Luminance distribution on major room surfaces
9.2.1 General
The distribution of illuminance should be regarded as complementary to the distribution of

luminance in the interior. It should take into account the following aspects:
a) luminance of the task and luminance of its immediate surroundings;
b) luminance of ceiling, walls and floor; and
c) avoidance of glare by limiting the luminance of luminaires and windows.
9.2.2 Luminance distribution in the task area
The luminances of the immediate surrounds of the task should, if possible, be lower than the task
luminance but preferably at least 30 % of this value. This implies that the ratio of the reflectance of
the immediate background of a task to that of the task itself should preferably be in the range 0,3 to
0,5. This is a practical requirement for offices, but compliance is difficult, and sometimes impossible,
in most factories where the task is often dark, and the lighting designer is seldom permitted to
specify the background reflectance.
9.2.3 Luminance of ceilings, walls and floors
The average luminance in the peripheral field of view should, if possible, be at least 10 % of that of
the task luminance. However, it is preferable to consider both illuminance and reflectance instead of
luminance only because it is accepted that even if the product of illuminance and reflectance is kept
constant, an equal appearance is not necessarily produced.
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9.2.4 Reflectance and illuminance
9.2.4.1 In workplace interiors, in order to reduce the contrast between a luminaire and the
surrounding ceiling, the ceiling reflectance should be as high as possible (at least 0,6), especially if
recessed luminaires are used. In order to prevent the ceiling from appearing too dark, the ceiling
illuminance should be at least 10 % of the task illuminance.
9.2.4.2 In workplace interiors, the reflectance of the walls should preferably lie between 0,3 and
0,7. High reflectances are favourable for obtaining high utilization but, in combination with high
illuminances, can cause discomfort. Low reflectances are unfavourable not only because of the
resulting low utilization but also because, in combination with low illuminances, they can create a
gloomy and uniformly depressing atmosphere. High reflectances of the wall around the window(s)
help to reduce contrast with the sky by day, but will increase contrast by night unless blinds are
used.
9.2.4.3 The reflectance of the floor cavity should lie between 0,1 and 0,3. This value is obtained
after allowing for obstruction of the floor surface by furniture below the work plane. In most cases,
this recommendation will result in the use of light-coloured furniture (reflectance between 0,25 and
0,5) and a light-coloured floor surface. There shall be high floor reflectance in rooms where
luminaires of the direct type are used, since the only light on the ceiling then comes from inter-
reflection.
9.3 Energy-effective lighting

9.3.1 General
Without reducing visual performance or comfort, significant savings in energy consumption and
thereby running costs, can be achieved by following the recommendations made in this subclause.
The demand for reduced energy is both economically sensible and environmentally responsible.
The lighting installation should meet the lighting requirements of a particular interior, task, or activity
without wasting energy. However, the visual aspects of a lighting installation shall not be
compromised simply to reduce energy consumption. This requires the consideration of appropriate
lighting systems, equipment, controls, and the use of available daylight. These criteria might be
achieved by prudent selection of the lighting system, and the use of automatic or manual switching
or dimming of the lamps.
9.3.2 Daylight
The use of daylight to supplement or as a substitute for electric light in the window zones of interiors
with side windows or over the entire area of spaces with skylights can save lighting energy. This
saving should be balanced against the energy required to compensate for heat gains and losses
through the daylight openings. During times of low external temperatures, more heating, and during
times of high external temperatures and sunshine, more cooling, of the interior will be required in
order to maintain a constant internal air temperature. The use of daylight therefore will only be
energy effective and cost-effective if the savings on lighting exceed the extra expenditure for climate
control. (See also clause 12.)
9.3.3 Lamps and control gear

Lamps and control gear of the highest efficacy should be used, provided that the lighting quality
criteria are not compromised. The latest energy-saving lighting-control equipment utilizes high
frequency electronic technology. High frequency operation permits more energy to be converted
into light; this, coupled with the fact that electronic control gear circuits are inherently more efficient
than copper or iron wound chokes, can result in savings of 30 % being achieved by their use in
lighting circuits. Other properties that should also be considered when selecting lamps for an
installation are colour rendering and appearance, life, luminous flux, lumen depreciation, luminance,
size, starting and running characteristics, and dimming capability.
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9.3.4 Luminaires
Luminaires should, in a given application, give the highest utilization factor in so far as their other
characteristics are consistent with the required quality criteria for the lighting installation. In this
respect, the following luminaire properties should be considered:
a) appearance;
b) suitability of the light distribution for that application;
c) glare limitation;
d) luminaire lumen depreciation caused by dust and dirt collection or by discoloration of its
materials;
e) ease of cleaning and ease of lamp change;
f) mounting possibilities; and
g) where appropriate, IP rating (see annex C).
Luminaires should be designed to allow lamps to operate at as close to their optimum operating
temperature as possible. Most lamps are designed to operate at a 25 °C lamp ambient temperature.
However, many new generation lamps such as the 16 mm diameter (T5) fluorescent lamps are
designed to operate at higher lamp ambient temperatures for optimum light output. The use of
properly designed luminaires will ensure the user obtains maximum efficiency and life from lamp
and control gear.
9.3.5 Arrangement of luminaires
Luminaire arrangement should preferably be such that the task areas are given primary
consideration regarding illuminance and directional aspects. In interiors where the work stations are
known, fixed localized general lighting can be energy effective. This lighting technique, which
provides task illuminance at the work stations and less light in the circulation zones, might actually
improve the appearance of the interior, compared with the provision of overall uniform lighting
throughout the area. Illuminance ratios between the work and the circulation zones should not
exceed 3 to 1. If the location of the work stations is not known beforehand or is apt to change
occasionally, a flexible mounting system can be provided to enable adaptation of the arrangement
of the luminaires to the layout of the work stations.
9.3.6 Lighting controls
The use of lighting controls can have a significant effect as an energy-saving measure.
During given periods of time and at given locations, control of the illuminance provided by the
electric lighting installation can be effective in energy saving. The illuminance required depends on
the available daylight, on the occupancy of the work station, on the tasks to be performed
(requirements for production might be different from those for cleaning; requirements at a given
work station might vary depending on the tasks to be performed at the moment) and on the
individual worker.
Lighting control usually consists of switching or dimming individual lamps or luminaires or groups of
lamps or luminaires. The control can be operated manually or automatically, or by a combination of
both whereby the manual control overrides the automatic control. The manual control can be by
means of fixed switches or by portable remote control devices; the automatic control can be
programmed to control according to the amount of available daylight, to a time schedule, or to the
presence of occupants, and can be part of a more universal building automation system.
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By using an integrated system of energy efficient controllable or programmable control gear,

efficient luminaires, and by including both daylight and presence controllers, the system approach to
the installation can result in significant load reduction, energy and cost savings. These control
systems can often be integrated with other building management systems and interfaces.
9.3.7 Maintenance
Proper maintenance procedures, including cleaning and group relamping at the most economic
lamp life, can save costs and energy and can prolong the life of the system (see clause 14).
9.3.8 Integration of lighting and air conditioning
Energy management in buildings involves control of internal and external heat gains and losses,
plus distribution of heat for use and dispersal. Depending on the circumstances, heating or
ventilation or cooling systems or a combination of these are used for this purpose. Since the heat
produced by the lighting forms part of the total heat load of the building, the three forms of heat
dissipation of the lighting (convection, conduction and radiation) should be accounted for in the
design of the air conditioning installation.
It might prove effective to use return air luminaires (luminaires coupled to the air conditioning),
which in general will make it easier to meet the comfort criteria for the indoor climate and which, for
most types of tubular fluorescent lamps, can improve their luminous efficacy owing to the controlled
ambient temperature for the lamps (see clause 13 and annex D).
The use of high frequency electronic control gear in place of conventional wire-wound control gear
alone can result in a substantial reduction of the heat load from the lighting circuit.
9.3.9 Room surface reflectance
High reflectance finishes on walls, ceiling, floor and furniture use light more efficiently. However,
guidelines regarding reflectance should be observed (see 9.2.4).
10 Lighting design
10.1 General
The basic aim of good lighting design is to create a lighting installation that provides both good task
visibility and a satisfactory visual environment. The function of a space greatly influences the way in
which lighting should be applied. Therefore, the visual requirements of the space should be
determined first. Based on the results of this analysis, the lighting systems, lamps and luminaires
should be selected.
10.2 Visual requirements
10.2.1 Selection
In certain cases, the lighting designer might have a choice in the type of lighting system; in other
cases, architectural design and structural conditions might dictate a particular type of installation.
Interior decoration, and especially the reflectance of major room surfaces, also have a considerable
influence on the appearance of a lighted interior.
The requirements for the lighting of a space are mainly dependent on the activities that take place
within that space and their duration, and on the preference and the age of the people involved. Most
areas can be considered under one or more of the headings given in 10.2.2 to 10.2.8 (inclusive).
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10.2.2 Lighting for work
When the lighting installation for a room in which work is to be carried out is being designed, the
most important factor to bear in mind, is the creation of good visual conditions at the task area,
according to the visual tasks involved. Nevertheless, the visual environment as a whole can have a
significant influence on performance and satisfaction and therefore should also be considered in
addition to the task area.
10.2.3 Lighting for display
There are two main requirements for the lighting of interiors for the sale or display of products. The
lighting should make the displays look attractive in order to concentrate the attention of visitors on
them, and should also provide comfortable visual conditions for the staff who are always present. In
window displays, the aesthetic and advertising value of the lighting might predominate, especially if
high overall or local illuminances, or coloured lights or kinetic effects are used. In museums and art
galleries, the lighting shall obtain the correct colour rendering of the paintings, textiles and other
articles on display. At the same time, precautions shall be taken against possible discoloration or
fading caused by the exposure of certain pigments to prolonged or intensive radiation. The
modelling of three-dimensional objects also plays an important role.
In all these cases, consideration should be given to the relative position of observer, object and light
sources.
10.2.4 Lighting for leisure
In rooms that serve mainly for leisure, recreation and social events, aesthetic considerations and
visual comfort are the dominating requirements for the lighting design. If some work is also
performed in such rooms, then this should be catered for in an appropriate way.
10.2.5 Lighting in hospitals
Extensive recommended illuminances for hospitals, and specific areas within such premises, are
given in table 1. However, specialist guidance might be necessary for certain applications, for
example, operating theatres.
10.2.6 Lighting for indoor sports
Lighting for indoor sports should provide good visual conditions for both the players and the
spectators; where relevant, the demands for television or film recording should be met. The lighting
installation should fit into the visual design of the space.
10.2.7 Lighting for circulation
In entrance halls, corridors, passages and on stairs, lighting is primarily intended to provide
orientation and safety. Therefore, vertical illuminance might be more important here than horizontal
illuminance. In entrance halls, the architectural contribution of lighting should also be considered.
The problem of correctly grading the lighting within a building to allow adequate time for adaptation
when people pass from one area to another is particularly acute at building entrances.
By day, people entering a building will be adapted to the outdoor levels of luminance, and there is a
risk of accident if entrance areas, and particularly any steps, are poorly lit. This problem can often
be overcome by arranging windows to give adequate natural lighting at the entrance and gradually
reducing the lighting levels further inside the entrance area. Where this cannot be done,
supplementary artificial lighting should be installed to raise the illuminance to a safe level.
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At night, it is desirable to light entrance halls and lobbies in such a way that the illuminance is
reduced towards the exit and that no bright luminaires are in the line of sight of people leaving the
building. It is also desirable for safety reasons to illuminate the area beyond the exit. Any entrance
steps to the building should be well lit by correctly screened luminaires.
10.2.8 Providing lighting for emergencies
Failure of the main lighting supply in and around buildings where work is in progress or where large
numbers of people are gathered can be very dangerous, and adequate emergency lighting should
be provided from an independent source of supply. Statutory requirements for some buildings are
given in national legislation (see foreword).
The risk of accident is particularly great in industrial premises where there is potentially hazardous
equipment, such as machinery, open tanks or vats, complicated walkways, or steep stairways.
Many industrial processes require that precautions, such as the closing of valves, the opening of
switches or the starting of stand-by equipment, be taken whenever the main supply fails.
In buildings where large numbers of the public gather, emergency lighting should be provided to
ensure safe exit from the building in the event of a power supply failure. Particular attention should
be paid to the siting of emergency lighting units on stairways and in exit areas. Adequate
emergency lighting should also be provided in first-aid stations, to enable the activities to continue
without interruption.
Emergency lighting systems shall allow safe access to the plant for the purpose of restoring the
supply after a breakdown. More information can be found in SANS 10114-2.
11 Work stations with visual display units (VDUs)

