THE CHALLENGES OF BARANGAY DAYAP, CALAUAN, LAAGUNA

sources, and the ecological, socioeconomic, and

IN HANDLING WASTE PLASTIChealth impacts on Barangay Dayap.
BOTTLES: BASIS FOR
RECOVERY PLAN

Froilan D. Ocubillo Christian Ditan Russel B. Navaja

Pamantasan ng Lunsod ng San Pablo Pamantasan ng Lunsod ng San Pablo Pamantasan ng Lunsod ng San Pablo
San Pablo City, Philippines San Pablo City, Philippines San Pablo City, Philippines
froilan121818@gmail.com @gmail.com @gmail.com

Michael Joshua T. Tayam Jenny Rose C. Casabuena Mark Jaycee G. Reyes

Pamantasan ng Lunsod ng San Pablo Pamantasan ng Lunsod ng San Pablo Pamantasan ng Lunsod ng San Pablo
San Pablo City, Philippines San Pablo City, Philippines San Pablo City, Philippines
@gmail.com @gmail.com @gmail.com

ABSTRACT
Plastic bottles are still useful and practical for
preserving liquids such as water, milk, oil, and many
others, however even this practical usage of plastic
bottles can have negative environmental effects.
Plastic bottles pose a significant pollution problem in
Barangay Dayap, Calauan Laguna, Philippines, and
beyond. Their slow degradation rate of approximately Based on the findings and conclusion of the
450 years leads to long-term persistence in the study, hereby are the recommendations:
environment, including landfills, water bodies, and
1. Improve infrastructure by establish
natural ecosystems. This pollution damages the local
designated disposal areas and increase the
environment, exacerbating the situation in Barangay
number of garbage containers in the
Dayap where plastic bottles often end up in open
barangay to encourage proper disposal of
landfills, waterways, and streets. The ease of
plastic bottles.
manufacturing and availability of plastic bottles has
2. Implement segregation policies by introduce
made them an indispensable part of our daily lives,
and enforce segregation policies to
but their widespread use has negative consequences
encourage residents to separate plastic
for the environment. Plastic bottle production and
bottles from other waste streams. Raise
disposal contribute to greenhouse gas emissions,
awareness about the benefits of segregation
water scarcity, and resource depletion. Animals and
and provide guidelines for effective waste
marine life in Barangay Dayap are particularly
management.
vulnerable to the hazards posed by plastic bottles, as
3. Develop a device to help the residents of
they mistakenly ingest or become entangled in them,
barangay Dayap, Calauan, Laguna to
leading to harm and death. The socioeconomic
improve the collection of handling waste
consequences are also significant, as plastic bottle
plastic bottles and proper disposal.
pollution negatively affects tourism, agriculture, and
the local economy, while leaking toxic chemicals
pose health risks to the community. To address this
problem, a comprehensive investigation is needed to
understand the extent of plastic bottle pollution, its

I. INTRODUCTION
Plastic bottles are a major cause of pollution
in the environment due to their inability to degrade.
Plastic bottles' sluggish breakdown rate is estimated
to be approximately 450 years, resulting in their long-
term persistence in landfills, bodies of water, and
other natural ecosystems. Plastic bottle waste
exacerbates the situation in Barangay Dayap since it
frequently ends up in open landfills, waterways, and
even on the streets, leading to environmental damage.
Because of their ease and ubiquitous availability,
plastic bottles have become an indispensible part of
our everyday lives. However, the rapid growth in
their manufacture and use has had a negative impact
on the environment. This developing worry is not
limited to Barangay Dayap in Calauan, Laguna,
Philippines. The extensive prevalence of plastic
bottles in this town has sparked concerns about their
influence on the local environment and the urgency
with which this issue must be addressed.
Plastic bottles have an environmental impact
that extends beyond their physical existence. Plastic
bottle manufacture requires the extraction of fossil
fuels, such as crude oil, as well as energy-intensive
manufacturing processes. These activities produce
considerable greenhouse gas emissions, which
contribute to climate change and its repercussions.
Furthermore, the manufacture and disposal of plastic
bottles require massive volumes of water, further
taxing local resources.
