CT3 REVIEWER

MOBILE DIGITAL PLATFORM

 software ecosystems that provide users with a multifaceted digital experience on their mobile devices.

TYPES OF MOBILE DIGITAL PLATFORM

1. Operating System-Based Platforms - the foundation of mobile devices, includes the core software
that manages hardware resources and provides a framework for running applications.
2. Social Media-Centric Platforms - serve as hubs for communication, content sharing, and even e-
commerce, offering integrated features and services beyond their core function.
3. E-commerce and Retail Platforms - provide mobile apps that facilitate online shopping experiences;
aim to enhance convenience and accessibility for customers.
EXAMPLE OF MOBILE DIGITAL PLATFORM
1. iOS - Apple's mobile operating system, designed exclusively for Apple devices like iPhones and iPads.
 provides a controlled environment for users to access the App Store and a wide range of apps and
services.
2. Android - an open-source mobile operating system developed by Google. It powers a diverse range of
devices, offering access to the Google Play Store and a vast selection of apps and services.
3. Facebook is a social media platform that also serves as a mobile digital platform. It provides access to
its main social networking service, as well as Messenger, Marketplace, and other features
4. Amazon is an e-commerce giant with its own mobile app, which acts as a digital platform.

WHAT IS MOBILE PLATFORM?

 those that allow software and services to be run on devices (Fling 2009). Examples of mobile platforms
include Palm, BlackBerry, iPhone, Android and Windows Mobile. Mobile operating systems provide
tools that allow application to share data and services.

EXAMPLE OF MOBILE PLATFORM

1. Instagram, LLC - is a photo and video sharing social networking service owned by American company
Meta Platforms. The app allows users to upload media that can be edited with filters, be organized by
hashtags, and be associated with a location — via geographical tagging.
2. WhatsApp is a freeware, cross-platform, centralized instant messaging and voice-over-IP service
owned by United States tech conglomerate Meta Platforms. It allows users to send text, voice
messages and video messages, make voice and video calls, and share images, documents, user
locations, and other content.
3. Apache Cordova is a mobile application development framework created by Nitobi. Adobe Systems
purchased Nitobi in 2011, rebranded it as PhoneGap, and later released an open-source version of the
software called Apache Cordova.
4. BlackBerry OS is a discontinued proprietary mobile operating system developed by Canadian
company BlackBerry Limited for its BlackBerry line of smartphone handheld devices
5. Tizen is a Linux-based mobile operating system backed by the Linux Foundation, developed and used
primarily by Samsung Electronics.
6. Aptoide is an online marketplace for mobile applications which runs on the Android operating system.
7. Android Honeycomb is the codename for the third major version of Android, designed for devices with
larger screen sizes, particularly tablets, however has been unofficially ported to the Nexus One. It is the
eighth version of Android and is no longer supported.
8. Symbian is a discontinued mobile operating system and computing platform designed for
smartphones. It was originally developed as a proprietary software OS for personal digital assistants in
1998 by the Symbian Ltd. consortium.
9. Windows Phone is a discontinued family of mobile operating systems developed by Microsoft for
smartphones as the replacement successor to Windows Mobile and Zune. Windows Phone featured a
new user interface derived from the Metro design language.
10. React Native is an open-source UI software framework created by Meta Platforms, Inc. It is used to
develop applications for Android, Android TV, iOS, macOS, tvOS, Web, Windows and UWP by
enabling developers to use the React framework along with native platform capabilities.