11.1 General
The activities at a VDU work station include operation of the keyboard, reading the display and
documents, and making notes. The type of work (information entry, data enquiry, or dialogue)
dictates which of the above activities or combination of activities demand most attention. This
means that the lighting problems involved are related to the visibility of the display, the operation of
the keyboard and reading and writing, and that the order of priority of these factors depends upon
the type of work.
11.2 Factors involved in VDU operation

The ability of an observer to operate a VDU for extended periods of time without fatigue, eyestrain
or general discomfort depends on many factors, which might be related to
a) the visual display device, such as size, brightness, contrast and contour sharpness of the
characters, colour, specular reflectance, information density and flicker,
b) the combination of the luminous environment and the device, such as brightness, contrast and
sharpness of mirror images of the environment in the screen, brightness of the screen, contrast
of the characters, veiling reflections, and luminance ratios between screen, documents and
surroundings,
c) the organization of the work station, such as posture, distances and angles of viewing for the
different activities, and
d) the capability of the visual system of the operator, such as accommodation capability and flicker
sensitivity.
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Complaints about visual conditions associated with VDUs can be broadly classified as resulting
either from the use of poor quality VDUs or from the use of VDUs, of whatever quality, in unsuitable
environments. The aspects of the VDU itself are beyond the scope of this part of SANS 10114 and
are covered in CIE 60. Characteristics of the visual environment that can interact with the VDU are
covered in 11.3 to 11.5 (inclusive).
11.3 Environmental requirements

11.3.1 Luminance imbalance
11.3.1.1 General
There are two situations involving luminance which should be considered when an operator is using
a VDU. The first is the static situation where the operator consistently views the display or the
keyboard or a source document. The second is the dynamic situation in which the operator changes
viewing between the display, the keyboard and a source document.
11.3.1.2 Static luminance imbalance
If the general environment scene has a high average luminance, the adaptation level of the eyes
will render them less able to perceive on a screen of comparatively low luminance. Therefore, the
solution to the problem of static luminance imbalance is to keep the luminance ratio of relevant
surfaces to screen surface within a limited range. An area where this can be easily achieved in the
case of screens with positive contrast (bright characters and a dark background), is the surrounds
of the display and keyboard and the surface against which the source document is seen. These
surfaces should have a reflectance in the range 0,2 to 0,5. In the case of screens with negative
contrast (dark characters and a bright background) usually no special measures have to be taken in
this respect.
The operator should not be seated facing windows (unless they are fitted with blinds or curtains) or
considerable areas of well-lit high reflectance walls. Because of the nearly horizontal line of sight of
the operator, the effect of these bright areas and of bright luminaires will be more noticeable than
for office workers with conventional tasks. Movable partition screens between the VDU and bright
walls or windows can be used to cut down direct glare from these surfaces.
11.3.1.3 Dynamic luminance imbalance
When the operator is looking alternately at the screen of a VDU and at source documents, the eye
should not be called on to cope with too wide a luminance range. If the luminances of the two
components are very different, the operator might experience discomfort and visual performance
might suffer. The luminance of matt source documents results from the illuminance reflected at their
surfaces. The luminance of the display, however, results from the sum of the illuminance reflected
by the phosphor, the environmental luminance reflected by the front glass and the luminance
generated in the phosphor.
The reflectance of phosphors is in the range 0,2 to 0,3, whereas the reflectance of the source
documents is in the range 0,5 to 0,7. Moreover, in many cases, the source documents are on near
horizontal planes whereas the displays in general are on near vertical planes and, in the case of
most lighting systems, the horizontal illuminance exceeds the vertical illuminance. For these two
reasons, the reflected luminance of source documents will in general be greater than the reflected
luminance at the display, unless the environmental luminance that is seen reflected by the front
glass is excessively high. This means that in order for the luminances of source documents and
display to be approximately equal, the luminance generated in the phosphor should be sufficiently
high.
In the case of a negative contrast display, the generated background luminance of the display can
be set to be similar to that of the source document and, therefore, the problem of dynamic
luminance imbalance is unlikely to occur. In the case of a positive contrast display, the generated
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background luminance, if any, is low and for reasons of dynamic luminance balance, the luminance
of the source documents should also be low so that a compromise would be needed with respect to
the recommended illuminance for reading source documents.
However, as complaints are made more often about the legibility of source documents than of the
display screen characters, the illuminance should be based predominantly on the requirements for
conventional office tasks.
11.3.2 High luminance reflections
The VDU screen behaves somewhat like a mirror and, frequently, high luminance objects reflected
in the screen are seen by the operator and become a potential cause of discomfort. Such reflections
are seen in the screen superimposed on the text and can both reduce the contrast (and the visibility
of the display) and be distracting if they occur outside the immediate task area. In addition, sharply
defined high luminance reflections can constitute misleading information about the distance at
which the eyes should be focused.
These reflections can be reduced either by selecting a screen that has been treated in some way
(for example, coating the surface of the screen) or by ensuring that there are no bright objects
reflecting in the screen. Alternatively, specular reflections can be suppressed by the use of a curved
circularly polarizing filter placed in front of the display screen.
The most common sources of high luminance in an interior are the sky seen through windows, and
the luminaires. Sky reflections can be screened off by means of blinds or curtains. Luminaire
reflections can be reduced by the use of luminaires with low luminance in the critical directions.
VDUs should preferably be so placed that the operator's line of sight is parallel to fluorescent lamp
luminaires and to the windows.
Reflections on a negative contrast display are less conspicuous than those on a positive contrast
display because the contrasts between the background and the reflections superimposed on the
background are much smaller for bright backgrounds than for dark backgrounds.
11.4 Recommendations on lighting
11.4.1 Illuminance
In rooms where other tasks are also performed, the presence of VDUs should not affect the design
illuminance recommended for these other tasks. In general, the recommended range of illuminance
for conventional office tasks is also valid for situations where VDUs are used. In rooms where all
work stations include a VDU, an illuminance of 500 lx on the source document is required; if reading
of source documents is not necessary, an illuminance of one step lower (see 16.2) will suffice. The
curves in figure 8 indicate the change in efficiency of workers using horizontal illuminance. The
point where the two curves cross indicates the best compromise for both activities, i.e. 350 lx
to 400 lx.
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1 – Normal office work

2 – VDU work
Figure 8 — Human efficiency
11.4.2 Luminance distribution
The luminance of those parts of the interior which the operator might see reflected in the screen
surface should be uniform and low (preferably not exceeding 200 cd/m2 ); as a consequence,
luminaires of which the reflected image in the screen can be seen by the operator, should have low
luminance in the direction of the screen. A luminaire with a total cutoff at 50° for continuous VDU
use, or at 60° for occasional VDU use should be used. Figures 9 and 10 indicate these cutoff
angles.
Figure 9 — Cutoff angle for continuous VDU use
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Figure 10 — Cutoff angle for occasional VDU use
To ensure that there are no reflections on the VDUs, the luminance of 200 cd/m2 shall not be
exceeded at the angle of either 50° or 60°, as appropriate.
The normal photometric data for luminaires do not give these luminance figures, but the following
formula can be used to calculate the luminance from the intensity curves. In order to comply, the
value of 200 cd/m2 should not be exceeded in any of the azimuth planes.
Iθ × N × F
Lθ =
1 000 × d × W × Cos θ
where
L θ is the luminance in any azimuth plane, in candelas per square metre (and should not
exceed 200 cd/m2);
Iθ is the intensity in any azimuth plane in candelas per 1000 lm;
N is the number of lamps;
F is the initial output of lamps, in lumens;
d is the length of the louvre, in metres;
W is the width of the louvre, in metres;
θ is the defined cutoff angle (either 50° or 60°).
11.5 Positioning of light sources