Furthermore, plastic bottles endanger
animals in Barangay Dayap. Plastic bottles are
frequently mistaken for food by animals and marine
life, resulting in ingestion and entanglement. These
occurrences cause harm, asphyxia, and sometimes
death, disrupting the local environment. Plastic bottle
pollution pollutes water bodies, affecting aquatic
species and disrupting the delicate balance of marine
ecosystems. The socioeconomic consequences of
plastic bottle pollution in Barangay Dayap must also
be considered. Plastic bottle pollution degrades the
scenic attractiveness and natural resources of the
area, which have tourism and agricultural potential.
As a result, the local economy and lives reliant on
these sectors suffer. Furthermore, the health hazards
linked with the leaking of toxic chemicals from
plastic bottles are a major source of concern for the
community.
Given the magnitude of the problem, a
thorough investigation of the impact of plastic bottles
on the ecosystem of Barangay Dayap, Calauan
Laguna, is required. The purpose of this study is to
analyze the degree of plastic bottle pollution, identify
the major sources and channels of contamination, and
assess the community's ecological, socioeconomic,
and health effects. Understanding the unique
difficulties encountered by Barangay Dayap allows
for the development of effective strategies and
interventions to reduce plastic bottle pollution and
promote sustainable behaviors.
This research provide significant insights to
increase awareness, engage stakeholders, and
implement evidence-based solutions to the plastic
bottle pollution situation in Barangay Dayap.
Collective action can conserve the environment,
protect species, maintain local resources, and ensure
a sustainable future for the community.
Plastic bottles made of polyethylene
terephthalate (PET), a common type of plastic, are
projected to take around 450 years to totally degrade,
according to Chariot Energy (2021). However, the
improper disposal can result significant impact on
environment. Our people care about the environment.
We want to see it clean, with no litter, and so on.
Others, on the other hand, are unconcerned about the
environment. Some people burn items that affect the
environment, such as plastic bottles.
The researchers aimed to provide findings
that would contribute to broader knowledge on
plastic pollution and provide valuable insights into
the impact of plastic bottles on the environment. The
objective of this study is to raise awareness among
the residents of the Barangay Dayap, Calauan Laguna
and recommending a recovery plan for the impact of
plastic bottle on their environment.
Background of the study
A study by Eunice Dela Cruz (2023), plastic
bottles are the third most collected plastic rubbish
item in more than 100 nations during the annual
Coastal Cleanup Day. Furthermore, according to the
World Wide Fund for Nature (2020), the overall
quantity of plastic consumed is 2,150k tonnes of
plastic that are available for local consumption, 760k
tonnes or 35% of which are leaked into the open
environment, and 706k tonnes or 33% of which are
disposed of in landfills and dumpsites.
Approximately 345k tonnes (16% of total) are stored
and in use, 108k tonnes (5% of total) are exported,
and approximately 183k tonnes (9% of total) are
recycled. Since their commercial introduction in the
1930s and 1940s, plastics have been increasingly
prominent in the consumer sector. In 2012, global
plastic resin output reached 288 million MT, a 620%
increase since 1975. Packaging (3), or products
designed for immediate disposal, is the largest market
segment for plastic resins. In 1960, plastics accounted
for less than 1% of municipal solid garbage by mass
in the United States; by 2000, this proportion had
risen by an order of magnitude.
According to Laura Parker (2023), due to
the world's inability to keep up with the globally
rapidly rising demand for disposable plastic goods,
plastic pollution has emerged as one of the most
important environmental challenges. Plastic pollution
is most visible in Asian countries, where garbage
collection services are sometimes ineffective or
nonexistent and have difficulty effectively collecting
waste plastics. Half of all plastics ever manufactured
have been produced in the last 15 years. The World
Health Organization has been trying to create global
standards because plastic waste has become so
ubiquitous.
According to the article from Nolledo et al.
(2010), "Barangay Dayap NHA, Calauan, Laguna, is
a relocation site with the partnership of the
Department of Environmental and Natural Resources
and ABS-CBN Foundation Incorporated (AFI) that
aims to provide shelter and livelihood to the informal
settlers of Ilog Pasig". The NHA, Southville 7,
Housing Project consists of three sites: Site 1, Site 2,
and Site 3. Chairman Fermin Agonia said in the
interview that "The barangay garbage truck collected
2,400 kilograms of waste per day and the common
challenges are floods, lack of knowledge about
segregation of waste, and lack of discipline of the
residents about solid waste."