NANOTECHNOLOGIES
HISTORY OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
Richard Feynman - U.S. physicist, the father of nanotechnology.
 There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom - introduced the ideas and concepts behind nanotech in a
1959 talk
 did not use the term "nanotechnology," but described a process in which scientists would be able to
manipulate and control individual atoms and molecules.
 Modern nanotechnology truly began in 1981, allowing scientists and engineers the scanning
tunneling microscope to see and manipulate individual atoms.
 Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer - IBM scientists, won the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physics for inventing
the scanning tunneling microscope.
CT3 REVIEWER
 The golden era of nanotechnology began in the 1980s when Kroto, Smalley, and Curl discovered
fullerenes.
 Eric Drexler of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) used ideas from Feynman’s “There is
Plenty of Room at the Bottom” and Taniguchi’s term nanotechnology in his 1986 book titled,
“Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology.” Drexler proposed the idea of a
nanoscale “assembler” which would be able to build a copy of itself and of other items of arbitrary
complexity. Drexler’s vision of nanotechnology is often called “molecular nanotechnology.”
 The science of nanotechnology was advanced further when Iijima, 2 other Japanese scientist,
developed carbon nanotubes.
FIRST USE OF THE TERM NANOTECHNOLOGY
 Nanotechnology - was first coined by the Japanese researcher Norio Taniguchi in a 1974 paper titled
"On the Basic Concept of 'Nano-Technology.'"
 refer to the science and technology of manipulating materials and devices at the nanometer scale.

WHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY?
 the use of matter on atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scales for industrial purposes.
 referred to the particular technological goal of precisely manipulating atoms and molecules for
fabrication of macroscale products, also now referred to as molecular nanotechnology.
 more generalized description of nanotechnology was subsequently established by the National
Nanotechnology Initiative, which defined nanotechnology as the manipulation of matter with at least
one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometers (nm).
APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
 Nanomaterials: Creating unique materials with special properties at the nanoscale.
 Nanoelectronics: Miniaturizing electronic components for better efficiency.
 Nanomedicine: Using nanoparticles for drug delivery and medical diagnostics.
 Nanomanufacturing: Fabricating nanoscale structures and devices.
 Nanotechnology in Energy: Improving energy production and storage.
 Nanosensors and Nanodevices: Creating highly sensitive sensors and small devices.
 Materials Science: Enhancing material properties for various industries.
 Environmental Remediation: Cleaning up pollutants using nanomaterials.
 Information Technology: Advancing data storage, processing, and communication.
 Space Exploration: Using nanotechnology for space missions and applications.

