ANTHROPOLOGIST

Franz Boas – was a German-American anthropologist and a pioneer of Modern Anthropology who has
been called the “Father of American Anthropology”.
 Historical Particularism- is an approach to understanding the nature of culture and cultural
changes of specific populations of people.
 Cultural Relativism- is the idea that a person beliefs and practices should be understood
based on that person’s own culture.

Alfred Kroeber- was an American Cultural Anthropologist, whose primary concern was to understand the
nature of culture and its processes.

Clifford Geertz- an American Anthropologist who is remembered mostly for his strong support for and
influence on the practice of Symbolic Anthropology.
 Symbolic Anthropology- the study of cultural symbols and how these symbols can be used
to gain a better understand of a particular society.

SOCIOLOGISTS

Karl Marx- German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist and political theorist. Marx’s critical
theories about society, economics, and politics. Collectively understood as Marxism, hold that human
societies develop through class conflict.

Herbert Spencer- was an English philosopher, psychologist, biologist, anthropologist, and sociologist.
Spencer originated the expression “survival of the fittest”, which he coined in Principles of Biology after
reading Charles Darwin’s book On the Origin of Species.

Emile Durkheim- was a French sociologist. Much of Durkheim’s work was concerned with how societies
can maintain their integrity and coherence in modernity.

Max Weber- was a German sociologist, historian, jurist, and political economist, who is regarded as among
the most important theorists of the development of modern Western Society.

Auguste Comte- was a French philosopher, mathematician, and writer who formulated the doctrine of
positivism. He is often regarded as the first philosopher of science in modern sense of term.

POLITICAL SCIENTISTS

Plato- was an ancient Greek philosopher born in Athens. He founded the Academy, a philosophical school
where he taught the philosophical doctrines that would later became known as Platonism.

Aristotle- was an Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath. He made pioneering contributions to all fields
of philosophy and science, he invented the filed of formal logic, and he identified the various scientific
disciplines and explored their relationships to each other.
- According to him, the purpose and ultimate goal in life is to achieve eudaimonia (happiness).

Niccolo Machiavelli- was an Italian diplomat, author, philosopher and historian who lived during the
Renaissance.
- He is best known for his political treatise The Prince.
- He has often been called the Father of Modern Political philosophy and political science.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau- a Genevan philosopher, writer and composer. His political philosophy influenced
the progress of the Age of Enlightenment throughout Europe, as well as aspects of the French Revolution.
Baron de Montesquieu- was a French judge, historian, and political philosopher.
- He is the principal source of the theory of Separation of Powers, which is implemented in many
constitutions.

Thomas Hobbes- was an English philosopher, best known for his book Leviathan, in which he expounds an
influential formulation of social contract theory.

John Locke- was an English Philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of
Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the “Father of Liberalism”.
- He postulated that, at birth, the mind was a blank slate or tabula rasa.