2.3 Segregation
3. What are the challenges encountered by the
resident of Brgy, Dayap, Calauan, Laguna in
handling used plastic bottles?
4. What are the recommended recovery plan
can be proposed for the waste plastic bottles
of Barangay Dayap?
Theoretical Framework
The Life Cycle Assessment approach is
frequently used to assess the environmental
implications of plastic waste management strategies.
To identify hotspots and potential environmental
burdens, LCA examines the whole life cycle of
plastic products, including extraction, production,
use, and disposal. LCA is important in directing
successful plastic waste management decisions,
according to studies such as Jambeck et al. (2018)
and Geyer et al. (2019). Ellen MacArthur Foundation
(2022), The Ellen MacArthur Foundation is leading
the Global Commitment in conjunction with the
United Nations Environment Programme. Businesses
and governments commit to changing how we create,
use, and recycle plastic through the Global
Commitment. They will work to remove unnecessary
plastic things, innovate so that everything plastic we
do need may be safely reused, repurposed, or
composted, and circulate everything we use to keep it
in the economy and out of the environment.

The study only focused on the current

condition and challenges of the residents in handling Figure 1.1 Theoretical Framework
plastic bottles in Site 1, which consists of SMC,
Apama-ville, Mepat, First-ville, and Star-ville. The
goal of the study is to provide a set of actionable
measures and strategies that can effectively address
the negative effects caused by plastic bottles in
Barangay Dayap, NHA Site 1, Calauan, Laguna.

Statement of the problem

1. What is the Demographic Profile of

Respondents in terms of:
1.1 Sex
1.2 Length of residency in household?
2. What is the current condition of Barangay
Dayap in handling used plastic bottles in
terms of:
2.1 Waste Collection system
2.2 Disposal of plastic bottles
Conceptual Framework
Figure 1.2 Conceptual Paradigm
In this Figure, it illustrates the flow of the
study wherein the researchers used the Input-Process-
Output Model. The input consists of Demographic
Profile of Respondents in terms of: 1.1 Gender and
1.2 Length of residency. The current condition of
Barangay Dayap in handling used plastic bottles in
terms of: 2.1 Waste Collection system, 2.2 Disposal
of plastic bottles and 2.3 Segregation. The
challenges encountered by the resident of Brgy,
Dayap, Calauan, Laguna in handling used plastic
bottles. The processes include the Collection of Data,
interviews, Survey questionnaires, Data Analysis,
and Interpretation. On the other hand, the output is
the recommended recovery plan that can be proposed
for the waste plastic bottle in Barangay Dayap.
Significances of the study
The research is about the Challenges of
handling waste plastic bottles on the Environment of
Barangay Dayap. From conducting this research,
these were the people who benefit from the study.
Resident. This study can help the resident of
barangay Dayap to raise awareness about the
negative impact of plastic bottles on the environment
and to provide insights into the best waste
management to reduce the plastic waste in the
barangay Dayap. The results of this study can be used
to develop the behavior of every resident in the
barangay such as proper disposal and recycling of
plastic bottles.
Researcher. The results of this study can
contribute to the knowledge of waste management
and environmental health.
Government and policymakers. The findings
of this study can provide valuable insights for
government officials and policymakers in developing
effective strategies and policies to address the plastic
waste problem in barangay Dayap NHA Site 1
Calauan Laguna. The study can help in formulating
waste management regulations and guidelines that
promote proper disposal, recycling, and collection of
plastic bottles.
Environmental organizations. The findings
of this study can be valuable for environmental
organizations working towards promoting
environmental conservation and sustainable practices.
The study can provide them with scientific data and
evidence on the negative impact of plastic bottles on
the environment, specifically in barangay Dayap
NHA Site 1 Calauan Laguna. This information can be
utilized by these organizations to raise awareness
among the general public, advocate for policy
changes, and develop targeted campaigns or
initiatives to reduce plastic waste and promote
responsible waste management practices.
Educational institutions and schools. The
study can be significant for educational institutions
and schools in terms of incorporating environmental
education and awareness into their curriculum. The
findings can serve as a valuable resource for teachers
and educators to educate students about the negative
impacts of plastic bottles on the environment and the
importance of proper waste management.
Future researcher. This study can serve as a
basis for further research on the impact of plastic
bottles on the environment and can lead to innovation
using waste plastic bottles.