IMPORTANCE OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
 Advancements in Medicine: has revolutionized healthcare through targeted drug delivery, early
disease detection, and innovative treatments.
 Clean Energy Solutions: significantly enhanced the efficiency of solar cells and energy storage
devices, contributing to the development of sustainable and renewable energy sources.
 Improved Electronics: has led to more powerful and energy-efficient devices, paving the way for
smaller and faster electronics, including smartphones, computers, and sensors.
 Environmental Remediation: develop efficient and cost-effective methods for cleaning up polluted
environments, including water and air purification.
 Materials Science: introduced stronger, lighter, and more durable materials with improved mechanical,
electrical, and thermal properties.
 Sustainability: lead to more resource-efficient processes and materials, reducing waste and
environmental impact in manufacturing and construction.
 Defense and Security: development of advanced materials, sensors, and protective gear, enhancing
national security and defense capabilities.
 Space Exploration: Lightweight and durable nanomaterials are vital for spacecraft and equipment in
space missions, enabling scientific exploration beyond Earth.
 Consumer Products: used in everyday products like sunscreens, clothing, and cosmetics, improving
their performance and durability.
 Information Technology: Emerging technologies like quantum computing and nanophotonics rely on
nanoscale components, promising faster and more powerful computing and communication systems
 Global Challenges: offers solutions to global challenges, such as access to clean water, efficient
energy use, and affordable healthcare.
 Food and Agriculture: enhances food packaging, extends shelf life, and helps monitor food quality
and safety.
 Economic Growth: foster economic growth, job creation, and the development of new industries.
 Health and Well-being: plays a crucial role in the development of prosthetics, medical imaging, and
personalized medicine, improving the quality of life for many individuals.
 Scientific Research: enable scientists to explore and understand the fundamental properties of matter
at the nanoscale, leading to new scientific discoveries and innovations.
CT3 REVIEWER
APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN REAL-LIFE
MEDICINE AND HEALTHCARE
 Drug Delivery: Nanoparticles can be engineered to deliver drugs precisely to target cells, reducing
side effects and improving treatment efficacy.
 Diagnostic Tools: Nanoscale biosensors and imaging agents enhance the accuracy and sensitivity of
medical diagnostics.
 Cancer Treatment: enables the development of targeted therapies and nanoparticles that can destroy
cancer cells while leaving healthy cells unharmed.
 Tissue Engineering: Nanomaterials are used to create scaffolds and artificial tissues for regenerative
medicine.
ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTING
 Nanoelectronics: Nanoscale transistors and memory devices enable the creation of smaller, faster,
and more energy-efficient electronic devices.
 Quantum Dots: Quantum dots are used in displays and LED lighting for their superior color quality and
efficiency.
ENERGY
 Solar Cells: improves the efficiency of solar cells by enhancing light absorption and electron transport.
 Batteries: Nanomaterials are employed to create higher-capacity and longer-lasting batteries.
 Fuel Cells: Nanomaterials enhance fuel cell performance for clean energy production.
MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING
 Nanocomposites: Nanoparticles reinforce materials, enhancing strength, durability, and properties like
conductivity.
 Coatings: Nanocoatings provide scratch resistance, UV protection, and self-cleaning properties to
various surfaces.
 Lightweight Materials: Aerospace and automotive industries benefit from nanomaterials that reduce
weight without sacrificing strength.
ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION:
 Water Purification: Nanomaterials are used to remove pollutants and contaminants from water.
 Air Filtration: Nanofilters capture fine particles and pollutants from the air.
CONSUMER PRODUCTS
 found in cosmetics, sunscreen, and clothing for improved texture, UV protection, and water repellency.
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE
 enhances food packaging, preservation, and nutrient delivery. Nanosensors help monitor crop
conditions and detect contaminants in food.
SPACE EXPLORATION
 Nanomaterials are crucial for lightweight spacecraft components, enabling scientific exploration beyond
Earth.
DEFENSE AND SECURITY
 Nanotechnology contributes to advanced materials, sensors, and protective gear for military and
security applications.
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
 Nanosensors can detect and monitor pollutants and environmental changes.
CONSTRUCTION AND INFRASTRUCTURE
 Nanomaterials improve the strength and durability of construction materials.
TEXTILES
 Nanocoatings provide stain resistance and water repellency to fabrics.
CLOUD COMPUTING
- refers to the delivery of computing services over the internet, including storage, databases, software, and
analytics.
- is like using a computer or software over the internet.
- originated in the 1960s with the concept of time-sharing and has evolved over the years; was popularized in
the early 2000s and has since grown exponentially.

EXAMPLES OF CLOUD COMPUTING

- Web-Based Email Services: Your emails and attachments are stored and accessed on remote servers.
- Social Media Platforms: store and deliver user-generated content like photos and videos.
- File Storage and Sharing: Allows you to store and share files and documents in the cloud.\
- Web Hosting: Companies use cloud hosting services like Amazon Web Services (AWS) or Microsoft Azure
to host websites and web applications.

TYPES OF CLOUD COMPUTING DEPLOYMENT:

1. Public Cloud - owned and operated by third-party cloud service providers, which deliver computing
resources like servers and storage over the internet; all hardware, software, and other supporting infrastructure
is owned and managed by the cloud provider.
2. Private Cloud - used exclusively by a single organization. It can be hosted on-premises or by a third-party
provider. They offer greater control and customization but can be more expensive to set up and maintain.
CT3 REVIEWER
3. Hybrid Cloud - combine public and private clouds, bound together by technology that allows data and
applications to be shared between them; more flexible
TYPES OF CLOUD COMPUTING SERVICES:
1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) - provides virtualized computing resources over the internet. Users can
rent virtual machines, storage, and networking.
2. Platform as a Service (PaaS) - simplifies application development and deployment. It offers tools and
services for developers to build, test, and deploy applications without worrying about the underlying
infrastructure.
3. Software as a Service (SaaS) - delivers software applications over the internet on a subscription basis.
Users can access these applications through a web browser without needing to install or manage them.
TRENDS IN CLOUD COMPUTING
1. Edge Computing - includes storage of data, data processing, and data analytics which is done
geographically nearer to the source; computation and storage of data are brought closer to the source sensors
and devices.
2. Hybrid Cloud Solutions - mixed computing environment where applications are run using a combination of
computing, storage, and services in different environments—public clouds and private clouds, including on-
premises data centers or “edge” locations.
3. Artificial Intelligence - enables the scalability and computing power needed for AI and ML applications,
driving innovation in areas like predictive analytics, image recognition, and natural language processing.
Machine Learning Integration - is a subset of artificial intelligence that focuses on developing algorithms and
models that enable computers to learn and improve from experience without being explicitly programmed.
4. Quantum Computing and Cloud - holds potential for solving complex problems. Cloud providers are
exploring ways to integrate quantum computing capabilities into their services, offering new opportunities for
industries like cryptography and drug discovery.

