Life Processes
Very Short Answer Type Questions
Q. 1. A student covered a leaf from a
de­ starched plant with a black paper
strip and kept it in the garden outside
his house in fresh air. In the evening, he
tested the covered portion of the leaf for
the presence of starch. By doing so the
student was trying to show that:
(a) CO2 is given out during respiration
(b) CO2 is necessary for photosynthesis
(c) Chlorophyll is necessary for photo-
synthesis
(d) Light is necessary for photosynthesis
 [CBSE, Term 1, Set 1, 2016]
Ans. (d) Light is necessary for photosynthesis
Q. 2. In the experiment to show that ‘CO2 is
released during respiration’, the small
test tube of KOH solution is suspen-
ded inside the conical flask to absorb
the:
(a) air of the flask
(b) moisture of the flask
(c) O2 of the flask
(d) CO2 of the flask released by the seeds
 [CBSE, Term 1, Set 1, 2016]
Ans. (d) CO2 of the flask released by the seeds
Q. 3. Define photosynthesis.
[CBSE, Term 1, Set 1, 2015]
Ans. The process by which plants make their
own food using chlorophyll, carbon
dioxide and water in the presence of
sunlight is known as photosynthesis.
sunlight
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Q. 4. A destarched leaf on a potted plant was
covered with black (A), white (B) and
transparent (C) strips of paper as shown
in the figure.
B is necessary for photosynthesis’, the
A C
After six hours of exposure to sunlight
the leaf was removed from the plant and
tested for starch.
(1 mark each)
Which one of the following will be the
correct observation?
(a) Whole leaf turned blue-black.
(b) Only B and C portions turned blue-
black.
(c) Only A and B portions remained
colourless and the rest of the leaf
turned blue-black.
(d)  A, B and C portions remained
colourless and the rest of the leaf
turned blue-black.
 [CBSE, Term 1, Set 1, 2015]
Ans. Only A and B portions remained
(c) 
colourless and the rest of the leaf
turned blue-black.
Q. 5. Rina set up the apparatus for demonstra-
ting that CO2 is released during respira-
tion of germinating seeds. After 2 hours
when she observed the set up she did not
find the water to rise in the bent tube from
the beaker. The reason could be because:
KCl
Coloured
water
Germinating seeds
(a) the beaker has coloured water.
(b) the set-up is air tight.
(c) no oxygen is available to seeds for
respiration.
(d) carbon-dioxide is not being absorbed.
 [CBSE, Term 1, Set 1, 2015]
Ans. (d) carbon-dioxide is not being absorbed.
Q. 6. In an experiment to show that ‘sunlight
leaf is boiled in alcohol for few minu-
tes using a water bath. It is essential
because:
(a) Alcohol is highly volatile.
(b) Steam from the water bath heats the
leaf rapidly.
 (c) Steam from the water dissolves the Q. 7. In the experiment to show that ‘CO2
chlorophyll. is released during respiration’, the
(d) Alcohol is flammable. solution in the test tube is chemically:
 [CBSE, Term 1, Set 2, 2015] (a) NaOH (b) KOH
(c) NaCl (d) KCI
Ans. (c) Steam from the water dissolves the
 [CBSE, Term 1, Set 2, 2015]
chlorophyll.
Ans. (b) KOH

Short Answer Type Questions-I (2 marks each)

Q. 1. List four precautions which a student This is an example of Anaerobic
should observe while preparing a Respiration which happens in the
temporary mount of a leaf peel to show absence of oxygen.
stomata in his school laboratory.
 [CBSE OD, Set 1, 2019] Q. 4. A student is observing the temporary
mount of a leaf peel under a microscope.
Ans. (i) The leaf peel should be very small.
Draw labelled diagram of the structure
(ii) Peel should be immediately in the
of stomata as seen under the microscope.
drop of water.
 [CBSE Delhi, Set 1, 2019]
(iii) Place cover slip carefully to avoid the
air bubbles. Ans.
(iv) Peel should be unfolded.
Q. 2. List in proper sequence four steps of
obtaining germinating dicot seeds.
 [CBSE OD, Set 1, 2019]
Ans. (i) The root is formed when radicle of
seed grows.