11.5.1 Visibility depends on contrast as well as illuminance level. Contrast (C) is calculated as
follows:
C = Ld : L
where
Ld is the luminance of a task detail (for example, that of a pencil line); in candelas per square
metre;
L is the luminance of the task background (for example, that of white paper); in candelas per
square metre.
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11.5.2 Contrast can be severely affected by specular reflection from dark details, which are usually
slightly glossy. The position of light sources relative to the task is crucial and, for horizontal objects,
an offending ceiling zone can be defined where light sources should be avoided. Their light directed
toward the task, while increasing the light level, reduces the contrast; and visibility could be
marginally improved or even reduced, so that light from this direction is hardly worth its cost.
This effect can be expressed by the contrast-rendering factor (CRF):
CRF = C/Cref
where
C is the actual contrast in a particular work situation;
Cref is the contrast of the same task under fully diffused light (for example, inside an
integrating sphere).
To calculate the CRF, a computer or pre-computed graphs are needed.
11.5.3 In practice, it is simplest to avoid light from the offending ceiling zone. Figure 11 shows a
ceiling plan with the offending zone (OZ) indicated by shading. The drawing also shows other
ceiling zones to be avoided: a direct discomfort glare zone (DGZ) further away in front, a body
shadow zone (SHZ) behind, and a zone further behind (VDZ), which would cause reflections in a
visual display unit (VDU). This leaves the unshaded areas, which are best for lighting this particular
workplace.
Dimensions of the ceiling plan are in terms of the height H above the work plane for the offending
zone or above eye level for the discomfort glare zone. Where seating positions are predictable,
lighting layout can be optimized by avoiding the offending zone.
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OZ is the offending ceiling zone

SHZ is the body shadow zone
DGZ is the direct glare zone
VDZ is the zone reflected on the VDU screen
CRF is the contrast-rendering factor
H is the mounting height
VDU is the visual display unit
Unshaded: Best source position for work task

The work task is below the origin point
The viewing direction is about 25° from vertical.
Figure 11 — Ceiling zones for light directions
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12 Interaction between daylight and electric light

12.1 General
Before the co-ordination of daylight and electric light is discussed, a short summary on daylighting
requirements is necessary. Full information falls beyond the scope of this part of SANS 10114.
12.2 Daylighting
12.2.1 Use of daylight
The developments in electric lighting have not eliminated a widespread preference for daylight in
buildings, wherever practicable. The reliance on daylight is greater in homes, offices, schools and
patient areas in hospitals than in factories and shops.
Recommendations regarding daylight should allow for the factors in 12.2.2 to 12.2.5 (inclusive) and
will be different for different types of interior, for different methods of daylight admission and for
different climates.
12.2.2 Levels and uniformity

Daylight provides variability and, when it enters through side windows, creates a specific modelling
and luminance distribution in the interior, owing to its nearly horizontal flow of light. It therefore
contributes to visual satisfaction.
The quantity of daylight is usually specified by the daylight factor, both with regard to illuminance
and uniformity. In interiors with side windows, the available daylight decreases rapidly with distance
from the windows. In many applications (for example, living rooms and small offices), this non-
uniformity is accepted and even appreciated. In other cases, supplementary electric lighting is
required.
Roof lights (skylights) can provide ample and highly uniform daylighting, but should be carefully
designed to avoid solar overheating and glare.
12.2.3 External view

Where natural light is used throughout the day for reasons of convenience and economy, an
additional advantage is the view of the outside environment. However this is not always possible in
large industrial or commercial buildings.
The best position, shape and dimensions of the windows will depend partly on the nature of the
outside environment and partly on the building design, and will take into account architectural,
lighting, visual, thermal and acoustic considerations.
12.2.4 Glare from the sun or sky

Daylight can produce sky glare and can adversely affect the climatic conditions in the interior. Direct
sunlight is desirable for various types of buildings, such as homes in moderate climates, but should
generally be avoided in work areas. Means to avoid direct sun irradiation are appropriate orientation
of windows and skylights, the use of various types of curtains or blinds, and the use of louvres or
screens. The latter are also effective in reducing sky glare and are particularly important on the
upper floors of high-rise buildings where large parts of the sky might be visible.
Small windows have an effect on the sky glare only to the extent that they prevent parts of bright
skies or bright opposite facades or buildings from being seen. As long as appreciable areas of a
bright sky remain in the field of view, some glare, be it discomfort glare or disability glare, should be
expected. Therefore, even with small glass areas, work areas facing windows should be avoided. If
this is not possible, some means should be provided to reduce possible sky glare.
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Other techniques to reduce window glare are
a) the use of external or internal devices, such as louvres,
b) deep splayed reveals on the side of the windows, finished with a high reflectance surface, and
with the same finish applied to any frames and glazing bars,
c) the use of tinted low transmission glazing, and
d) arranging for light in the interior to fall on the wall area adjacent to the windows, either from roof
lights or from specially located luminaires.
12.2.5 Heat gains and losses
The heat gain through windows might require cooling of the interior during the warm season, but
might reduce heating costs during the cold season. However, heat losses through the window
during the cold season can offset the savings and can increase heating costs. The use of daylight
as an illuminant can save energy used for electric lighting, but this should be balanced against the
energy required to compensate for the heat gains and heat losses through the glazing.
Means to avoid excessive solar heat are
a) appropriate orientation of glazing,
b) reduction of areas of glazing,
c) use of external blinds, screens or louvres, and
d) use of heat-reflecting or heat-absorbing glass or coated glass.
Some benefit can also be obtained from the use of certain types of reflecting curtains.
12.3 Co-ordination of daylight and electric light
12.3.1 Schemes that rely on daylight when available
Problems of co-ordination in installations where electric lighting is only used during the hours of
darkness are virtually restricted to those of transition from one lighting system to the other. They
might concern
a) light incidence and luminance pattern, and
b) colour aspects (colour rendering, colour adaptation and atmosphere of the environment).
Specific problems can occur where tasks are critical in one of the above aspects, for example
colour inspection, comparison of shades within one colour, or inspection of textures. Such tasks
require special provisions, usually by means of specific local electric lighting.
For general lighting of common workplaces, such as offices and workshops, transition will usually
not cause any problem, if due attention is paid to recommendations with respect to both means of
lighting.
The use of curtains or blinds at night can help to achieve a better luminance pattern because of the
absence of the dark windows and because of the absence of possible glare from reflected images
of luminaires.
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12.3.2 Windowless rooms

In the case of windowless rooms, the design of the electric lighting should comply with the
recommendations given in 12.3.1. It will be easier to create good luminance ratios in such rooms
than in those with windows or skylights. The illuminance chosen requires special consideration in
order to facilitate light adaptation for people entering the room from daylight and to make the room
look sufficiently attractive to those who are adapted to daylight levels.
12.3.3 Electric lighting combined with daylight from side windows
In cases where supplementary electric lighting is needed during daylight hours to provide the
necessary illuminance for the work involved, substantial energy savings can be achieved by
controlled switching or dimming of the lighting installation according to the amount of daylight
available. The linking of electric lighting installations to daylight can be accomplished by simple
photocell-controlled switching or by the more refined method of electronic controllers to vary
automatically the amount of electric lighting added to the daylight component. Lights should be
switched or dimmed in rows parallel to the windows. The electric lighting should not be reduced
unless the total illuminance on the work surface exceeds the design illuminance by a given factor,
for example, 1,5.
Automatic switching is the simplest solution from a technical point of view, but it has to be done in
stages in order to avoid excessively abrupt changes in illuminance.
The most sophisticated solutions are computer-based building automation systems that control all
aspects of energy usage (especially the air-conditioning and lighting systems) to work at optimum
system efficiency. These systems are primarily installed in large complexes. If switching or
automatic photo-electric dimming related to daylight is used, occupants should be able to override
the photo-electric control.
NOTE As the rated life of fluorescent and discharge lamps is adversely affected by over-frequent switching,
care should be taken when the control system is being selected. Facilities to compensate for switching mode
might include
– minimum running time delays, and
– soft-start circuitry.
13 Integration of lighting and air-conditioning

13.1 General
13.1.1 The indoor climate should provide the occupants with conditions in which they feel
comfortable. The degree to which occupants feel comfortable depends primarily on the heat
exchange between them and the surrounding space. Each occupant produces a quantity of excess
heat, depending on the nature of his activity and on his physiological characteristics. The feeling of
comfort is strongly related to the net heat transfer by the occupant. If there is a net heat transfer
from the surrounding space, the occupant will feel uncomfortably hot; if the situation is reversed, the
sensation of cold will result.
13.1.2 Various processes are involved in heat exchange between occupants and surrounding
spaces, namely convection, conduction, evaporation and radiation. To achieve comfort, there
should be a proper balance between the relative amounts transferred by the various processes.
13.1.3 The following physical factors are important in the determination of the heat exchange for
each process:
a) air temperature;
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b) relative humidity;
c) velocity of air movements; and
d) radiation of surrounding surfaces.
13.1.4 The quantities of the physical factors are mutually interrelated in a given space; they
depend on prevailing circumstances, such as
a) heat sources in the space (for example, occupants, machines and luminaires),
b) heat sources outside the space (for example, solar radiation and air temperature), and
c) the thermal properties of the space (for example, insulation, reflection and heat capacity).
13.2 Advantages of the integration of lighting and air-conditioning