AUTONOMIC COMPUTING
 is a comprehensive approach to designing and managing computer systems that are self-managing,
self-optimizing, and self-healing.
 Autonomic - derived from the autonomic nervous system in the human body, which controls
involuntary functions such as heartbeat and digestion.

HISTORY
 was introduced by IBM (International Business Machine Corporation) in the early 2000s.
 to make computing systems more self-managing and less reliant on human intervention.

PRINCIPLES
 Self-Configuration: be able to automatically configure themselves to adapt to different environments.
 Self-Optimization: continuously optimize their performance to achieve specified objectives.
 Self-Healing: should detect and respond to failures or anomalies, automatically taking corrective
actions.
 Self-Protection: should have built-in security mechanisms to protect against threats.
 Self-Monitoring: should be able to collect and analyze data about their own performance and make
decisions based on that information.

EXAMPLES OF SYSTEMS THAT USES AUTONOMIC COMPUTING

 Self-Driving Cars - use autonomic principles for various functions. These cars constantly monitor their
surroundings, adapt to changing traffic conditions, and take corrective actions to ensure safe and
efficient driving.
 Smart Home Systems - They can optimize heating and cooling, manage energy consumption, and
enhance security through autonomic computing principles.
 Smart Grids - They can adapt to changing conditions, distribute electricity efficiently, and respond to
faults or outages, minimizing service disruptions.
REAL-WORLD APPLICATION
 Cloud Computing: optimize resource allocation, manage virtual machines, and ensure high availability
and reliability.
 Network Management: automatically detect and respond to network issues, ensuring uninterrupted
connectivity.
 Data Centers: manage server farms, ensuring efficient resource allocation and automated response to
hardware failures.
 IoT (Internet of Things): helps manage and optimize IoT networks, which often involve a large number
of interconnected devices with diverse requirements.
 Automated Manufacturing: can manage and optimize manufacturing processes, reducing downtime
and improving efficiency.
CT3 REVIEWER
VIRTUALIZATION
WHAT IS VIRTUALIZATION?
- technology that you can use to create virtual representations of servers, storage, networks, and other
physical machines. Virtual software mimics the functions of physical hardware to run multiple virtual machines
simultaneously on a single physical machine.
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF VIRTUALIZATION?
SERVER VIRTUALIZATION
- a process that partitions a physical server into multiple virtual servers. It is an efficient and cost-effective way
to use server resources and deploy IT services in an organization.
STORAGE VIRTUALIZATION
- combines the functions of physical storage devices such as network attached storage (NAS) and storage
area network (SAN); uses all your physical data storage and creates a large unit of virtual storage that you can
assign and control by using management software.

NETWORK VIRTUALIZATION
- Any computer network has hardware elements such as switches, routers, and firewalls. An organization with
offices in multiple geographic locations can have several different network technologies working together to
create its enterprise network; process that combines all of these network resources to centralize administrative
tasks.

There are two approaches to network virtualization:

Software-defined networking (SDN)
- controls traffic routing by taking over routing management from data routing in the physical environment.
Network function virtualization
- combines the functions of network appliances, such as firewalls, load balancers, and traffic analyzers that
work together, to improve network performance.

DATA VIRTUALIZATION
- creates a software layer between this data and the applications that need it. Data virtualization tools process
an application’s data request and return results in a suitable format.
APPLICATION VIRTUALIZATION
- pulls out the functions of applications to run on operating systems other than the operating systems for which
they were designed.

