Q2. Ans. Define the term ‘Mobility’ of charge carries in a conductor. Write its SI unit. Whats its relatin with relaxation time? (CBSE Dethi 2014, (North) 2016, Mobility is defined as the magnitude of the drift velocity acquired by it in a unit electric field [eal _ eb ul _ eB _ et et UL het E mE m where + is the average collision time for electrons. The SI unit of mobility is m?/Vs or m? V “'s. How does the mobility of electrons in a conductor change, if the potential difference applied across the conductor is doubled, keeping the length and temperature of the conduct [CBSE 2019 (55/1/1) constant? Mobility is defined as the magnitude of drift velocity per unit electric field.Q.8. The emf of a cell is always greater than its terminal voltage. Why? Give reason. y (CBSE Detny 20 Ans. (i) Inan open circuit, the emf of a cell and terminal voltage are stine 3) = E -Ir, itis true/valia, decay ) Gi) In closed circuit, a current is drawn from the source, 99» each cell has some finite internal resistance. i) Show variation of resistivity of Si with temperature in | R a graph. CBSE (CBSE Dethi 2g), — } Resistivity of Si decreases rapidly with increasing temperatures materials Si and Cu, are cooled from 300 K to 60 K. What will be the effect on the, resistivity? [CBSE (F) 2013 ‘Ans. In silicon, the resistivity increases. In copper, the resistivity decreases For Copper For Silicon T(K)— TK} ‘P versus resistance ‘R’, connected to a celld Q.11. Plot a graph showing the variation of current emf E and internal resistance ‘r’. E Ans. 1= 74 R x . ——R ll ee Give an example of a material each for which temperature coefficient of resistivity t @ positive, (ii) negative. [CBSE Sample Paper 2016 ‘Ans. (i) Copper (Cu) (Temperature coellicient of resistivity («) is positive for metals and alloys ) {é#) Silicon (Si) (For semiconductors, @ is negative) canon can 000)Under what condition will the current in a wire be the same when connected in series and in parallel of n identical cells each having. internal resistance r and external resistance R 7 . [CBSE 2019 (55/4/1)) When internal resistance of cell r is equal to external resistance. Let n identical cell of internal resistance r connected in series and parallel with external resistance R. ne Ke peer nn Pd... Ip : : : According to question =i, ne ne Rtn Rntr =>Rt+nr=Rat+r = nr-r=Rn-R =r (n-l) = Rn-1) r=R ‘wo identical cells, each of emf E, having negligible internal resistance, are connected in parallel with each other across an external resistance R. What is the current through this resistance? [CBSE (Al) 2013] Current, 1 = $ Concept: (i) emf of combination of two (or more cells) in parallel remain same. Jy feq = 1 } (ii) Internal resistance is negligible i.e., zero. 88 Ren Rk Mm . Aresistance R is connected across a cell of emf c and internal resistance r. A potentiometer now measures the potential difference between the terminals of the cell as V. Write the expression for ‘r’ in terms of c, V and R. [CBSE Delhi 2011) So, |= r=(F-1)RAns. Ifa constant current I flows through the conductor, resistance at 1-V graph for a metallic wire at two different temperatures, T, and T; is as shown ing figure. Which of the two temperatures is lower and why? [CBSE Allahabad 29); h Te | ——S Vv temperature 7, and Ty is A i R= Ft l, and => Since Vo>Vi => Ry>R ‘The resistance of the wire increases with rise of temperature. Hence, 7, is lower than 72 -hen 5 V potential difference is applied across a wire of length 0. speed 1 m, i! electrons is 2.5 x 10 m/s. If the electron density in the wire is 8 x 10 ee ea Hate resistivity of the material of wire. [CBSE (North phe Vv We know 1 = nedv,, 1 = jpand R= ot Vv So a nedvy v nev, t ft 8X 10x 1.6 x10 x 2.5 x 1040.1 = 1.6 1070m |. Two conducting wires X and ¥ of same diameter but different materials are joined in series across a battery. If the number density of electrons in X is twice that in Y, find the ratio of drift velocity of electrons in the two wires. [CBSE (Al) 2011) . In series current is same, So, Jy =f, =1=neAv, For same diameter, cross-sectional area is same e= ‘Qm = 1.56 x 10m ‘A conductor of length ‘? is connected to a de source of potential ‘V’. If the length of the conductor is tripled by gradually stretching it, keeping ‘V’ constant, how will (i) drift speed of electrons and (ii) resistance of the conductor be affected? Justify your answer. [CBSE (F) 2012) (i) We know that vy = EF ce + ‘When length is tripled, the drift velocity becomes one-third. topes (i) R=oy, C= 3 New resistance r 3l . Ys of = px R=9R Rog = 0x a5 =9R > ; F ‘ ‘5 al Hence, the new resistance will be 9 times the original eaAQ remy serene = Use Kirchhoff’s laws to determine the value of current J, in the given electrical circuit. [CBSE Dethi 2007) Ans. From Kirchhoff’s first law at junction C a y= 1 +h efi) &} www Applying Kirchhoffs second law in mesh CDFEC h | 4015-40 + 201, = Oor20(2/s+h)=40 of aay > 1+ 2ls=2 alii) hy Applying Kirchhoff’s second law to mesh ABFEA 1 pet nde I 80-207 » + 201, = 0 a oly na ls > 20 (I, - fy) = -80 = Ant 4, w(dié) Substituting value of /, from (i) in (ii), we get HtAy+hy=2 > 3h Fy Multiplying equation (iii) by 2, we get liv) 2, - 21, =8 st) Subtracting (v) from (iv), we get 5 =-6 > 1=-ZA=-12A ind the magnitude and direction of current in 10 resistor in the given circuit. ep [CBSE (South) 2016] ev 10 3a 30 Ans. For the mesh APQBA ~ 6-1-1) + 31, =0 o hy + 41,=6 ll) For the mesh PCDQP By -943)y4 (Ip —1))=0 > 6h-l = 9 ii)Solving (i) and (i), we get 45 42 = ggA and 7 3 yh) = 5g In the circuit shown in the figure, find the total resistance of the circuit and the current in the arm AD. [CBSE (AD) 2014] . Since BC and CD are in series, So, Rycp = 32 4+32=62 ‘Also AD is parallel with the combination of BC and CD. dy l_ 643 Rp 63 6x3 Rp=22 ‘Then DF is in series, Rga2t3=5Q Net current / = #-=18 eg Igy = 2A. A ¢ Currentthrough the 1 Qresistor 15VCalculate the value of the resistance Rin the circuit shown in the figure so that the the circuit is 0.2 A. What would be the potential difference between points B and £? iy 802A B SO ic 150 302 100 vv iD R O2AE [CBSE (Al) 2012] {Hon Ans. Here, Rycp = 52 + 102 = 150 Effective resistance between B and E Poli at pg Ry 30. 10 15 Applying Kirchhoff’s Law 5002 5x 0.2+RX 02+ 15 x 0.2=8-3 > R=50 Hence, Vag =IRgp = 0.2 X 5 = 1 volt => Rp = 5QQ.37. First a set of n equal resistors of R each are connected in series to a battery of emf E ang i R. A current I is observed to flow. Then the n resistors are connected ix internal resistance parallel to the same battery. It is observed that the current is increased 10 times. What is n? [NCERT Exemplar] (HOTS Ans. Wh t = jen n resistors are in series, J = pops When n resistors are in parallel,Atroom temperature (27.0°C), the resistance of a heating element is 100 ©. At what temperature does the resistance of the element change to 117 ? Given that the temperature coefficient of the material of the resistor is 1.70 x 10% °C Given, Ry; = 100.9, R, = 1170, t= ?,a = 1.70 10476 R,-R 1 Ren 5 Coefficient a = >“7—Se, temperature t is unkni Temperature Coefficient @ = 57 ays temp: own R,~ Rey 117-100 -27 = = 7100 __ = 1000 STS Ra” 100% 1.70 x 10" = t= 1000 + 27 = 1027°G . A negligibly small current is passed through a wire of length 15 m and uniform cross-section 6.0 x 10” m’ and its resistance is measured to be 5.0 ©. What is the resistivity of the material at the temperature of the experiment? . Given, = 15m, A = 6.0 x 107 m*, R= 5.00 We have, R # at RA _ 5.0X6.0107 ~ Resistivity 9 = “7 = Boxgoxio” = 2.0107 Qm Asilver wire has a resistance 2.1 0 at 27.5°C and a resistance of 2.7 Q at 100°C. Determine the temperature coefficient of the resisti e vity of silver. Given, Ry=2.1.9, , = 27.5°C, Ry = 2.70, ty = 100°C, a=? ‘Temperature coefficient of resistance, set. RG —4) = 27-21 06 2.1(100-27.5) ~ 21x79. ~ 0:0039/°CFind the current flow througha copper wire of length 0.2 m, area of cross-section 1 mm”, when connected to a battery of 4 V. Given that electron mobility is 4.5x10m?V~'s~ and charge on electron is 1.6 x10~'°C. The number density of electron in copper is 8.5 x 1078 m=, Sol. Length of copper wire, /=0.2 m Cross-sectional area, A=] mm? =10~* m? Potential difference, V=4 V Electron mobility, p =45x10~ m’s"!'v" Charge of an electron, ¢ =1.6x107!? C Number density of electron, n =85x 10% m= ‘We know that, electric field set up across the conductor, Current through the wire, J =nAev, =n AepE =85x1078 x10~6 x 1.6x107 x 45x10 x 20 =1.22A. nequal resistors of R each are vast shat cone to a battery of emf E and pena resistance R, A current! is observed to flow. then the resistors are connected in parallel to the same battery. It is observed that the current is increased 10 times. What isn? NCERT Exemplar Here, in series combination of resistors, the equivalent | resistance of series combination is in series with the | internal resistance R of battery resistors, whereas in parallel combination of resistors, the equivalent