13.2.1 General
In many buildings, such as large offices, heat will need to be removed during at least part of the
year in order to achieve the required indoor climate. Only during the winter season, and then usually
only at the peripheral zones, will heat be needed. All the energy associated with the lighting system
will be dissipated as heat by convection, conduction and radiation. In conventional systems, this
heat is allowed to enter the occupied space first and is then removed by the ventilation or air-
conditioning system. In an integrated lighting system and air-conditioning (or ventilation) system, the
return air is exhausted through the luminaire, and therefore a lot of the heat that needs to be
removed is prevented from entering the occupied space. As a result, it is much simpler to meet the
criteria for comfort. In many cases integration is the only way to obtain the specified comfort level.
13.2.2 Reduction of heat load
In an integrated system, the lamp and luminaire heat dissipated by convection is removed from the
luminaire by air of a relatively high temperature. In this way, the same amount of air carries more
heat and hence either a smaller quantity of supply air, or supply air with a smaller temperature
difference (in relation to room ambient temperature), is required in comparison with separate
systems. This is equivalent to a reduction in the heat that has to be removed from the living zone.
13.2.3 Reduction of radiation temperature
The passage of air through the luminaire reduces the temperature of the lamps and the luminaire
surfaces. The temperature increase of surrounding surfaces that results from heat conduction from
the luminaire will also be reduced. Because the radiation temperature is considerably reduced, air-
handling luminaires with fluorescent lamps will not produce any excessive irradiance.
13.2.4 Luminous efficacy of fluorescent lamps
The optimum luminous efficacy of most fluorescent lamps is obtained at a tube wall temperature of
40 °C. When the temperature is higher (which is generally the case in non-air-handling luminaires),
the efficacy will be lower and reductions of 10 % to 15 % are common. In integrated systems, the
quantity of air that passes through the lamp can be so controlled that the tube wall temperature is
close to the optimum. As a result, fewer lamps will need to be installed to obtain a given illuminance
and less cooling capacity will be required.
However, fluorescent lamps tend to be sensitive to temperature and to air movement, and this
sensitivity can result in unstable lamp operation in air-handling luminaires when these lamps are
overcooled. Control of temperature and air rate should be adapted to the specific fluorescent lamp
type being used (see annex D for further details).
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14 Depreciation and maintenance

14.1 Illuminance depreciation
14.1.1 General
Illuminance values obtained during the maintenance cycle are always less than the initial
illuminance by a ratio that depends on the characteristics of the installation, as discussed in 14.1.2
to 14.1.4 (inclusive).
14.1.2 Lamp lumen depreciation and failure
The luminous flux emitted by lamps decreases with time as the lamps are used, but the rate of
decrease varies widely between lamp types; specific data can be obtained from manufacturers. For
all discharge lamps, the initial light output is the light output after 100 h of operation. (See also
annex E.)
Figure 12 shows typical shapes of lumen depreciation curves. These curves are based on certain
assumptions regarding operating conditions, and one or more of the following factors can influence
the rate of depreciation:
a) ambient temperature;
b) lamp operating position;
c) supply voltage; and
d) type of control gear used, if relevant.
Eventually all types of lamp cease to operate; a typical mortality curve is shown in figure 13.
However, with many lamps, the useful life should be determined from the lumen depreciation
curves, because the lamps often cease to be economically viable before they finally fail (see 14.3).
Figure 12 — Typical lumen depreciation curves

(percentage of initial light output against time in operation)
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Figure 13 — Typical lamp mortality curve
14.1.3 Luminaire depreciation
The lamp lumen depreciation mentioned in 14.1.2 takes place even if the lamp is kept perfectly
clean, but in practice, light loss results from accumulation of dirt on the surfaces of the lamp and
luminaire.
The rate at which this soiling occurs depends mainly on the type of luminaire, the nature of the
interior and the location of the building. Table 5 shows a range of possibilities for each of these
factors, and gives appropriate category letters (A to H). Figure 14 shows the relationship between
the categories and the continuing depreciation in light output.
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Table 5 — Luminaire /location categories
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Type of luminaire
Recessed
Room Open non- diffuser or
Dust-tight, Open
category Bare lamp Open ventilation louvre
Nature of premises Location of premises dustproof or base Indirect
(see ventilated reflector, diffuser or
batten reflector diffuser cornice
figure 15) reflector enclosed louvred
lamp or louvre
diffuser luminous
ceiling
Luminaire/location category
Offices, shops, All air-conditioned buildings X A A A A/B A/B A B
stores Clean country area X A/B A/B A/B B B A/B C/D
hospitals, Outskirts of city or town Y B B B C B/C B E
clean laboratories and Centre of city or town Y B/C B/C B/C C/D C B/C F/G
clean factories, etc. Dirty industrial area Y C C B/C D C/D C G
Factories, All air-conditioned buildings X A/B A A C B/C B B/C
laboratories, Clean country area Y B A/B B C/D C B/C D/E
manufacturing areas, Outskirts of city or town Y B/C B B D C/D C F
machine shops, etc. Centre of city or town Y C B/C B/C D/E D C/D G
Dirty industrial area Z C/D C C E D/E D H
Steelworks, All air-conditioned buildings X B A/B A/B D C/D C
foundries, Clean country area Y C B/C B D/E D C/D
welding shops, etc. Outskirts of city or town Y C/D C B/C E D/E D –
Centre of city or town Z D C/D B/C E/F E D/E

Dirty industrial area Z D/E D C F E/F E
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Figure 14 — Luminaire light loss factor plotted against elapsed

time for different luminaire/location categories
14.1.4 Room surface depreciation
In most cases, the illuminance produced on the relevant surfaces in an interior depends to some
extent on inter-reflection from surfaces in the room. The proportion of illuminance so produced will
be governed by the light distribution of the luminaires and the reflectance of the relevant surfaces.
Direct lighting systems will not be considerably affected by inter-reflection but indirect lighting
systems will be totally dependent on it. With the passage of time, dirt deposited on room surfaces
will reduce their reflectance and this will result in a loss of illuminance (see figure 15).
Figure 15 — Typical illuminance plotted against elapsed time
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14.2 Light loss factor (LLF)
14.2.1 Definition of light loss factor
The light loss factor (LLF) is the ratio of the illuminance produced by a lighting installation at a
specified time to the illuminance produced by the same installation when new.
The LLF therefore combines the losses caused by lamp lumen depreciation, luminaire depreciation
and room surface depreciation. If each of these causes of depreciation is quantified for a specific
period of use, the product of all three factors equates the light loss factor.
14.2.2 Example calculation of light loss factor
14.2.2.1 Take for example a factory that is located on the edge of a city and that uses reflector type
luminaires with fluorescent lamps.
14.2.2.2 To determine the LLF after twelve months' use, or after operation of 2 500 h, the lumen
depreciation curve for that lamp type is first examined.
14.2.2.3 Figure 12 shows an output of approximately 80 %, or a lamp lumen loss factor of 0,80.
14.2.2.4 Table 5 shows that a building of this type and location falls into category B.
14.2.2.5 Figure 14 shows a decline of initial illuminance from 100 % to 85 % for this category after
twelve months. The luminaire loss factor is therefore 0,85.
14.2.2.6 Figure 15 indicates a loss of approximately 5 % for direct luminaires in conditions of

average cleanliness after twelve months and the room surface loss factor is therefore 0,95.
14.2.2.7 The light loss factor for these conditions after twelve months' use is:
0,80 × 0,85 × 0,95
= 0,65.
14.2.3 Use of light loss factor

The light loss factor can be used in the lumen method of illuminance calculation to estimate what
the illuminance produced by the installation will be at any particular stage in its life, as follows:
φ in × n × N × CU × LLF
E=
A
where
E is the illuminance, in lux;

φ in is the initial luminous flux of the light source (at 100 h), in lumens;
n is the number of lamps per luminaire;
N is the number of luminaires;
CU is the coefficient of utilization for the type of luminaire in specific room conditions;
LLF is the light loss factor;
A is the area to be lit, in square metres.
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By calculating the light loss factor for different maintenance patterns, it is possible to predict the
pattern of illuminance produced by the installation in relation to elapsed time. This pattern can be
used to assess the merits of alternative maintenance schedules.
14.3 Maintenance schedule

In a large installation, it is preferable to replace all the lamps at an agreed time rather than
separately as they fail. Individual replacement is usually expensive, can be a nuisance in busy
areas of a building, and might result in noticeable differences in lamp colour and luminance. The
most suitable replacement cycle for a given type of lamp is usually recommended by the manu-
facturer. The cycle is determined partly by records of the failure rate of different percentages of a
lamp group, and partly by the fall of light output, with time, to an uneconomic level. The economic
cleaning interval for a given installation will depend on the type of luminaire, on the rate of dirt
accumulation and on the cost of cleaning. For the maximum economic advantage, the luminaire
cleaning interval should be related to the lamp replacement interval.
15 Calculations
15.1 Determining illuminance for acceptable visual performance (see
annex A)
15.1.1 Recommended minimum values of maintained illuminance (in lux) are given in table 1. The
appropriate maintained illuminance (Em) needed for a task not listed in table 1 or that cannot be
derived from table 1 by analogy, can be calculated as follows:
2 000
Em =
π RS1,5
where
R is the estimated or measured reflection factor of the lightest component of the relevant
detail of the task;
S is the size (in minutes of arc) of the angle subtended at the eye by the critical detail, when
the task is viewed from the normal viewing distance and calculated as follows:
l
S = 3 435 ×
d
where
l is the largest dimension of the critical detail, in millimetres;
d is the viewing distance, in millimetres.
This calculated value of illuminance might need to be adjusted to take account of special
occupational conditions that justify higher or lower illuminance. The illuminance of all areas should
be not less than 160 lx. If the calculated value for any task is lower than this value, it should not be
used unless it is justified by special circumstances.
15.1.2 In addition to the general rule in 15.1.1, a calculated value can be increased by a factor of
1,5 to take account of special practical circumstances, such as when
a) the interior has no natural lighting,
b) the consequences of oversights or misperceptions would be very serious (as, for example, in
surgery or when work is done on costly materials or with dangerous substances or apparatus),
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c) the time available for the necessary details to be seen is brief and cannot be extended, or
d) protective goggles or the like have to be worn.
The factor of 1,5 should be used only once, even if more than one special circumstance applies. On
the other hand, the computed illuminance may be decreased by dividing by 1,5 when, for example,
the demand for critical vision is infrequent and is for brief periods only. In work areas, any such
reduction is subject to the minimum limit of illuminance recommended for such areas. After these
adjustments have been made, the resulting illuminance is that which is suitable for use in practice.
15.2 Lumen method of calculation of average illuminance