To achieve application virtualization, follow these practices:

- Application streaming – Users stream the application from a remote server, so it runs only on the end
user's device when needed.
- Server-based application virtualization – Users can access the remote application from their browser or
client interface without installing it.
- Local application virtualization – The application code is shipped with its own environment to run on all
operating systems without changes.

DESKTOP VIRTUALIZATION
A customer service team that requires a desktop computer with Windows 10 and customer-relationship
management software
A marketing team that requires Windows Vista for sales applications

You can use desktop virtualization to run these different desktop operating systems on virtual machines, which
your teams can access remotely. This type of virtualization makes desktop management efficient and secure,
saving money on desktop hardware.

Types of Desktop Virtualization

- Virtual desktop infrastructure - runs virtual desktops on a remote server. Your users can access them by
using client devices.
- Local desktop virtualization - runs the hypervisor on a local computer and create a virtual computer with a
different operating system. You can switch between your local and virtual environment in the same way you
can switch between applications.

TWO MAJOR CONCEPTS OF VIRTUALIZATION

Virtual Machine - is a software-defined computer that runs on a physical computer with a separate operating
system and computing resources.
- Host Machine - physical computer; Guest Machines - virtual machines
CT3 REVIEWER
Hypervisor - is a software component that manages multiple virtual machines in a computer. It ensures that
each virtual machine gets the allocated resources and does not interfere with the operation of other virtual
machines.

TWO TYPES OF HYPERVISOR

Type 1 hypervisor or bare-metal hypervisor - hypervisor program installed directly on the computer’s
hardware instead of the operating system; have better performance and are commonly used by enterprise
applications.
Type 2 hypervisor or hosted hypervisor - is installed on an operating system. Type 2 hypervisors are
suitable for end-user computing.

HOW IS VIRTUALIZATION DIFFERENT FROM CLOUD COMPUTING?

Cloud computing - is the on-demand delivery of computing resources over the internet with pay-as-you-go
pricing. Instead of buying, owning, and maintaining a physical data center, you can access technology
services, such as computing power, storage, and databases, as you need them from a cloud provider.
Virtualization technology - makes cloud computing possible. Cloud providers set up and maintain their
own data centers. They create different virtual environments that use the underlying hardware resources. You
can then program your system to access these cloud resources by using APIs. Your infrastructure needs can
be met as a fully managed service.
PROCESSORS
DIFFERENT PROCESSORS
MULTI-CORE PROCESSORS
- is an integrated circuit with two or more processors connected to it for faster simultaneous processing
of several tasks, reduced power consumption, and for greater performance.
ARCHITECTURE OF MULTICORE PROCESSOR
- enables the communication between all available cores, and they divide and assign all processing
duties appropriately. The processed data from each core is transmitted back to the computer's main
board (Motherboard) via a single common gateway once all of the processing operations have been
finished.

Cores are the central components or multicore processors. Cores contain all of the registers and circuitry --
sometimes hundreds of millions of individual transistors -- needed to perform the closely-synchronized tasks of
ingesting data and instruction, processing that content and outputting logical decisions or results.
Processor support circuitry - includes an assortment of input/output control and management circuitry, such
as clocks, cache consistency, power and thermal control and external bus access.
Caches - small areas of very fast memory; often-used instructions or data, making that content readily
available to the core without the need to access system memory.

POWER-EFFICIENT PROCESSOR (Energy-Efficient Processor or Low-Power Processor)

- a type of microchip designed to deliver a good balance between performance and power consumption;
provide adequate computing power while minimizing the electrical power required for their operation.
TRADESOFF OF THE STORAGE TREND

INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT)

Vending Machine of Coca Cola (1989) - IoT device that was first modified
Steve Man – Rear Camera (1994)
1993 – Online Webcam (Cambridge)
1999 – Kevin Ashtone coined the IoT
2000 – LG Smart Refrigerator
2005 – UN published a report about IoT
2007 – Iphone by Steve Jobs
2008 – release of IoT
2009 – Fitbeat Activity Tracker
2014 – Korea as World’s First Smart City
2015 – IoT goes with mobile devices

HOW IoT WORKS

- is a network of interconnected devices that collect, process, and store data to perform tasks and provide
insights. It involves sensors and devices, data collection, connectivity, data processing, storage, analytics,
decision-making, communication, actuation, user interface, security, scalability, integration, and feedback loop.

