INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE

MTN 205 Mechanical behavior of Materials

K.S. SURESH
DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE, INDIA

kssiitr@gmail.com

Elasticity Lecture 4
Elastic Modulus

2
Generalized Hooke’s Law

• εij = Sijkl ζkl Sijkl : Compliance Tensor

• ζij = Cijkl εkl Cijkl : Stiffness Tensor
• Stiffness & Compliance: Fourth rank tensors (81 components)
• Symmetry: ζij = ζji and εij = εij
– εij = Sijkl ζkl & εji = Sijlk ζlk
– Sijkl ζkl = Sijlk ζlk
• Sijkl = Sijlk & similarly Cijkl = Cijlk
• Reduces the number of independent components from 81 to
36.
• Energy consideration further reduces the independent
constants to 21; Cnm = Cmn

3
 (1+ ν) ν
• εij = ζij – ζkk δij
E E
• Up on Inversion
E 2Gν
• ζij = εij + Δ (Volume change)
(1+ ν) (1−2ν)

• (Lame’s constant)
• Distortion ζ’ij = 2Gε’ij
• Dilatation ζij = 3Kεkk
• Bulk Modulus K = ζm/Δ = -p/Δ
E
• K = and Compressibility β = 1/K
3(1−2ν)

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Relationship between Elastic constants

5
Contracted Notations
σ11 σ12 σ13 σ1 σ6 σ5
σ21 σ22 σ23 = σ6 σ2 σ4
σ31 σ32 σ33 σ5 σ4 σ3

ε11 ε12 ε13 ε1 ε6/2 ε5/2

ε21 ε22 ε23 = ε6/2 ε2 ε4/2
ε31 ε32 ε33 ε5/2 ε4/2 ε3
Tensor Notation 11 22 33 23,32 31,13 12,21
Matrix Notation 1 2 3 4 5 6

Sijkl = Smn , where m & n are 1, 2, 3

2Sijkl = Smn , where either m or n is 4, 5, 6
4Sijkl = Smn , when both m & n are 4, 5 or 6
S1111 = S11 , 2S1123 = S14 , 4S2323 = S44
6
7
Independent elastic constants

Crystal Structure Rotational Symmetry Independent Elastic

Constants
Triclinic One fold 21
Monoclinic 1-Two fold rotation 13
Orthorhombic 3-Two fold rotation 9
Tetragonal 1-Four fold rotation 6
Hexagonal 1-Six fold rotation 5
Cubic 4-Three fold rotation 3
Isometric 2

8
• For cubic crystals

C11 = C22 = C33

C12 = C23 = C31
C44 = C55 = C66

- Remaining constants vanish.

S11+S12
• C11 =
(S11−S12)(S11+2S12)
−S12
C12 =
(𝑆11−𝑆12)(𝑆11−2𝑆12)
1
C44 =
S44
1 −ν 1
• For isotropic solids, S11 = ; S12 = ; S44 =
E E G

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Independent Elastic Constants

10
• Iso-strain Analysis σ

ε C = εf = εm fibre

σc = σ𝑓 = σm E
E E m
Ec f m m

PC Pf Pm
= = ; Pc = Pf + Pm
AcEc AfEf AmEm σ

Af/Ac = f ; Am/Ac = 1-f

Rule of Mixtures : Ec = fEf + (1-f)Em

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 σ
• Iso-stress Analysis
σ c = σf = σm = σ m fibre

εc = fεf + (1-f)εm
σ = f σ = (1-f) σ
Ec Ef Em σ

E fE m
Ec =
fEm + 1−f Ef

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• For isotropic solids needs only two elastic constants (E,ν)
• Hooke’s law : ζx = Eεx
• Poisson’s relation : εy = εz = - ν εx
Stress Strain along x Strain along y Strain along z
σx εx = σx /E εy = -νσx /E εz = −νσx /E

σy εx = -νσy /E εy = σy /E εz = -νσy /E
σz εx = -νσz /E εy = -νσz /E εz = σz /E
1 (1+ ν) ν
εx = [σ – ν(σy + σz )] εij = σij – σkk δij
E x E E
1 E
εy = [σ – ν(σx + σz )] Shear Modulus, G =
E y 2(1+ν)
1
εz = [σ – ν(σx + σy )]
E z
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