15.2.1 Calculation
The average illuminance is calculated by using the following formula:
φ × CU × LLF × BF × TF × LF
Eav = ... (1)
A
Re-arrangement of the same formula yields the total flux needed to produce a required average
level of illuminance:
E av × A
φ= ... (2)
CU × LLF × BF × TF × LF
where
Eav is the average illuminance, in lux;
φ is the total initial lamp light output, in lumens;
CU is the coefficient of utilization (see 15.2.2(c));
LLF is the light loss factor (see 14.2);
BF is the ballast factor (see annex F);
TF is the temperature factor (see annex D);
LF is the lamp factor (see annex G);
A is the floor area of a room, in square metres.
15.2.2 Required data

In order to design the most convenient and economic installation, the following data are required for
the location and the equipment to be used:
a) The required minimum maintained illuminance (Em): Values for particular locations and tasks
are given in table 1 (see also 16.5).
b) The room dimensions: The length (L) and the width (W) of the room.
c) The coefficient of utilization (CU): This coefficient is an indication of the proportion of useful
light emitted by a luminaire. The coefficient of utilization is a function of the light distribution of the
luminaire and its light output ratios. It also varies with the mounting height of the luminaire, the
dimensions of the room (the room index, Kr), and the reflective properties of the interior surfaces
of the room. This coefficient can be supplied by the manufacturer of the luminaire; alternatively, it
can be obtained from published tables.
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d) The light loss factor (LLF): Where possible, the LLF used should take into account the lumen
deterioration and mortality data provided by the lamp manufacturer and on which the lamp
replacement programme is based. In the absence of such data, the approximate data given in
14.2 and annex E can be used.
e) The ballast factor (BF): Where possible, the ballast output data provided by the ballast
manufacturer should be used. Alternatively, the approximate values given in annex F can be
used.
f) The temperature factor (TF): The temperature factor will depend on the luminaire and on the
ambient temperature of the environment. It can only be accurately determined after installation.
An estimate of the temperature and the graph in annex D can be used to obtain a value.
g) Lamp factor (F): See annex G.
15.2.3 Example
15.2.3.1 The lighting installation for a sorting room in a laundry is to be designed in accordance
with the recommendations in table 1. The luminaires are to be ceiling mounted. Installation costs
are to be as low as possible, but an economic comparison with an alternative scheme that has
lower running costs is to be submitted. Annual use is assumed to be 2 500 h.
15.2.3.2 The following data is needed:
a) The required average illuminance (Em)
Table 1 recommends a minimum value of 200 lx for this interior.
b) The room dimensions
These are given as L = 16 m and W = 7,25 m. The height from floor to ceiling is 4 m.
c) The reflective properties of the interior surfaces of the room
These are
Rc (reflectance of ceiling) = 70 % (reflection factor 0,7)
Rw (reflectance of walls) = 30 % (reflection factor 0,3)
Rf (reflectance of floor) = 14 % (reflection factor 0,14)
d) The room index (Kr )
This is calculated from the formula:
L × W
Kr =
H m (L + W )
where
L is the length of the room, in metres;
W is the width of the room, in metres;
Hm is the mounting height, in metres, of the luminaires above the working plane. The
height of the working plane is normally taken as 0,8 m in the absence of more
specific information.
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In this example
16 × 7,25
Kr =
( 4 − 0,8 ) (16 + 7,25 )
= 1,6 approximately.
e) The coefficient of utilization (CU)
From the utilization data tables of the different luminaires, using the values in (c) and (d)
above, the following coefficients of utilization are found:
1) Standard dispersive industrial reflector for 300 W incandescent lamps that produce
symmetrical light distribution (as first choice on account of the low installation costs involved),
CU1 = 0,55; and
2) Enamel trough reflector for 58 W fluorescent lamps (with substantially the same utilization
factor), CU2 = 0,54.
f) The light loss factor (LLF)
From annex E, the lamp lumen depreciation (LLD) factor for tungsten lamps is 0,85, and the LLD
for fluorescent lamps is 0,8.
Assuming clean conditions, the luminaire depreciation category would be B for both schemes
and figure 14 gives a luminaire factor of 0,85. Similarly, the room factor from figure 15 for
direct luminaires in clean conditions is 0,95 in both cases.
The LLFs for the two types of luminaire would then be
LLF1 = 0,85 × 0,85 × 0,95
= 0,686.
LLF2 = 0,8 × 0,85 × 0,95
= 0,646.
g) The ballast factor
For the tungsten lamp luminaire, the ballast factor is 1,0, but for the fluorescent lamp luminaire
with switch start ballasts, the ballast factor is 0,97 (from annex F).
h) The temperature factor
Assuming an average daily temperature of 20 °C, a factor of 1,0 (100 %) is read off the graph in
annex D for the fluorescent scheme.
i) The lamp factor
The lamp factor for both lamp types is 0,95 (from annex G).
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15.2.3.3 Carry out the following calculations:
a) calculate the total luminous flux, in lumens, using formula (2) (see 15.2.1) as follows:
1) in the case of the tungsten filament scheme:
E av × A
φ1 =
CU 1 × LLF 1 × BF × TF × LF
200 × 16 × 7,25
=
0,55 × 0,686 × 1 × 1 × 0,95
≈ 64 700 lm
2) in the case of the fluorescent scheme:
E av × A
φ2 =
CU 2 × LLF 2 × BF × TF × LF
200 × 16 × 7,25
=
0,54 × 0,646 × 0,97 × 1 × 0,95
≈ 72 200 lm
b) calculate the total number of luminaires to the nearest completed integer as follows:
1) In the case of 300 W incandescent lamps with a light output of 4 300 lm, the number of
64 700
luminaires needed is = 15
4 300
2) In the case of 58 W fluorescent lamps with a light output of 4 400 lm, the number of
72 200
luminaires needed is = 17
4 400
c) calculate the installed load for the incandescent scheme as follows:
15 × 300 W = 4 500 W
and the annual energy consumption for the 2 500 h is
4 500 × 2 500
≈ 11 000 kWh.
1 000
Calculate the installed load for the fluorescent scheme as follows:
17 × 70 W (including 12 W control gear losses) = 1 190 W
and annual energy consumption is
1 190 × 2 500
≈ 3 000 kWh.
1 000
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15.2.3.4 In conclusion, the incandescent scheme is cheaper in original purchase price but, based
on an average life of 1 000 h, three sets of lamps will have to be purchased and replaced each
year, which represents an additional cost.
The fluorescent scheme will cost less to run in energy consumption and, based on an average life
of 7 500 h to reach 80 % light output, will only have to be replaced at the end of three years. Before
a final choice can be made, other parameters such as glare, layout and colour rendering will have to
be considered.
NOTE Some applications might have high universal glare ratings as a specific design feature. These would
be considered as special circumstances and are therefore beyond the scope of this part of SANS 10114.
Some examples are
Theme or other restaurants,

Retail display windows,
Nightclubs,
Merchandise display,
Theatre productions, and
Entertainment parks and complexes.
15.3 Assessing discomfort glare

15.3.1 In order to ensure visual comfort in an environment, a glare index or glare rating shall be
established for that area. This glare index or rating, if it does not exceed the recommended values
for the area type, is likely to produce an installation that will fulfil the visual comfort requirements for
the installation. The maximum glare values for many of the more common areas encountered are
given in table 1.
15.3.2 Two main methods are used to establish the degree of glare in an area:
a) the British (UK) Glare Index (GI) system, and
b) the more recent CIE Unified Glare Rating (UGR) system, described in CIE 117.
15.3.3 The formula for the British Glare Index (GI) system is:
(Ls )1,6 (ω s ) 0,8

GI = 10 log10 0,45 ∑ Lb P 1,6
The formula for the CIE Unified Glare Rating (UGR) system is:
0,25 L2s ω s
UGR = 8 log10
Lb ∑ P2
In both cases,
Ls is the luminance of each individual glare source, in candelas per square metre;
ωs is the solid angle subtended at the eye by each individual glare source, in steradians;
Lb is the background luminance, in candelas per square metre;
P is the position index for each individual glare source.
The numerical values obtained by both methods are very similar, therefore it is not necessary to
publish both GI and UGR values in table 1.
NOTE For further information and instruction, CIE 117 should be consulted.
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16 Requirements
16.1 General
Table 1 provides minimum maintained illuminance values and maximum glare ratings commen-
surate with the general standards of lighting described in this part of SANS 10114 and related to
many activities and buildings. The great variety of visual tasks makes it impossible to list them all
and those given should be regarded as representing types of tasks.
16.2 Illuminance values