Scope and delimitation
The study focused on the challenges of used
plastic bottles on the environment of the barangay. It
also focuses on the current condition and
environmental consequences associated with plastic
bottle usage. Additionally, the study investigate the
behavior and practices of residents related to the use,
disposal, and recycling of plastic bottles. This study
is conducted in the barangay of Dayap, which is
gathered by cluster sampling technique under the
probability method. The researchers used a survey
questionnaire to gather quantitative data to provide
invaluable insights into the specific context of the
impact of plastic bottles. The time frame of this study
was the second semester of the academic year 2022–
2023.
The study focuses on the challenges of used
plastic bottles on the environment specifically in the
five selected puroks (SMC, Apama, Mepat, Firstville,
and Starville) within the Dayap area in Calauan
Laguna.
Definition of terms
The following terms were defined
conceptually and operationally to further understand
the study.
Plastic Bottles. A type of plastic bottle used
for consuming soft drinks, water, milk, and other
beverages that been already used.
Plastic Bottle Pollution. A environmental
challenges face by the residents of Barangay Dayap,
Calauan, Laguna such us flooding, overflowing of
drainage system, Increasing risk of bacterial and
disease-carrying insects, and Exposure to toxic
chemicals.
Waste Collection System. The processes and
infrastructure in place to collect and manage waste
materials, including plastic bottles. It encompasses
activities such as garbage collection, recycling
programs, and waste disposal facilities.
Disposal. Refers to the act of discarding or
getting rid of waste materials, including plastic
bottles. It includes various methods such as throwing
them in trash bins, landfills, or burning them.
Examining the disposal practices of plastic bottles in
Barangay Dayap provides insights into their
environmental impact.
Environmental Challenges. Refers to the
negative effects or consequences that an object or
action, in this case, plastic bottle waste, has on the
environment. It includes pollution, flooding, and
health hazards. Assessing the environmental impact
helps understand the significance of addressing
plastic bottle waste in Barangay Dayap.
Recovery Plan. A set of strategies and
actions aimed at mitigating or addressing the negative
impacts of plastic bottle waste. It involves initiatives
focused on reducing, recycling, or properly disposing
of plastic bottles to minimize environmental harm.
Developing a recovery plan is essential to effectively
manage plastic bottle waste in Barangay Dayap.
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET). A
common type of plastic used in the production of
plastic bottles. PET is lightweight, transparent, and
has good barrier properties, making it suitable for
packaging liquids and beverages. Knowing the
material composition of plastic bottles helps assess
their environmental impact and potential for
recycling.
II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter reviews the discussion of
related literature and studies which includes data and
relevant findings of published and unpublished
research that had been collected to conceptualize the
study. The gathered information served as a basis for
the conceptual framework. Thus, information has
been found essential to the research design and was
presented in order to establish the reliability of the
researchers which has an important bearing on this
study.
Related Litirature
Solid waste is one of the main problems that
are encountered in our country. As defined by
environmental science, solid waste is a disposed
material that is not a gas or liquid. It also refers to the
extent of garbage arising from animal and human
activities. According to the UNEP report (2018),
"plastic constitutes about 50% of global waste
generated. Furthermore, it is noted to last about 300
years before decaying". It stated that it is sustainable,
which required much attention due to its side effects
such as carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from heating
and burning contributing to global warming, being
toxic to humans and aquaculture, polluting cities and
water bodies due to its lightweight, hence easily
carried by air, and running the water, choking drains,
causing stagnate water, which ends up breeding
mosquitoes. To lessen or remove these burdens from
plastic trash, efforts are being made to pursue
sustainable disposal techniques, with recycling
plastic garbage into other uses being stated to be the
best choice for the time being. The construction
industry has taken a particular interest in the much-
reported benefits of the current condition of plastic
trash, which is lighter in weight, readily available,
inexpensive to produce, has a longer lifespan than
most building materials, and so on.
One of the most common types of plastic is
polyethylene terephthalate (PET). It’s used to make
water bottles, food containers, and packaging for
many other products. Another type of plastic is
polyvinyl chloride (PVC), which is used to make
pipes, flooring, and packaging for some products.