(ii) The root grows downward into the Q. 5. How is O2 and CO2 transported in
soil and absorbs water and minerals human beings?
from the soil.  [CBSE Delhi, Set 2, 2019]
(iii) The shoot is formed from the upward
growth of plumule. Ans. Oxygenated blood is transported in
(iv) The green leaves are developed when human beings by the arteries or by
shoot comes above the ground. haemoglobin of red blood corpuscles.
The deoxygenated blood is carried by the
Q. 3. Write two different ways in which
veins or by plasma of the blood.
glucose is oxidized to provide energy in
human body. Write the products formed Q. 6. List the steps of preparation of tempo-
in each case. [CBSE Delhi, Set 1, 2019] rary mount of a leaf Peel to observe sto-
mata. [CBSE, 2018]
Ans. Glucose is oxidised in two forms to pro-
vide energy to the body: Ans. (i) Remove a peel from lower surface of
In leaf using forceps and put it in water.
(i) C6H 12 O 6 cytoplasm
 → Pyruvate
Glucose
(ii) Put few drops of safranin stain in a
Presence
watch glass.
of
oxygen
→ CO 2 + H 2 O + 38ATP (iii) After 2-3 minutes take out the peel and
energy
put it on a slide.
This is an example of Aerobic Respiration
(iv)  Put a drop of glycerine and put a
that happens in the presence of oxygen.
coverslip over the peel.
In
(ii) C6H 12 O 6 cytoplasm
 → Pyruvate Q. 7. Draw a labelled diagram of cross
Glucose section of a leaf.
Absence
of
oxygen
→ C2 H 5OH + CO 2 + 2ATP  [CBSE Term 1, Set 1, 2016]
Ethanol energy
Ans.
Cross Section of Leaf
Q. 8. State where are stomata ideally located.
Are they cellular structures?
[CBSE, Term 1, Set 1, 2016]
Ans. Stomata are located generally at lower
epidermis. Yes, stomata are cellular struc-
tures.
Q. 9. Record your observations when a stained
and mounted leaf peel is viewed by you
under high power (45 X) microscope.
 [CBSE, Term 1, Set 1, 2015]
Ans. (i)  The process (stomatal process) in
which stomatal pores are clearly seen.
(ii) Each stomata has two kidney shaped
cells (guard cells) having one nucleus
and many chloroplasts each.
Short Answer Type Questions-II
Q. 1. (a) 
State the role played by the following
in the process of digestion.
(i) Enzyme trypsin
(ii) Enzyme lipase
(b) 
List two functions of finger like
projections present in the small
intestine. [CBSE OD, Set 1, 2020]
Ans. (i) Trypsin is an enzyme that helps
(a) 
in the digestion of proteins.
In the small intestine, trypsin
breaks down proteins, continuing
the process of digestion
that began in the stomach.
It may also be referred to as a
proteolytic enzyme, or proteinase.
Trypsin is produced by the
pancreas in an inactive form called
trypsinogen. The trypsinogen
enters the small intestine through
the common bile duct and is
converted into active trypsin.
This active trypsin acts with the
other two principal digestive
Q. 10. (i) Name two waste products which are
stored in old xylem in plants.
(ii) Name the process by which plants
get rid of excess water. Name the
pores through which this process
takes place.
 [CBSE, Term 1, Set 2, 2015]
Ans. (i) Resin and gums are the two wastes
which are stored in old xylem in plants.
(ii) Transpiration is the process by which
plants get rid of excess water.
Stomatal pores are the pores through
which transpiration takes place.
Q. 11. Identify the observed various parts of
temporary mount of well stained leaf
peel, when focussed under the high
power of a microscope.
 [CBSE, Term 1, Set 2, 2015]
Ans. Parts of temporary mount of well stained
leaf peel are:
(i) Stomatal aperture (opened) or
(closed)
(ii) Guard cells
(iii) Chloroplast
(iv) Nucleus
(v) Epidermal cells
(3 marks each)
proteinases namely pepsin and
chymotrypsin, to breakdown
dietary protein into peptides and
amino acids. These amino acids
are essential for muscle growth,
hormone production and other
important bodily functions.
Lipase enzyme breaks down
(ii) 
dietary fats into smaller molecules
known as glycerol and fatty acids.
A little quantity of lipase, known
as gastric lipase is produced by the
cells of the stomach. This enzyme
mainly digests fat present in the
food. The pancreas is the primary
source of lipase in the digestive
tract, which produces pancreatic
lipase which acts in the small
intestine. The bile produced in the
liver and liberated in the intestine
transform dietary fat to smaller
fat globules. Pancreatic lipase acts
on these fat globules and converts
them into glycerol and fatty acids
 that are small, energy molecules.