The recommended minimum maintained illuminance values are those that should be maintained at
all times on the task. They may be exceeded where standards of visual performance or amenity
higher than those set in this part of SANS 10114 are called for, provided that other requirements of
this part of SANS 10114 (such as freedom from visual discomfort) are complied with.
The recommended minimum maintained values form a series, each step of which is fairly large
because it is related to a corresponding step in visual difficulty, as between one class of scheduled
tasks and the next.
The series is as follows:
5 10 20 50 100 150 200 250 300 400 500 600 800 1 000 1 600 2 500 4 000 5 000
Where the precise height and location of the task are not known or cannot be easily specified, the
recommended minimum maintained value is taken as that on a horizontal plane 0,8 m above floor
level.
Where the work is localized, the recommended minimum maintained value is that for the task only.
It need not be, and in some cases should not be, the level of illuminance used throughout the
interior. Some processes, such as industrial inspection processes, call for lighting of specialized
design, where the level of illuminance is only one of several factors to be taken into account.
16.3 Glare rating
The glare rating for a particular lighting installation should not exceed the maximum recommended
in table 1 for the appropriate location. The recommended maximum universal glare rating values
form a series of which the steps indicate noticeable changes in glare.
The series is as follows:
10 13 16 19 22 25 28
The recommended maximum glare rating applies to the location. It represents the maximum degree
of glare that is acceptable for the room or building in which a particular task is carried out. Where
different tasks are carried out in the same room, the installation should be designed to comply with
the lowest of the glare rating maximums appropriate to the various tasks.
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16.4 Safety versus productivity (SA legislation)
16.4.1 In South Africa, the following regulations of the Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1993
(Act No. 85 of 1993) (OHS Act) apply:
3 LIGHTING
(1) Every employer shall cause every workplace in his undertaking to be lighted in accordance
with the illuminance values specified in the Schedule to these regulations: Provided that
where specialised lighting is necessary for the performance of any particular type of work,
irrespective of whether that type of work is listed in the Schedule or not, the employer of
those employees who perform such work shall ensure that such specialised lighting is
available to and is used by such employees.
(2) The chief inspector may, by notice in the Gazette, from time to time modify the Schedule to
these regulations as he deems necessary.
(3) With respect to the lighting to be provided in terms of subregulation (1), the employers shall
ensure that B
(a) the average illuminance at any floor level in a workplace within five metres of a task
is not less than one fifth of the average illuminance on that task;
(b) glare in any workplace is reduced to a level that does not impair vision;
(c) lighting on rotating machinery is such that the hazard of stroboscopic effect is
eliminated; and
(d) luminaires and lamps are kept clean and, when defective, are replaced or repaired
forthwith.
16.4.2 Since safe conditions are of primary importance in any inhabited environment, lighting
installations should be designed to compensate for human limitations. Any factor that aids visual
performance increases the probability that a person will detect a potential hazard and act to avoid it.
In many cases where illumination has been associated with accidents, the following factors were
found to have contributed: glare (both direct and reflected), visual fatigue, and harsh shadows.
Many accidents can be attributed to the adaptation state of the eye when a person moves from a
bright environment to a dark one and vice versa.
The light levels listed in the said OHS Act, are the absolute minimum legal average light levels that
may exist in a workplace at any time in the life of that workplace. If, at any time, the average falls
below the OHS Act minimum, for any reason, i.e. failed lamps, dirty lenses or covers, or circuit
failure, then the employer is guilty of an offence in terms of the said OHS Act. To ensure that these
values are exceeded at all times, higher initial levels should be provided to allow for the service and
maintenance conditions that exist on site.
The minimum levels recommended in this part of SANS 10114 are values that are the result of
many years of research gathered from experimentation and field trials, and are generally accepted
as being cost-effective values that will ensure the comfort, welfare and productivity of the workers in
the environment. The productivity levels are therefore the levels that have to be used for lighting
design along with the relevant glare index.
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16.5 Generalization of illuminance ranges

Table 6 is a generalization of illuminance ranges and is given for additional information and
guidance only. The values do not replace the specific values given in table 1.
Many interiors appear dim at illuminances of less than about 200 lx and, for this reason, the
minimum illuminance recommended for long periods of work at a fixed workplace is 200 lx,
irrespective of the visual ease of the task.
It is impossible to cover every conceivable industry and task in table 1. All other design parameters,
including discomfort glare and disability glare, colour rendering, stroboscopic effect and so on,
should be addressed. Once the illuminance range is established, refer to table 1 for the nearest
equivalent task and check for any special requirements.
Table 6 — Typical illuminance ranges for different areas, tasks or activities
1 2
Illuminance range
Type of area, task or activity
lx
Outdoor circulation and work areas 20 – 50
Circulation areas, simple orientation or short temporary visits 50 – 150
Rooms not used continuously for working purposes 100 – 200
Tasks with simple visual requirements 200 – 500
Tasks with medium visual requirements 300 – 750
Tasks with demanding visual requirements 500 – 1 000
Tasks with difficult visual requirements 750 – 1 500
Tasks with special visual requirements 1 000 – 2 000
Performance of very exacting visual tasks > 2 000
The lower values in the range may be used
– when reflectance or contrast is unusually high,
– when speed or accuracy is not important, and
– when the task is only performed occasionally.
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Annex A
(informative)
Derivation of desired luminance values

A.1 From experimental data, a value of luminance can be found for tasks that have critical detail
of any given size. This value of luminance will enable the work to be carried out with a visual
performance of at least 90 % even when the contrast between the details of the task is poor; the
better the contrast, the closer to 100 % the performance. A standard luminance can thus be derived
with a value that depends only on the size of the critical detail to be seen. If the task has this
standard luminance, the work can be done (assuming normal sight) with a visual performance of
over 90 %, which will improve with the contrast contained in the detail of the task.
NOTE For more information on the measurement of illuminance and luminance, see annex H.
The value of standard luminance (L), in candelas per square metre, is given by:
2 000
L =
π S1,5
where
S is the apparent size (in minutes of arc) of the angle subtended at the eye by the critical
detail.
A.2 Visual performance data are available for tasks that have detail ranging in size from 1 min to
10 min of arc and for values of contrast (relative reflection factor differences) from about 25 % to
95 %. These ranges are sufficiently wide to enable standard luminance to be derived for a wide
variety of tasks.
A.3 The illuminance (E), in lux, necessary on any given task to produce the standard luminance
depends only on the reflection characteristics of the task (see 5.1) and is given by:
2 000
E = (see 15.1)
π RS1,5
where
R is the highest reflection factor in the detail of the task;
S is the apparent size (in minutes of arc) of the angle subtended at the eye by the critical
detail.
Although the brightness of the task material depends on its average reflection factor, it is only
necessary to know the reflection factor of the brightest part of the critical detail.
A.4 Increased illuminance results in increased luminance difference, for example, consider black
print with a reflection factor of R1 = 0,1 on white paper with a reflection factor of R2 = 0,8 under an
illuminance of E1 = 200 lx. Then the luminance difference is:
(R2 – R1 ) E1
= (0,8 – 0,1) × 200
= 140 lm/m2
140
= cd/m2
π
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If the white paper is replaced by grey paper with a reflection factor of R3 = 0,6, the illuminance E2
required to retain the same contrast as before, can be calculated from:
(R3 – R1 )E2
= (0,6 – 0,1)E2
= 140 lm/m2
∴ E2 = 280 lx
A.5 The illuminance that will enable a given visual task to be performed with an efficiency of at
least 90 % can therefore be derived from knowledge of two factors only, namely the angular size of
the critical detail and the highest reflection factor in the detail of the task.
Annex B
(informative)
Stroboscopic effect
Stroboscopic effect is caused by the pulsating luminous output of a discharge lamp that operates on
an alternating current supply. As the current changes from the positive to the negative half-cycle,
the discharge is extinguished at the "nil" point. During this period of "blackout", a piece of moving
machinery continues to move and, as a result, will be in a different position when next illuminated.
From this series of jerky or still visual images, a mental image forms a visual picture of a rotating or
moving piece of machinery; for example, if a pulley were rotating in a clockwise direction at
3 000 r/min and if it were illuminated by a discharge lamp operating at 50 Hz, it would appear
stationary. This would be because of the coincidence of rotation speed and light pulse frequency
because 3 000 r/min is equal to 50 r/s. When illuminated by a 50 Hz source, a specific point on a
pulley will be in the same position at each revolution and thus synchronized with the pulse of light
that falls upon it. Similarly, a rotation speed of 40 r/s will create an illusion of anti-clockwise rotation,
since the point on the pulley will not have completed a full rotation when the light pulse falls on it.
When the rotation speed is increased, for instance to 60 r/s, the visual illusion will be a reduced
clockwise rotation, since the point on the pulley has made more than one full rotation by the time
the light pulse falls upon it.
Most discharge lamps are coated with phosphors which have a slow decay rate so that the "black-
out" period is rarely one of no light but only of less light, and the speed of rotation is only rarely
constant. Both these aspects tend to ensure that a rotating object does not appear absolutely
stationary. Nevertheless, the illusion that a fast-moving machine is standing still is dangerous, and
stroboscopic correction, either by connecting adjacent lamps to different phases or, in the case of
tubular fluorescent lamps, using leadlag circuits or high-frequency electronic ballasts, is advisable
for the lighting of rotating machinery.
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Annex C
(informative)
IP ratings
Table C.1 gives a summary of the information given in SANS 60529.
The ingress protection (IP) ratings consist of the letters IP followed by two characteristic numerals.
The first characteristic numeral relates to protection against the penetration of solid objects and the
second characteristic numeral relates to protection against penetration of liquid. The use of X as a
first or second characteristic numeral indicates that there is no requirement for that characteristic.
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Table C.1 — International ingress protection ratings (IP ratings)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
First characteristic numeral Second characteristic numeral
Protection against penetration of solid foreign Protection of
objects persons against Protection against harmful ingress of water Protection
access to against water
IP Symbol Tests hazardous parts IP Symbol Tests
0 No protection Non-protected 0 No protection Non-protected

1 Full penetration of 50 mm diameter Back of hand 1 Protected against vertically falling drops of Vertical dripping
sphere not allowed. Contact with water
hazardous parts not permitted
2 Full penetration of 12,5 mm diameter Finger 2 Protected against vertically falling drops of Dripping up to
sphere not allowed. The jointed test water, with enclosure tilted 15° from the 15° from the
finger shall have adequate clearance vertical vertical
from hazardous parts
3 The access probe of 2,5 mm Tool 3 Protected against sprays to 60° from the Rain-protected
diameter shall not penetrate vertical
4 The access probe of 1,0 mm Wire 4 Protected against water splashed from all Splash-
diameter shall not penetrate directions – limited ingress permitted protected
5 Limited ingress of dust permitted (no Wire 5 Protected against low-pressure jets of water Hose-protected
harmful deposit) – Dust-protected from all directions – limited ingress permitted
6 No ingress of dust – Dust-tight Wire 6 Protected against strong jets of water, Jet-protected
e.g. for use on ship decks – limited ingress
permitted
SANS 10114-1:2004
7 Protected against the effects of immersion Temporary
between 15 mm and 1 m immersion
8 Protected against long periods of immersion Continuous

under pressure at depth of . . . . m submersion
Edition 3
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Annex D
(informative)
Temperature correction for fluorescent lamps