Both PET and PVC are made of petroleum, so
they’re not renewable sources, and since they don’t
break down easily, they can stay in the environment
for a long time and cause problems. There are
negative impacts that affect the environment, such as
pollution, deforestation, climate change, and human
health. (The Valley Group, 2022)
In the Philippines, plastic bottles are widely
used and considered essential for various reasons
such as convenience, durability, affordability, and
preservation, but there is a side effect when they are
used improperly. There are several negative effects
on the environment, human health, and wildlife that
have an impact on our daily lives. According to
GAIA (2020), "Philippines is one of the world’s
worst offenders of marine plastic pollution, with
0.28–0.75 million tons per year of plastic entering the
oceans from the coastal area in Manila Bay". Most of
the solid waste collected is plastic, plastic bottles, and
other waste. There are companies that produce the
most plastic bottles. According to the report of
Mongabay (2019), "Coca-Cola, Nestle, and PepsiCo
are the main contributors to the world’s plastic waste.
Coca-Cola was found to be a prolific source of plastic
waste, accounting for more than 2,800 pieces out of
the 11,700 Coke-branded pieces of trash collected
during the clean-up. More than 50 percent of the
waste generated in the Philippines is residual or
unrecyclable waste, which poses a challenge for the
country’s still-developing waste management
system" Addressing a challenge will require the
collaboration and engagement of various
stakeholders, including government authorities, local
communities, industries, and civil society, to promote
a more sustainable and environmentally responsible
approach to waste management in the Philippines.
The disposal of plastic bottles is a
significant environmental concern in the Philippines,
where waste management infrastructure and practices
are inadequate. According to a study reported by the
World Wildlife Fund Philippines (2019), the
Philippines is the third-largest contributor of plastic
waste in the world, with around 2.7 million metric
tons of plastic waste generated annually. The
majority of this waste ends up in landfills, which are
often overfilled and poorly managed, leading to
environmental and health hazards.
As stated in the study by Kaza et al. (2018),
plastic bottles are one of the top 10 items found in
ocean debris, and they can take hundreds of years to
decompose. In the Philippines, plastic bottles are a
significant contributor to the country's marine
pollution problem.
A study conducted by Mendoza et al.
(2018), on waste management in barangays in the
Philippines found that plastic bottles were one of the
most common types of waste found in these areas.
The study noted that while some barangays have
implemented waste management programs, many of
them lack the resources and infrastructure to
effectively manage plastic bottle waste.
As indicated in the study of Lebreton et al.
(2017), the distribution and abundance of plastic
debris in the ocean were studied. The study found
that the highest concentrations of plastic waste were
found in the waters surrounding the Philippines.
Another study by Schmidt et al. (2017) examined the
production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made,
including plastic bottles. The study found that while
plastic bottles are often seen as a convenient and low-
cost packaging option, they have significant
environmental impacts throughout their lifecycle. A
study by Geyer et al. (2017) estimated that 8.3 billion
metric tons of plastic had been produced globally
since the 1950s, with 6.3 billion metric tons of that
becoming plastic waste. The study also found that
only 9% of plastic waste had been recycled, with the
majority ending up in landfills, oceans, and other
environments. It is important to promote recycling
and waste management practices, support the
development of alternative packaging materials, and
raise awareness about the environmental impacts of
plastic bottle usage.
Related Studies
Local Studies
As mentioned in study of Buenviaje et al. Al
(2018), about the "Solid Waste Management Plan of
Julian Pastor Memorial Market, Batangas City", that
"solid waste, over the past thirty years, has remained
the most visible and silently dangerous
environmental problem in the country. Solid waste
has been the product of every human activity. The
study focuses on the current waste management
practices in Julian Pastor Memorial Public Market in
terms of generation, transportation, collection, and
disposal. There is recyclable waste of 6% and 2% of
compostable waste that represent the great
opportunity for source reduction, recycling and
composting. There are significant percentage of
biodegradable wastes that are subjected to
decomposition that may release harmful effect and
foul odor. There are many possible solutions to solve
the increasing problem in solid waste generation. In
fact, some provinces in the country are creating and
enforcing a law such as the RA 9003 to minimize the
waste and diminish the adverse effect it may cause 2
to the environment. As solid waste remains one of the
most challenging problems in the country, it is
critical to evaluate the level of generation at the
source to provide appropriate management strategies
in reducing solid wastes.
As explained by Molina (2019), about the
"Solid Waste Management Awareness and Practices
among Senior High School Students in a State
College in Zamboanga City, Philippines", poor solid
waste management will lead to various problems in
health, the environment, and socio-economic aspects.