Glycerol and fatty acids move in
blood and lymph vessels to move
in every part of the body.
The inner surface of the small
(b) 
intestine has numerous finger-like
projections called villi which increase
the surface area for rapid absorption
of digested food. The digested food
which is absorbed through the walls
of the small intestine goes into our
blood.
Q. 2. List in tabular form three distinguishing
features between autotrophic nutrition
and heterotrophic nutrition.
 [CBSE OD, Set 1, 2019]
Ans.
S. No. Autotrophic Heterotrophic
nutrition nutrition
1. In this mode In this mode of
of nutrition nutrition the
organisms make organisms do not
their own food. make their own
food.
2. CO2 and H2O are They depend on
required for the autotrophs for their
preparation of food food either directly
as raw materials. or undirectly.
3. Chlorophyll and Chlorophyll and
sunlight are sunlight are not
essentially needed. needed.
Q. 3. What is transpiration? List its two
­functions. [CBSE OD, Set 1, 2019]
Ans. The evaporation of water from the aerial
parts of a plant is called transpiration.
Functions of transpiration:
(i) It helps in the upward movement of
water and minerals from root to the
leaves through the stem and in the
absorption.
(ii) It helps in cooling the plant surface.
It helps in the movement of dissolved
minerals from root to leaves.
Q. 4. (a)  What is translocation? Why is it
essential for plants?
(b) Where do the substances in plants
reach as a result of translocation?
 [CBSE OD, Set 1, 2019]
Ans. (a)  The transport of food from leaves
to other parts of the plant is called
translocation. Translocation is
essential for plants because without
it food prepared by the leaves cannot
reach other parts of the plant for their
growth and development.
(b)  The substances in plants reach to
other tissues in plants from the leaves,
fruits, seeds and other growing organs
as a result of translocation.
Q. 5. List two types of the transport system in
human beings and write the functions
of any one of these.
 [CBSE OD, Set 2, 2019]
Ans. Lymphatic system and blood circulatory
system are the two types of transport
system in human beings.
Functions of blood circulatory system:
(i) It carries nutrients and oxygen to all
cells in the body.
(ii) It removes CO2 from the body cells.
(iii) It carries digested food from the small
intestine to other parts of the body.
(iv)  It carries hormones from endocrine
glands to different organs of the body.
Q. 6. Write three types of blood vessels. Give
one important feature of each.
 [CBSE Delhi, Set 1, 2019]
Ans. The three types of blood vessels are:
(i) Arteries
(ii) Veins
(iii) Capillaries
(i) Arteries: They carry oxygenated blood
from the heart and transport it to organs.
(ii) Veins: They carry deoxygenated blood
from organs and take this blood to the
heart.
(iii) Capillaries: Arteries and veins divide
to form arterioles and venules. The
nutrients, hormones and gases can dif-
fuse into the tissue cells through the
walls of capillaries and vice versa.
Q. 7. Define the term transpiration. Design an
experiment to demonstrate this process.
 [CBSE Delhi, Set 2, 2019]
Ans. Loss of excess water from the leaves of
plants with the help of stomata is called
as transpiration.
Transpiration Experiment
Material Required: A potted plant, A
polythene, Tape
 Ans. The green plants are called autotrophs.
They make their own food by the process
of photosynthesis.
(i) In this process the plants capture the
sun rays by the pigment present in the
leave called as chlorophyll.
(ii) Conversion of light energy to chemical
energy.
(iii) Splitting of water molecules into
hydrogen and oxygen.
Procedure:
(i) Take a potted plant and enclose the (iv) Then in the presence of carbon dioxide
leaves of the plant with a big plastic or and water they make food for the
polythene bag. plants in the form of glucose. In this
(ii) Now keep the plant in sunlight for two process oxygen gas is also evolved.
hours. Equation for the mechanism:
(iii) After sometime you will observe the Sunlight
CO 2 + H2 O Chlorophyll
→ C6 H12 O 6 + O 2
water droplets on the polythene sheet. Carbon- Glucose
(iv)  It depicts the loss of water from dioxide

the leaves of the plant depicting

transpiration. Q. 9. List in tabular form three differences
between blood and lymph. [CBSE, 2019]
Q. 8. What is photosynthesis? Explain its
mechanism. [CBSE Delhi, Set 3, 2019]

Topper’s Answers
Q. 10. Write one function of each of the
following components of the transport
system in human beings:
(a) Blood vessels (b) Lymph
(c) Heart
 [CBSE, Term 1, Set 1, 2016]
Ans. (a) Blood vessels: They carry blood
throughout the body.