The fluorescent light source is the coolest running of all the commonly used artificial light sources.
This characteristic also means that it is the most susceptible and sensitive to temperature variations
in its immediate environment.
Light output typically peaks at an ambient temperature of 20 °C, which corresponds to a bulb wall
temperature of 40 °C for lamps of diameter 38 mm (T12) and 50 °C for lamps of diameter 26 mm
(T8).
Above and below 20 °C, light output decreases and is dependent on the lamp type and on the
actual temperature.
It is therefore impossible to give a single-figure correction, but values should be read off figure D.1,
to arrive at an approximate value. The percentage value so obtained should then be incorporated
into the calculation formula (see 15.2) in addition to the light loss factors.
Practical implications of this type of problem are encountered
a) in air-conditioned offices,
b) in rooms or areas above or near supermarket fridges/freezers,
c) in factory premises owing to the processes carried out, or
d) with lighting in close proximity to steel sheeting roofs.
Ambient temperatures in these cases are as measured near to the luminaire, not at work plane or
floor level.
NOTE Reproduced with acknowledgement to Osram (Pty) Ltd.
Figure D.1 — Light output variation with temperature
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Annex E
(informative)
Lamp lumen depreciation (LLD) factors for

specific lamp types (see 14.1.2)
Lamp types LLD factor
Mercury lamps:
up to and including 700 W 0,8
over 700 W up to and including 1 000 W 0,7
Metal halide 35 W to 150 W 0,8
Metal halide 250 W to 2 000 W 0,75
High-pressure sodium 0,9
Low-pressure sodium 0,85
Fluorescent (standard colours):
Standard 18 W to 75 W 0,8
High output 0,8
Very high output 0,75
Compact fluorescent 5 W to 36 W 0,8
Blended mercury-tungsten 0,85
Tungsten halogen 0,99
Tungsten (incandescent) 0,85
NOTE For more information on the disposal of discharge lamps, see annex I.
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Annex F
(informative)
Correction for ballast impedance
Commercial ballasts and chokes are compared for performance characteristics against a reference
ballast that has 100 % power output. In order to comply with the relevant power output lower limits,
the commercial sample should fall within a specific tolerance laid down in relevant standards. This
tolerance should allow for manufacturing variations such as lamination characteristics, winding wire
resistance and air gap abnormalities.
The major cause for a client complaint would be low illuminance, compared with the predicted or
calculated design figure.
If ballast impedance is high, lamp current and power will be lower than 100 %; if ballast impedance
is low, current and power will be higher than 100 %.
In order to allow for these variations and to increase calculation accuracy, the following ballast
factors should be used in the lower line of the calculation formula (see 15.2), in addition to the LLF
(see 14.2 and 15.2):
Switch start 0,97
Rapid start 0,95
Semi-resonant start 0,95
Slimline 0,93
High-intensity discharge (HID) 0,97
Electronic 1
For specific information, see SANS 890, SANS 1266, SANS 60921, SANS 60923 and SANS 60925.
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Annex G
(informative)
Correction factor for lamp output
Luminous flux (and therefore lamp efficacy) is measured under laboratory conditions and with a
reference ballast calibrated to 100 % in conjunction with a reference lamp.
Commercial series production of any light source allows, of necessity, for a manufacturing tolerance
of materials, processes and performance criteria. Every single light source of a particular production
run or batch cannot be expected to be 100 % optimal. To cover these variations, the relevant
standard for a particular light source allows a tolerance band drop (which might vary according to
type, and is expressed as a lower limit percentage).
In order to compensate for this manufacturing drift and to improve accuracy of the average lumen
calculation, it is recommended that a lamp factor (LF) of 0,95 (95 %) be included in the calculation
formulas of 14.2 and 15.2, in addition to the LLF.
For specific information, see SANS 1041, SANS 60064, SANS 60081, SANS 60188, SANS 60192,
SANS 60432-1, SANS 60662 and SANS 60901.
See also annex F.
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Annex H
(informative)
Measurement of illuminance and luminance

H.1 Measurement of illuminance
H.1.1 Basic considerations
The measurement of the average illuminance might be necessary
a) to check the calculated value of a new installation,
b) to determine compliance with a standard,
c) to reveal the need for maintenance, modification or replacement, and
d) for comparison purposes in order to achieve a solution that is expedient from the viewpoints of
both lighting quality and economy.
H.1.2 Measuring conditions

H.1.2.1 Field measurements apply only to the conditions that exist during the survey. Therefore, it
is important to record a complete detailed description of the surveyed area and all factors that might
affect results, such as
a) lamp type and age,
b) luminaire and ballast type,
c) voltage,
d) interior surface reflectances,
e) state of maintenance, last cleaning date, and
f) measuring instrument used in the survey.
H.1.2.2 To acheive an accuracy of ± 10 %, the photoreceptor should be corrected to take account

of the effects of light falling on it at oblique angles (cosine correction) and should also be colour
corrected. If the receptor is not colour corrected, the appropriate correction factor (usually supplied
by the manufacturer) should be applied.
The intervals for calibration of photometers depend on the type of device used as a photoreceptor in
the instrument, and should be strictly observed. Before readings are taken, photocells should be
exposed to the approximate illuminance to be measured until the reading becomes stabilized.
Care should be taken not to cast a shadow on the photocell when taking a reading. Measurement of
the illuminance obtained with an electric lighting system should be made either after dark, or with
daylight excluded from the interior. Before taking a reading, the lamps should be switched on and
their light output should be allowed to stabilize. If discharge lamps (including fluorescent lamps) are
used, at least 20 min should be allowed to elapse before readings are taken. When fluorescent
lamps are mounted inside totally enclosed luminaires, stabilization might take longer.
H.1.2.3 In installations with new discharge or fluorescent lamps, at least 100 h of operation should
elapse before taking a reading. Ventilation systems should be operating normally.
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H.1.3 Empty or non-work areas
H.1.3.1 For accurate measurement in empty or non-work areas, the following procedure should be
adopted:
a) Divide the area into squares of sides approximately 1 m to 2 m.
b) Measure the illuminance in the centre of each square, at the height of the work plane. A portable
stand to support the photocell at the correct height and in a horizontal position is useful for this
purpose.
c) Obtain the average illuminance of the entire area by averaging all the measurements.
H.1.3.2 If an accuracy of ± 10 % is considered sufficient, the number of measuring points can be

reduced. Table H.1 relates the room index to the number of measuring points. The only limitation on
the use of the provisions in table H.1 is when the grid for the measuring points coincides with the
grid for the lighting points. In this case, errors are possible and more points than the number given
should be used. The numbers of measuring points suggested are minimums, and it might be
necessary to increase the number to obtain a symmetrical grid to suit a particular room shape.
Table H.1 — Relationship between room index and

the minimum number of measurement points
1 2 3
Room index Number of points

For 10 % For 5 %
Kr
accuracy accuracy
Kr < 1 4 8
1 ≤ Kr < 2 9 18
2 ≤ Kr < 3 16 32
3 ≤ Kr 25 50
H.1.3.3 The room index is given by the formula
L × W
Kr =
H m (L + W )
where
Kr is the room index;
L, W are the length and width of the room, respectively, in metres;
Hm is the height of the luminaires above the work plane, in metres.
H.1.4 Two-line method

In the case of rectangular rooms with a regular layout, the two-line method (see figure H.1) can
save time. If Ex and Ey are the average illuminances along two lines parallel with the walls, and E is
is the illuminance at their intersection, then the average room illuminance Eav is:
Eav = Ex × Ey /Eis
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For best accuracy, E is should not be underneath or midway between luminaires, or close to a wall.
See table H.1 for the minimum number of measuring points.
Figure H.1 C Two-line method
H.1.5 Horizontal, vertical and inclined illuminances
In the absence of office furniture, the measuring instrument can be mounted 0,8 m above floor level
and horizontally orientated for horizontal, or work-plane readings.
For vertical illuminance measurements, the instrument should be mounted vertically at 1,5 m above
floor level.
Where inclined work-plane illuminance readings are required, for example on drawing boards, the
instrument is placed on the inclined surface.
H.1.6 Furnished work areas

In a workplace, the illuminance should be measured at the work zones or task areas (for example, a
desk or bench). The points of measurement should be chosen as points on grids in such a way that
a justified estimate can be made of the average illuminance at each of the task locations (see
table H.1).
H.1.7 Interiors with either tall machinery or high racks

In this case, a statement of the average illuminance will often make little sense. Therefore the illumi-
nances should be measured only in those zones or at those places where they are necessary for
the activity required to be carried out.
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H.1.8 Illuminance measurements — Spots

When local lighting supplements the general lighting, the illuminance at the point of work should be
measured with the worker in his normal working position, no matter whether or not a shadow is cast
on the illuminance meter. The meter should be so located that, when readings are taken, the
surface of the light-sensitive cell is in the plane of the work or of that portion of the work on which
the critical visual task is performed (horizontal, vertical or inclined).
H.2 Measurement of luminance
H.2.1 Luminance surveys
Luminance surveys should always be made under actual working conditions and from a specified
work point location. All lighting in the area, both general and supplementary, should be in normal
use. Work areas used during both daytime and night time should preferably have two sets of
readings, since the luminance distribution and thus the degree of visual comfort experienced, can
differ markedly between these times.
The luminance can be recorded graphically by marking the measured luminances on a photograph
or on a perspective drawing of the room concerned.
H.2.2 Surfaces to be considered
In most cases, the luminance pattern of the room is mainly determined by the luminances of the
following surfaces:
a) visual task;
b) immediate surroundings of the task;
c) general background of the task;
d) vertical planes opposite to the observer, for example, walls at eye level;
e) windows at noon and during the night;
f) floor from different viewing angles;
g) ceiling from different viewing angles; and
h) luminaires from different viewing angles.
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Annex I
(informative)
Guide for the disposal of discharge lamps
I.1 General
This guide is intended for users of discharge lamps and not for manufacturers or companies
specializing in lamp replacement and the regular disposal of large numbers of lamps (> 200 per
day).
I.2 The problem

Discharge lamps contain various compounds and heavy metals, some of which are considered
hazardous to man and the environment. Table I.1 lists the elements of which compounds can be
found in a discharge lamp. The exact quantities vary among manufacturers and are generally
considered confidential.
Table I.1 — Mass fraction of compounds used in discharge lamps
1 2 3 4 5
Fluorescent High-pressure High-pressure

lamps sodium lamps Metal halide
Compounds of elements mercury
lamps
lamps
Antimony 0,001 – – –
Barium 0,003 0,00002 0,0004 0,00002
Cadmium – – – –
Indium 0,0001 – – < 0,00001
Lead 0,0005 0,005 0,003 0,003