The result stated shows that students have enough
knowledge in terms of the definition of solid waste,
the effect of improper solid waste disposal,
prohibited solid waste activities, school initiatives
towards solid waste, the importance of solid waste
management, and students’ responsibilities.
However, students have little knowledge of the
different laws relevant to solid waste management.
Television or radio, parents, and social media are the
sources of this awareness. The result also shows that
students have good solid waste management practices
in terms of segregation, reduction, reuse, recycling,
and disposal.
As explained in the study by Lecera et. al
(2020), talks about the "Effectiveness of Making an
Eco-Friendly Chair by Using Recyclable Plastic
Bottles", Plastic bottles are constructed from high-
density plastic. Plastic bottles are now one of the top
problems not only in the country but also worldwide.
The result of their study stated that it is strongly
agreed that making an eco-friendly chair by using
recyclable bottles is effective because it turns plastic
bottles into useful things in our community and helps
the students to be more creative and disciplined.
Foreign Studies
As mentioned by Praveena (2023), the
studies also provide evidence that microplastic in
bottled water is due to multiple factors such as
physical stress during transport, bottle shaking, and
high-pressure water injection into the bottles at the
production plants. Reusable PET water bottles have
higher microplastic particles than single-use PET
bottles. Frequent opening and closing of the bottles
also causes more particles to be formed due to
friction. The accumulation of these particles in
human tissues has been linked to chemical toxicity.
Compounds such as plasticizers, stabilizers, and
pigments used in the production can be released by
microplastics and travel through our bodies in the
bloodstream. These chemicals have been linked to
health problems such as inflammation, genotoxicity,
oxidative stress, and damage to the gastrointestinal
tract. Chemicals released from bottled water
packaging materials are now known as emerging
pollutants and endocrine-disrupting chemicals
(EDCs) that can cause serious health problems,
including cancer and developmental defects.
In the study of Dadzie et al. (2020), about
the "Exploration of Plastic Bottles Use in
Construction", plastic wastes are discarded randomly
after usage, hence scattering around in cities, choking
drains, and end up threatening our ecosystem. These
predominant effects of plastic waste have
necessitated the need for countries, specifically
developing countries, including Ghana, to seek more
sustainable methods to reduce the drastic amount of
plastic waste in the environment. It was concluded
from the results of the study that the use of plastic
waste bottles in construction contributes to
environmental friendliness and energy savings. In
addition, plastic waste bottles are cheaper to acquire
than most conventional construction materials.
Synthesis
This study aims to gather information about
the impact of plastic bottles on human health, the
environment, and the local community of Barangay
Dayap, NHA Site 1, Calauan, Laguna. Plastic bottles
are essential and widely used in our country but there
has a significant concern due to their negative
consequences that stated by Kaza et. Al (2018)
“Plastic bottles are one of the top 10 items found in
ocean debris, and they can take hundreds of years to
decompose”. More than 50 percent of the waste
generated in the Philippines is residual or
unrecyclable waste, which poses a challenge for the
country’s still-developing waste-management system.
As solid waste remains one of the most challenging
problems in the country, it is critical to evaluate the
level of generation at the source to provide
appropriate management strategies for reducing solid
waste.
The study focuses on the current conditions,
behavior, and practices of residents related to the use,
disposal, and collection of the plastic bottles. This
study highlights the basis for a recovery plan to
provide potential strategies to address the challenges
associated with plastic bottle usage.
III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND
DESIGN
This chapter present and discuss the research
design, sampling design, respondents of the study,
the research locale, and data gathering procedure,
statistical treatment and analysis of data.
Research Design
The researchers utilized a quantitative
research design with a descriptive research approach
for the data to be analyzed systematically. Bandhari
(2022) defines quantitative research as the process of
collecting and analyzing numerical data. It can also
be used to search for patterns and averages, form
hypotheses, test causal relationships, and extrapolate
results to larger populations.
In addition, Descriptive research, according
to Shona McCombes (2022), tries to precisely and
systematically describe a population, circumstance,
or phenomena. It can answer the questions what,
where, when, and how, but not why. To explore one
or more variables, a descriptive research design
might employ a wide range of research methods.
Specifically, the researchers utilized this
research design because it was best suited in knowing
the answers to problem and to the purpose of the
study. Also, it identifies the impact of plastic bottles
on the environment.