1. CAPTURE THE DATA - involves the process of gathering information from sensors and devices within
the network; foundational step in the IoT process, enabling the subsequent stages of data processing,
analysis, and action.
Examples:
- Sensors and Devices - gather data, such as temperature, humidity, or other relevant metrics.
CT3 REVIEWER
- Data Generation - generate data in real-time as they monitor the physical environment.
- Data Transmission - The collected data is then transmitted from the IoT devices to a central hub or a
cloud-based platform. Communication protocols such as MQTT or HTTP are commonly used for this
purpose.
- Gateway Devices - data may first be sent to gateway devices that aggregate and preprocess the
information before forwarding it to the central system. Gateways help manage data flow and optimize
communication.
- Cloud-based Platforms - transmitted data is received by cloud-based platforms where it can be
stored, processed, and analyzed. Cloud services provide scalability and accessibility for managing
large volumes of data.
- Edge Computing - involves analyzing data locally on the device or at an intermediate device, reducing
latency and bandwidth requirements.
- Data Storage - Captured data is stored in databases or other storage systems for future reference,
historical analysis, and retrieval.

2. SHARE THE DATA - involves transmitting information from one part of the IoT ecosystem to another,
enabling collaboration, analysis, and decision-making; is a vital aspect of IoT as it enables a
collaborative and interconnected network of devices, systems, and applications.
Examples:
- Data Transmission Protocols - Captured data is stored in databases or other storage systems for
future reference, historical analysis, and retrieval.
- Cloud-Based Platforms - Devices share data with these platforms, allowing centralized management
and analysis.
- Peer-to-Peer Communication - IoT devices share data directly with each other through peer-to-peer
communication.
- APIs (Application Programming Interface) - facilitate data sharing by defining a set of rules and
protocols for how different software components can interact.
- Interoperability Standards - Standards such as MQTT and OPC UA contribute to interoperability,
ensuring that devices from different manufacturers can share data seamlessly.
- Security Measures - such as encryption and authentication are implemented to safeguard data during
transmission.
- Edge Computing - data sharing can occur locally between devices or with intermediate edge devices.
This helps distribute the processing load and reduce latency.
- Data Access Control - Access control mechanisms are employed to manage who can access and
share specific sets of data.

3. DATA PROCESSING - involves collecting, analyzing, and interpreting the information generated by
connected devices; is a crucial step to derive value from the vast amount of information generated by
connected devices, enabling informed decision-making and automation.
Examples:
- Data Collection - Sensors and devices in the IoT ecosystem gather data, such as temperature,
humidity, or other relevant metrics.
- Data Transmission - Collected data is transmitted to a central hub or a cloud-based platform using
communication protocols like MQTT or HTTP.
- Data Analysis - Analytics tools process the stored data to extract meaningful insights. This may involve
identifying patterns, trends, or anomalies in the data.
- Decision Making - Analytics tools process the stored data to extract meaningful insights. This may
involve identifying patterns, trends, or anomalies in the data.
- Feedback Loop - IoT systems often use feedback loops to continuously improve their operations.
Insights gained from data analysis may lead to adjustments in device behavior or system
configurations.

4. ACT ON DATA - involves taking specific actions or making decisions based on the insights gained from
the processed information; is a fundamental aspect of IoT, allowing for more efficient, responsive, and
intelligent operations across various domains.
Examples:
- Automation - IoT systems can be programmed to automatically perform certain actions based on
predefined conditions.
- Alerts and Notifications - When certain conditions or thresholds are met, IoT system can generate
alerts or notifications. This informs users or other systems about important events, allowing timely
responses.
- Remote Control - Users can remotely control connected devices on systems based on the insights
derived from the data. This could involve turning devices on/off, adjusting settings, or initiating specific
functions.
CT3 REVIEWER
- Optimizations - Businesses can optimize processes and operations by acting on data. For instance,
predictive maintenance in industrial IoT allows proactive equipment maintenance based on data
analytics, reducing downtime.
- Feedback Loops - Continuous improvement is achieved by using insights from data to modify and
enhance behavior of connected devices or systems over time.
- Resource Allocation - Analytics tools process the stored data to extract meaningful insights. This may
involve identifying patterns, trends, or anomalies in the data.