(b) Lymph: It is a clear fluid that travels
through the tissues to dense them
and keep them firm.
(c) Heart: It pumps oxygenated blood to
the body and deoxygenated blood to
the lungs for purification.
Q. 11. Bile juice does not contain any enzyme
but bile salts are important for digestion
and absorption of fats. State reason.
 [CBSE, Term 1, Set 2, 2015]
Ans. Bile is a digestive juice secreted by the
liver. Although it does not contain any
digestive enzymes, it plays an important
role in the digestion of fats.
Bile is alkaline and contains salts which
helps to emulsify or break the fats (or
lipids) present in the food. Thus, bile
performs two functions:
Long Answer Type Questions
Q. 1. (a) 
Write the correct sequence of steps
followed during journey of oxygen
rich blood from lungs to various
organs of human body.
(b) 
What happens when the system of
blood vessels develop a leak?
[CBSE OD, Set 1, 2020]
Ans. (a) (i) Oxygenated blood from lungs
enters through the pulmonary
vein into left atrium.
(ii) The left atrium relaxes while
collecting the oxygenated blood.
Then the left atrium contract and
the blood goes into left ventricle.
(iii) The left ventricle relaxes while
receiving the oxygenated blood
then it contracts and the blood
flows into different organs and
parts of the body.
(iv) The deoxygenated blood from
different parts of the body enters
(i) Makes the acidic food coming from
the stomach alkaline so that pancreatic
enzymes can act on it.
(ii) Bile salts break the fats present in the
food into small globules making it
easy for the enzymes to act and digest
them.
Q. 12. (a) State reason for the following:
(i) Rings of cartilage are present in
the trachea.
(ii) Plants look green in colour.
(b) Write other names of the following:
(i) Alveolar sac
(ii) Voice box
 [CBSE, Term 1, Set 2, 2015]
Ans. (a) (i) Rings of cartilage are present in
the trachea so that trachea does
not collapse even when there is no
air in it.
(ii) Plants look green in colour because
of the presence of a green pigment
called chlorophyll in it.
(b) (i) Alveolar sac → Air sac
(ii) Voice box → Larynx
(5 marks each)
the right atrium through superior
and inferior vena cava.
(v) The right atrium contract and the
blood flows into right ventricle.
(vi) The right ventricle relaxes while
receiving the deoxygenated blood
then it contracts and the blood
flows into lungs for oxygenation
through pulmonary artery.
(b) Leakage would lead to a loss of
pressure which would reduce the
efficiency of the pumping system. To
avoid this, the blood has platelet cells
which circulate around the body and
plug these leaks by helping to clot the
blood at these points of injury.
Q. 2. (a)  How do leaves of plants help in
excretion? Explain briefly.
(b) Describe the structure and function
of a nephron.
[CBSE OD, Set 2, 2020]
Ans. (a) The cellular respiration, photosynthe-
sis, and the other metabolic reactions
produce a lot of excretory products in
plants. Carbon dioxide, excess water
produced during respiration and
nitrogenous compounds produced
during protein metabolism are the
major excretory products in plants.
Plants produce two gaseous the waste
products i.e., oxygen during photosyn-
thesis and carbon dioxide during res-
piration. Excretion of gaseous waste
in plants takes place through stomatal
pores on leaves. Oxygen released dur-
ing photosynthesis is used for respi-
ration while carbon dioxide released
during respiration is used for pho-
tosynthesis. Excess of water is also
excreted from the plant body through
the stomatal pores and from the sur-
faces of fruits and stems. The process
of elimination of water is called tran-
spiration. Besides these leaves helps
in excretion through a process called
abscission. Abscission is falling off old
and yellow leaves. By the help of this
process plants get rid off toxins etc.
Many plants store waste materials in
the vacuoles of mesophyll cells and
epidermal cells. When old leaves fall,
the waste materials are excreted along
with the leaves. Other than gaseous
wastes, metabolism in plants also
generates organic by-products. These
wastes are stored in different forms in
different parts. The gums, oils, latex,
resins, etc. are some waste products
stored in plant parts like barks, stems,
leaves, etc. Eventually, plants shed off
these parts.