Population and Sampling Techniques
The researchers used a Cluster sampling
method for selecting the respondents in this study.
This method was used to ensure that the population
for the study was equally represented.
Cluster sampling, as defined by Lauren
Thomas (2023), divides a population into smaller
groupings known as clusters. They then draw a
sample at random from these clusters. It is a
probability sampling technique that is frequently used
to research large populations, particularly those that
are geographically distributed. As clusters,
researchers typically use pre-existing units such as
schools or cities. A sample size of 200 to 300
respondents provides a sufficient margin of error
while falling short of the point of diminishing returns,
according to Lyons, K. and Hearne, L. (2022).
The study will be clustered by picking a
subset of all Site 1 residents to create a smaller
sample, with each sample separated by district. The
researcher's target sample size is 382, with 103
respondents in SMC, 74 respondents in Apama ville,
47 in Mepat ville , 85 in First ville and 73
respondents in Star ville.
Research Locale
The respondents of the study are from
Barangay Dayap NHA Site 1, Calauan, Laguna to
determine the perception of impact of plastic bottles.
The study was conducted at NHA Site 1 found at
Barangay Dayap. It is located at Calauan Laguna.
The Site 1 composed of 5 Purok which are the San
Miguel Compound with 2,249 residents, Apama with
1,614 residents, Mepat with 1,015, First Ville with
1,849 residents and Star Ville with 1,599 residents. It
is a perfect location for the interview since the
researchers will be able to obtain lots of important
information, different thoughts, and distinct opinions
from its the residents.
Figure 3.1 Barangay Dayap NHA Site 1 Calauan,
Laguna
Figure 3.2 Via Google Map of Barangay Dayap
NHA Site 1 Calauan, Laguna
Research Instrument
The researchers used a self-made
questionnaire to be answered by the selected
respondents at Barangay Dayap NHA Site 1. The
respondents were asked for their permission to
cooperate in the study. The researchers prepared
informed and explained the procedures to the
respondents. For the preparation of the instrument,
the status of data collection is needed. The data that
were collated, were analyzed, tallied and enumerated
statistically.
The researchers used Slovins Formula to
determined the sample size for this study, which
considers the total population size and desired level
of precision.
Researchers can
efficiently capture
and analyze
quantitative
information about
the residents of Brgy
Dayap, Calauan,
Laguna by
employing a nominal
scale for the survey questionnaire. The information
gathered can be used to better understand the current
condition and challenges encountered of the
population to the impact of plastic bottles, as well as
to support decision-making processes in areas such as
policy creation and basis for recovery plan in
Barangay.
Validation of Research Instrument
To confirm the questionnaire's legitimacy
and dependability. The researchers sent their
instruments to their thesis adviser, subject specialists,
and a research language teacher for corrections and
feedback, during which time the thesis adviser and
other panel members certify the test instrument and
offer guidance and possible revisions on the content
of the research instrument. Also, the validation
process for the research instrument was completed by
the researchers, verifying its reliability and validity
by Mr. Jaime Goyena, The Head of Municipal of
Environment and Natural Resources in Calauan,
Laguna. The validator's comments and suggestions
on the research instrument were used to improve the
instrument.
Data Gathering Procedures
The entire data collection technique was
carried out via face-to-face interaction using mobile
phones given by the researchers. The technique and
goal of the study were described to ensure that the
respondents understand what the study is about, what
possible information they may provide, and that they
willingly consented to what the researchers wrote in
the consent form. The researchers also notified the
respondents that they had the option to withdraw
from the study and that all information provided
would be kept anonymous.
The completed survey questions that were
gathered will assure the correctness of the responses
and make accurate recommended recovery plan. The
information gathered will be examined and processed
professionally.
Statistical Treatment of Data
The data to be gathered in this study will be
subjected to the following statistical Treatment:
Cronbach - As a measure of how closely
connected a group of objects are to one another, it is
used to determine internal consistency. It is regarded
as a measure for the dependability of scales. It is not
necessary for the measure to have a high value for
alpha for it to be one-dimensional.
Percentage- The percentage format is one of the most
used ways to display data. The symbol used to
represent percentage is %, where percent simply
means "per hundred". One percent (or 1%) is equal to
one hundredth of the whole or total, and is calculated
by multiplying the entire or total by 100.