resistance of parallel combination is in series with the internal resistance of battery. In series combination of resistors, current I is given by E R+nR I= ea in parallel combination current 10 J is given : =10T r+® : n > 7 Fo E 1 ry R+nR n ‘OW, m “aording to problem, tn eae toh OS 10m LER). neto n n+1 (1)TU: Using Kirchhoff’s rules in the given circuit, _~ determine (i) the voltage drop across the unknown resistor R and (ii) the current | in the arm EF. All India 2011 o5a 3Y 20 (i) Applying Kirchhoff’s second rule in the closed mesh ABFEA Vz -0.5x 2+ 3=V, > Vz — V4 =-2 V=V,—V,=+2V Potential drop across R is 2 V as R, EF and upper row are in parallel. (1) (ii) Applying Kirchhoff’s first rule at E 05+1,=1 where, J is current through R. Sol.” Now, Kirchhoff's second rule in closeq ey = 21, + 4-3+05x 2=0 21, -2=0 or 1,=1A The current in arm EF =1A Salculate the current drawn from the battery i, i given network. fs = 20 R,=12 | A2=5Q Ay=40 4a Sol. The given circuit can be redrawn as given below; Here, or Wheatstone bridge is balanced. So, there will no in the diagonal resistance R, or it can be withdrawn! the circuit. The equivalent resistance would be equivalent Parallel combination of two rows, which consists of combination of R, and R, and R, and Ry, respectivel! 149. Calculate the value of the resistance R in the circuit shown in the figure, so that the current in the circuit is 0.2 A. What would be the potential difference between points A and B? All India 2012 6V 920 g 52 Cc 102 15Q 52 2vV D 02A R ASol. For BCD, equivalent resistance R =5N+5N=10N ‘Across BA, equivalent resistance R,, 1 1,1 1 —=—+—+— R, 10 30 15 petit 6 1 “~30 30-5 > R,=5Q Potential difference, Vg =1X Rp =0.2x5=1V > Vag =-1V (ye circuit shown, R, = 4.9, R =R3=59, R, =10 and E =6V. Work out the equivaley resistance of the circuit and the current in eag| resistor. Ay h L E Re Rs % 8 Sol. Here R,, R,andR, are connected in parallel. effective resistance R, will be given by 1 Ld 1 1,1, 1 4—t—FrtetS RR RB & 5 5 10 1 _2+2+1_5 1 or —= oe R, 10 10 2 = R,=22 Total resistance of circuit, R=R, + R, = 442-6 Current, I =§ =1A Potential drop across R,, V=LR =1x4=4V . Potential drop across all other resistances =6-4=2V Current through R, and R;, 1=1-3A Current through R,, I, = 2 Co~ 10r le 1. Application of Kirchhoff's Rule sing Kirchhoff's rule, calculate the potential difference across the 8Q resistance in the given circuit. 4v A —wr— 8 6Q 8a D Cc 4a 19 Hw 6V Sol. The circuit can be redrawn as, A h 4v 2W h 2 6wW h D iC th IF kh 6V ' Let the currents through the various arms of the network are as shown above. Applying Kirchhoff’s second tule to closed mesh ABCDA, we have 4-2h ~6f, -8(I, +1,)=0 161, +81, =4 and for closed mesh CDEFC, we have -B(I, +1,)—4Iy +6-1, =0 81, +131, =6 Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get jebaand sr, =4A 36 9 Potential difference across 8 2 1/4 17 -(i) eeii) =(/, +1,)8 (+3 )e8-Zxa-a7ev(@) Six lead-acid type of secondary cells each of emf 2.0 V and internal resistance 0.015 ar joined in series to provide a supply to a resistance of 8.5 Q. What are the current dram from the supply and its terminal voltage? (6) A secondary cell after a long use has an emf of 1.9 V and a large internal resistance of 380 What maximum current can be drawn from the cell? Could the cell drive the starting motor of a car? Ans. (a) Given E = 2.0 V, n = 6,r = 0.0152,R = 8.59 ee 2 oak When cells are in series, J = 7 = 6x20 12- 85+6x0015 359 144 Terminal voltage V = IR = 1.4 x 8.5 = 11.9V(b) Current drawn from cell | = R+r For maximum current R = 0 E19] + = gp A= 0.005 A Maximum current, Iypax = For driving the starting motor of a car a large current of the order of 100 A is required, therefore, the cell cannot drive the starting motor of the car. 16, ‘Two wires of equal length, one of aluminium and the other of copper have the same resistance. Which of the two wires is lighter? Hence explain why aluminium wires are preferred for overhead power cables. (pq = 2.63 X 10° Om, py = 1.72 x10 Om, Relative density of Al = 2.7: Cu = 8.9). The resistance of wire of length [and cross-sectional area 4 is given by ol ol =7 7 ATR i) Mass of wire, m= volume x density =Ald Substituting the value of A from (i) “(ie = a R As length and resistance of two wires are same, So, ma pd my _ ey (28 2 =04e 1.72x 10% 8.9 10° Meu ‘This indicates that aluminium wire is 0. 46 times lighter than copper wire. That is why aluminium wires are preferred for overhead power cables.