(b) A nephron is the basic structural and
functional unit of the kidney. They are
the microscopic structure composed
of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule.
The mammalian nephron is a long tube-
like structure, its length varying from
35–55 mm long. At one end, the tube
is closed, folded and expanded, into
a double-walled, a cup like structure
called the Bowman’s capsule or renal
corpuscular capsule, which encloses
a cluster of microscopic blood vessels
called the glomerulus. This capsule
and glomerulus together constitute
the renal corpuscle.
The structure of nephron comprises two
major portions:
(i) Renal Tubule
(ii) Renal Corpuscle
The major function of tubules is
reabsorption and the process can either
be through active transport or passive
transport. In addition, secretions by
tubules help in the urine formation
without affecting the electrolyte balance
of the body.
Function of Nephron:
The primary function of nephron is
removing all waste products including
the solid wastes and other excess water
from the blood, converting into the urine,
reabsorption, secretion and excretion
of numerous substances. As the blood
passes through the glomerulus with high
pressure, the small molecules are moved
into the glomerular capsules and travel
through a winding series of tubules. The
cell present in each tube absorbs different
molecules excluding the glucose, water
and other beneficial molecules which are
called as the ultra filtrate. As the ultra-
filtrate molecules travel down the tubules
they become more and more hypertonic,
which results in more amount of water
to be extracted from the ultra-filtrate
before it exits the nephrons. The blood
surrounding the nephron travels back
into the body through the renal blood
vessels, which are free of toxins and other
excess substances. The obtained ultra-
filtrate is urine, which travels down via
the collecting duct to the bladder, where
it will be stored and released through the
urethra.
Q. 3. (a) Why is there a difference in the
rate of breathing between aquatic
organisms and terrestrial organisms?
Explain.
(b) 
Draw a diagram of human respira-
tory system and label — pharynx,
trachea, lungs, diaphragm and alve-
olar sac on it.
[CBSE Delhi, Set 1, 2020]
Ans. (a) There is a difference in the rate of
breathing between the aquatic organ-
isms and terrestrial organisms because
the amount of dissolved oxygen in the
water in much less than the amount
on land, so they have to breathe more
in order to get more oxygen. The
breathing rate of aquatic animals is
faster than that of terrestrial animals
because the amount of oxygen avail-
able in dissolved form is extremely
low in concentration as compared to
oxygen available in the air and the
aquatic animals acquire oxygen that is
dissolved in water. Oxygen is the nec-
essary element for the survival of all
organisms on earth except anaerobes.
(b) 
Q. 4. (a) Name the organs that form the
excretory system in human beings.
(b) Describe in brief how urine is pro-
duced in human body.
[CBSE Delhi, Set 1, 2020]
Ans. (a) The human excretory system com-
prises of the following structures:
(i) 2 Kidneys
(ii) 2 Ureters
(iii) 1 Urinary bladder
(iv) 1 Urethra
(b) Urine formation is carried out by
the excretory system. The nephrons
play a major role in this. They carry
out urine formation in various steps
like glomerular filtration, selective
reabsorption and tubular secretion.
(i) Each nephron has a glomerulus,
the site of blood filtration. The
glomerulus is a network of
capillaries surrounded by a cup like
structure, the glomerular capsule (or
Bowman’s capsule). As blood flows
through the glomerulus, blood
pressure pushes water and solutes
from the capillaries into the capsule
through a filtration membrane. This
glomerular filtration begins the
urine formation process.
(ii) Inside the glomerulus, blood
pressure pushes fluid from
capillaries into the glomerular
capsule through a specialized layer
of cells. In this layer, the filtration
membrane, allows water and
small solutes to pass but blocks
blood cells and large proteins.
Those components remain in the
bloodstream. The filtrate flows from
the glomerular capsule further into
the nephron.
(iii) The resulting filtrate contains
waste, but also other substances the
body needs such as essential ions,
glucose, amino acids and smaller
proteins. When the filtrate exits the
glomerulus, it flows into a duct in
the nephron called the renal tubule.
(iv) Waste ions and hydrogen ions
pass from the capillaries into
the renal tubule. This process is
called secretion. The secreted ions
combine with the remaining filtrate
and become urine. The urine flows
out of the nephron tubule into a
collecting duct. It passes out of the
kidney and down to the bladder.