Mercury 0,001 0,0002 0,0002 0,0003
Rare earth metals 0,001 0,001 0,00001 0,00003
Sodium – – 0,0001 0,00001
Strontium – 0,0005 0,0003 0,00001
Thallium – – – 0,00001
Vanadium – 0,0007 < 0,00004 0,00005
Yttrium 0,006 0,001 0,00004 0,0007
In general the mass of mercury in a linear fluorescent lamp is approximately 15 mg and in a high-
pressure mercury lamp it is approximately 30 mg.
I.3 Legal limits

International limits are set for the maximum amount of hazardous substances that are allowed to be
present in water, in particular in water discharged from industrial sites. These limits are usually
quoted in national legislation (see foreword).
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Leaching tests have shown, however, that with the exception of mercury, all the other substances in
discharge lamps are present in such small quantities or their solubility is so low that they will not
exceed the limits.
I.4 Mercury
Mercury as a metal salt is not toxic and can pass through the digestive system without causing
harm1), and is not classified by SANS 10228 as a dangerous substance. However, mercury vapour
and some of its compounds are toxic. Even in small quantities, mercury vapour can cause damage
to respiratory organs, the nervous system and the brain. Mercury is a liquid at room temperature,
and small amounts will vaporize and could be inhaled.
Since 1972 mercury lamps, in particular the tubular fluorescent lamps, have had their mercury
content reduced by the manufacturers. The problem of mercury pollution has therefore not
increased, in spite of an increased usage of these lamps. The graph in figure I.1 illustrates the
decrease in mercury content in fluorescent lamps.
Figure I.1 — Mercury content in fluorescent lamps
I.5 Recycling
Tubular lamps can be recycled by cutting the glass tubes into shorter lengths, cleaning them and
fitting new ends. Alternatively, the glass is melted down and reprocessed. The mercury and other
metals are collected and also recycled. However, recycling is not cost-effective. The materials
recovered by recycling do not pay for the cost of collection and processing. The cost would depend
on the distance from a recycling plant and the number of lamps returned. A deposit system could be
introduced to encourage the user to return old lamps, but because of international trade, such a
scheme can only be controlled if introduced internationally.
To return the lamps to a central point for recycling or disposal could also create health risks
because the lamps have to be handled. The lamps could break during repacking, storage and
transportation to a disposal site, exposing the operators to the risk of inhaling the mercury vapour.
Handling should therefore be kept to a minimum.
1) Hansen/Hansen: Environmental aspects of light sources.
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I.6 Disposal of discharge lamps

To illustrate the diversity of approaches, the following information was published in 1994:
In Norway, lamps are disposed of either in land fill sites or in incinerators. When the lamps are
incinerated, the flue gases are filtered to remove the mercury which is absorbed in the ash and is
disposed of in the normal way. However, in the United States of America, the National Electrical
Manufacturers Association (NEMA) recommended that all lamps that contain mercury be kept out of
municipal incinerators. In Germany, the lamps from major centres are collected and recycled.
Germany has about eight such plants. No details are available of how they dispose of the lamps at
centres far from these plants. In the Netherlands, the lamps used to be discarded in the normal
domestic waste sites but a few recycling plants have now been established.
In South Africa the lamps may be dumped in a classified landfill site. There are about nine such
sites, all near major centres. The recommendation in I.7 is therefore aimed mainly at areas remote
from classified sites.
I.7 Recommendation
I.7.1 Sodium lamps
Sodium lamps contain amounts of sodium metal, which reacts violently with water and could cause
a fire. These lamps should be broken under a water spray or under water so that the sodium can
react in a controlled environment. The water may be allowed to flow into the sewerage system. The
sodium in the water forms a caustic soda solution which will remove fats and grease from the
sewerage pipes. The solution has to be weak, or it will also remove the glazing from the pipes. No
guide to the concentration is available.
I.7.2 Mercury lamps

Mercury lamps should be broken into a container in open air, while a breathing filter is worn to
prevent inhalation of hazardous vapours, and as a precaution against flying glass or other
fragments, eye protection and hand protection should be used. The container should be wrapped
and disposed of in the normal domestic waste.
When a 100 or more lamps have to be disposed of, the container that holds the debris should have
some sulfur powder added to it. The mercury and sulfur do not normally react with each other at
room temperature, but because mercury vaporizes over a long period, it will react to form mercuric
sulfide. Mercuric sulfide is stable, inert and insoluble in water. This compound will hold the mercury
and prevent it from leaching into the water systems. One hundred fluorescent lamps would contain
about 1,5 g of mercury and 100 high-pressure mercury lamps would contain about 3,0 g of mercury.
Sulfur should be added in the ratio, by mass, of six mercury to one sulfur, therefore only 0,5 g of
sulfur is required. So small a quantity of sulfur is difficult to spread around all the debris and
therefore, because sulfur is relatively inexpensive, it is therefore recommended that 250 mL of
sulfur be added for every 100 tubular fluorescent lamps. The closed container can be disposed of at
a normal domestic waste site.
The earth's crust contains, on average, 4 g of mercury per ton. Therefore if the mercury waste is
disposed of as recommended above, and each container holds about 4 g of mercury, it should be
added to one ton of uncompacted domestic waste, which is about 1 cubic metre.
This recommendation is simple to implement and is a safe and a cost-effective method, since both
the container, which may be a 210 L drum with a lid, and the sulfur are relatively inexpensive.
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Bibliography
Standards
CIE 15, Colorimetry.
CIE 19.2.1, An analytic model for describing the influence of lighting parameters upon visual
performance – Volume 1: Technical foundations.
CIE 19.2.2, An analytic model for describing the influence of lighting parameters upon visual
performance – Volume 2: Summary and application guidelines.
CIE 60, Vision and the visual display unit work station.
SANS 890-1 (SABS 890-1), Ballasts for fluorescent lamps – Part 1: Ballasts for lamps for operation
with starters (class A lamps).
SANS 890-2 (SABS 890-2), Ballasts for fluorescent lamps – Part 2: Ballasts for lamps for operation
without starters (class B lamps).
SANS 1041, Tubular fluorescent lamps for general service.
SANS 1266 (SABS 1266), Ballasts for discharge lamps (excluding tubular fluorescent lamps).
SANS 10114-2 (SABS 0114-2), Interior lighting – Part 2: Emergency lighting.
SANS 10228, The identification and classification of dangerous goods for transport.
SANS 60064/IEC 60064, Tungsten filament lamps for domestic and similar general lighting
purposes – Performance requirements.
SANS 60081/IEC 60081, Double-capped fluorescent lamps – Performance specifications.
SANS 60188/IEC 60188 (SABS IEC 60188), High-pressure mercury vapour lamps – Performance
specifications.
SANS 60192/IEC 60192 (SABS IEC 60192), Low-pressure sodium vapour lamps – Performance
specifications.
SANS 60432-1/IEC 60432-1 (SABS IEC 60432-1), Incandescent lamps – Safety specifications –
Part 1: Tungsten filament lamps for domestic and similar general lighting purposes.
SANS 60529/IEC 60529 (SABS IEC 60529), Degrees of protection provided by enclosures
(IP Code).
SANS 60662/IEC 60662, High-pressure sodium vapour lamps.
SANS 60901/IEC 60901, Single-capped fluorescent lamps – Performance specifications.
SANS 60921/IEC 60921, Ballasts for tubular fluorescent lamps – Performance requirements.
SANS 60923/IEC 60923 (SABS IEC 60923), Auxiliaries for lamps – Ballasts for discharge lamps
(excluding tubular fluorescent lamps) B Performance requirements.
SANS 60925/IEC 60925 (SABS IEC 60925), DC supplied electronic ballasts for tubular fluorescent
lamps – Performance requirements.
Other publication
Environmental aspects of light sources – Third European Conference on Energy Efficient Lighting,
1995: Hansen/Hansen.
© Standards South Africa
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SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

Part 1: Artificial lighting of interiors

Published by Standards South Africa

Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage

This edition cancels and replaces edition 2.1 (SABS 0114-1:1998).

Part 1: Artificial lighting of interiors.

Part 2: Emergency lighting.

Annexes A to I are for information only.

This page is intentionally left blank

11 Work stations with visual display units (VDUs) ..................................................................... 49

CIE 117, Discomfort glare in interior lighting.

NOTE Accepted has a corresponding meaning.

NOTE The unit of luminance is candelas per square metre.

NOTE The unit of illuminance is lux.

NOTE The unit of luminance is candelas per square metre.

a) the illuminance produced on a surface of area 1 m2 by a uniformly distributed luminous flux of

4.1.5 Realization of these aims will involve

e) ensuring that the lighting has the required colour-rendering properties,

g) installing emergency lighting systems where necessary (see SANS 10114-2).

4.2 Visibility and visual performance

4.2.3 The visibility of a critical detail depends on many factors, including

b) the luminance and colour of the detail,

e) available observation time,

f) the capability of the visual system,

g) the form of the detail,

j) the position of the detail in the visual field,

l) experience with the visual task.

Figure 1 — Effect of contrast on visibility

4.4 Visual capability

L is the luminance, in candelas per square metre;

E is the illuminance, in lux;

ρ is the reflection factor.

5.2 Safety and amenity

5.3 Stroboscopic effect and flicker of discharge lamps

5.4 Luminance of the general surroundings

– 3:1 (max.) between task and background;

Table 1 — Minimum maintained illuminance values

Foundries and metal casting

Iron and steel works

Laboratories and test rooms

Laundries and dry cleaning

Material handling premises

Metal working and processing

Mining (surface buildings)

Museums and art galleries

Paint shops and spray booths

Paper bag, carton, and box making

Pharmaceutical and fine chemical

Restaurants and hotels

Transport terminals, bus, rail, sea

Woodworking and sawmilling

6 Revealing form and texture

6.2 Form and texture in the task

6.2.4 Light that reaches the object from several sources

6.2.5 Indirect lighting

6.2.6 Orientation and mounting heights

6.3 Form in the general surroundings

7.2 Direct glare

b) if they are in the visual field,

1) they are suitably shielded, or