APPLICATIONS, BARRIERS AND CHALLENGES OF IOT

1. DISASTER MANAGEMENT
- the organization, planning and application of measures preparing for, responding to and recovering
from disasters.
- a process to mitigate potential damage from disasters.
- It ensures sustainable and immediate support to victims.
- provides effective and rapid recovery opportunities.
- provides environmental monitoring and victim aid; identifies life-threatening hazards and alerts
authorities at an early stage.

APPLICATIONS OF IOT IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT

- Early Warning Systems - IoT sensors and devices can monitor various environmental parameters like
temperature, humidity, seismic activity, and water levels; provide real-time data, enabling the creation
of early warning systems that detect potential disasters
- Remote Monitoring and Surveillance - such as drones equipped with cameras and sensors, can be
deployed to disaster-affected areas; provide real-time aerial views, allowing emergency responders to
assess the situation
- Rescue Operations - wearables or smart tags can be used to track the location and status of first
responders, victims, or assets in real-time during search and rescue operations.
- Smart Infrastructure - helps to monitor structural integrity, trigger automated responses and detect
risks. It also assesses the frequency of destructive forces and responds to them.
- Communication and Connectivity - satellite networks, mesh networks, and portable base stations,
can restore connectivity in areas where traditional communication infrastructures have been disrupted.

2. AGRICULTURE - the science or practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil for the growing of
crops and the rearing of animals to provide food, wool, and other products.
APPLICATIONS OF IOT IN AGRICULTURE
- Precision Farming - such as sensors, drones, and satellites collect data on soil moisture, temperature,
humidity, crop health, and weather conditions; helps farmers make informed decisions regarding
irrigation, fertilization, pesticide use, and optimal planting times.
- Smart Irrigation - monitor soil moisture levels and weather forecasts. They automatically adjust
watering schedules and amounts based on real-time data, preventing overwatering or underwatering.
- Livestock Monitoring - smart tags and collars, are used to monitor the health, location, and behavior
of livestock. These devices track parameters like body temperature, activity levels, and feeding
behavior.
- Crop Monitoring and Management - Drones equipped with cameras and sensors fly over fields to
capture high-resolution images and collect data on crop health, pest infestations, and plant diseases.
- Automated Machinery and Equipment - such as tractors and harvesters, utilizes sensors and GPS
technology for autonomous operations; optimize routes, adjust operations based on field conditions,
and perform tasks with precision
- Environmental Monitoring and Conservation - help monitor environmental factors like air quality,
biodiversity, and water usage on farms.
- Supply Chain Optimization - monitor the transportation and storage conditions of agricultural products
throughout the supply chain.
CHALLENGES AND BARRIER TO IoT
1. Security - encompasses safeguarding physical components, applications, data, and network
connections. Securing IoT prevents breaches, safeguards networks, and protects against unauthorized
access, crucial due to their sprawling nature and attractiveness as potential attack vectors.

2. Privacy - special considerations required to protect the information of individuals from exposure in the
IoT environment. Skepticism and suspicion around IoT systems is often rooted in cybersecurity and
privacy concerns.

3. High cost of Implementation - Hidden costs accompany most significant projects, and IoT initiatives
are no different. The high costs of IoT development stem from infrastructure lagging behind technology,
coupled with the challenge of assembling teams possessing the requisite expertise.
CT3 REVIEWER
4. Interoperability - refers to the ability of different systems, devices, or components to work together
seamlessly and exchange data effectively; a critical challenge, as a large number of diverse devices
are being connected to the internet.

5. ELECTRICITY - include power consumption, device interoperability, security concerns, and

infrastructure limitations. Balancing the energy needs of IoT devices with their small form factor is a key
challenge, often requiring efficient power management solutions.