IV. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND
INTERPRETATION OF DATA
V. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the summary of the
study pointing out the important findings with its
conclusions and recommendation made as an
outgrowth of this study. This study is on the impact
of plastic bottles on the environment of barangay
dayap, calauan, laguna.
Summary of Findings
1. Based on the survey questionnaire conducted in
Barangay Dayap, Calauan, Laguna, the
following findings were obtained. In terms of the
demographic profile, the majority of the
respondents came from SMC, which is the ville
with the highest number of registered residents.
In terms of gender, there was a nearly equal
distribution between male and female
respondents. Most of the respondents had been
living in barangay dayap for seven years or
more.
2. The current conditions of the residents of
barangay dayap in handling plastic bottles was
rough. It was found that the majority of
respondents used 2-3 kilograms of plastic bottles
on a daily basis and garbage collectors collected
plastic bottles once a week. However, there was
a lack of availability of a specific disposal area
for plastic bottles in the barangay. The most
common method of disposal by the respondents
was selling the plastic bottles to junkshops.
3. The challenges encountered in handling used
plastic bottles of barangay dayap. In terms of the
availability of garbage containers and separate
containers for different types of waste was
limited. Furthermore, there was a lack of policies
and programs in place to address the proper
disposal and management of plastic bottles in the
barangay. The main risk factor associated with
improper disposal of plastic bottles reported by
the respondents was the flooding and
overflowing of the drainage system in the
barangay.
Conclusion
Based on the study, the following conclusions
are drawn:
1. The study included slightly more males Recommendations
(50.52%) than females (49.48%). Most of the
respondents (75.92%) had been living in their
households for seven years or more. About suggested in light of the findings and conclusions
15.18% had lived there for 5-6 years, and 8.90% reached:
had a residency of 3-4 years. Surprisingly, none 1.
of the respondents reported living in their
households for 1-2 years.
2. The current condition of Barangay Dayap in
handling used plastic bottles shows statistics. 2.
In terms of the waste collection system, a survey
reveals that 41.36% of respondents use 2-3 kg of
plastic bottles daily, while 37.70% use less than
1 kg daily. On the other hand, 13.09% of
respondents use 5 kg and above, and 7.85% use
3-4 kg of plastic bottles daily. When it 3.
comes to the disposal of plastic bottles, 39.27%
of respondents sell their bottles to junkshops,
while 23.30% have their bottles picked up by the
garbage collector. Surprisingly, 22.25% simply
throw their plastic bottles away, while only References
15.18% take the effort to recycle them.
Furthermore, in terms of segregation, 52.36% of
respondents mix their plastic bottles with
[1]
different types of waste, indicating a lack of
proper segregation practices. On the other hand,
47.64% of respondents do segregate their plastic
bottles from other waste, which is a positive sign [2]
for waste management.
3. The residents of Brgy. Dayap, Calauan, Laguna
face challenges in handling used plastic bottles. [3]
Many reported a lack of garbage containers
(54.71%) and separate containers for different
types of waste (47.91%). They lso mentioned the
absence of material recovery facilities (29.95%) [4]
and specific containers for plastic bottles
(20.16%). As a result, some resorted to improper
disposal while waiting for the garbage collector
(20.42%). Improper plastic bottle disposal also
contributed to flooding and drainage system [5]
issues (46.92%).
4. To recover waste plastic bottles in Barangay
Dayap, a simple plan can be followed. First,
improve the infrastructure by adding more
garbage containers and designated disposal areas
in the barangay. This will encourage people to [6]
dispose of plastic bottles correctly. Second,
enforce segregation policies and educate
residents on separating plastic bottles from other
waste. Lastly, create an easy-to-use device that
helps residents collect and dispose of plastic [7]
bottles properly. By implementing these
steps, Barangay Dayap can effectively
address the issue of waste plastic bottles and [8]
promote a cleaner environment.
The following recommendations are
Improve infrastructure by establish designated
disposal areas and increase the number of
garbage containers in the barangay to encourage
proper disposal of plastic bottles.
Implement segregation policies by introduce and
enforce segregation policies to encourage
residents to separate plastic bottles from other
waste streams. Raise awareness about the
benefits of segregation and provide guidelines
for effective waste management.
Develop a device to help the residents of
barangay dayap, calauan, laaguna to improve the
collection of used plastic bottles and proper
disposal.
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