Urine is a liquid or water waste
product that passes through your
urinary tract and is expelled from
the body through the urethra. It
contains 90-95% water.
Q. 5. (a) A gas is released during photosyn- The opening and closing of stomata
thesis. Name the gas and also state is regulated by the guard cells can be
the way by which the gas is evolved. depicted diagrammatically as follows:
(b) What are stomata ? What governs
the opening and closing of stomata?
[CBSE Delhi, Set 3, 2020]
Ans. (a) Oxygen gas is released during the
process of photosynthesis. Carbon
dioxide and water present in the air
takes the light energy from the sun
and in the presence of the chlorophyll
pigment converts the CO2 and H2O Open and closed stomata
into glucose and oxygen gas is evolved
in the process. Q. 6. (a) 
Draw a diagram of human
The reaction of photosynthesis is as alimentary canal and label – gall
follows: bladder, pancreas, liver and small
intestine on it.
(b) 
Give two reasons to explain why
absorption of digested food occurs
mainly in the small intestine.
[CBSE Delhi, Set 3, 2020]
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 Ans. (a) Human alimentary canal diagram:
The oxygen during the process of
photosynthesis mainly comes from
the splitting of the water molecule
in the presence of the sunlight and
during the process of photosynthesis
the plants absorb water and carbon
dioxide. The excess oxygen gathered
is released into the atmosphere which
is utilised by the humans for the
breathing.
(b) The small openings or pores on the
lower surface of the leaves are called
stomata. Stomatal pores in plants
regulate the amount of water and
solutes within them by opening and
closing their guard cells using osmotic
pressure. In order for plants to
produce energy and maintain cellular (b) The small intestine is the most impor-
respiration. The exchange of the gases tant part of the digestive system. Max-
occurs across the surface of the stems, imum absorption occurs in the small
roots and leaves as well. Also the intestine because of the following rea-
large amount of water can also be lost sons:
through the stomata, thus to prevent (i) Digestion is completed in the small
this the plant closes these pores intestine because the inner lining of
when carbon dioxide is not needed the small intestine is provided with
for photosynthesis. The opening and villi which increase the surface area
closing of the pores is the function of for absorption of digested food.
the guard cells. The guard cells swell (ii) Villi of the intestine is richly supplied
when water flows into them, causing with blood vessels which assimilate
the stomatal pore to open similarly the the absorbed food to the other parts
pore closes if the guard cells shrink. of the body.
Q. 7. (a)  Mention any two components of
blood.
(b) Trace the movement of oxygenated
blood in the body.
(c) Write the function of valves present
Q. 8. (a) Define excretion.
in between atria and ventricles.
(b) Name the basic filtration unit
(d) Write one structural difference bet-
ween the composition of artery and
veins. [CBSE, 2018]
Ans. (a) Red blood cells and white blood cells
are the components of blood.
(b) The oxygenated blood goes into the left
atrium from there it goes to the left ven-
tricle and then to all the body organs.
(c) Valves prevents the backflow of blood
from the ventricles to the atrium.
Topper’s Answers
(d) Walls of arteries are thick and they
carry oxygenated blood whereas
walls of vein are thin and they carry
deoxygenated blood.
present in the kidney.
(c) 
Draw excretory system in human
beings and label the following
organs of excretory system which
perform the following functions:
(i) forms urine.
(ii) is a long tube which collects
urine from kidney.
(iii) Store urine until it is passed
out. [CBSE, 2018]
Ans. (a) The process of removing toxic waste
from the human body is called excretion.
(b) Nephron is the basic filtration unit
present in the kidney.
(c)
(i) Kidney, (ii) Ureter, (iii) Urinary Bladder.
Q. 9. (a) State the form in which the following
are stored:
(i) Unused carbohydrates in plants.
(ii) The energy derived from food in
humans.
(b) Describe the process of nutrition in
amoeba with the help of diagram.
 [CBSE, Term 1, Set 1, 2016]
Ans. (a) (i) The form of starch.
(ii) In the form of ATP or ADP.
(b) Nutrition in Amoeba: Amoeba consumes
food with the help of pseudopodia.
Pseudopodia are temporary finger like
projections of the cell surface, which
fuse over the food particles. This results
in the formation of food vacuole.
Inside this food vacuole complex
substances are broken down into simple
ones. These are then diffused into the cell
cytoplasm. The remaining undigested
material is thrown out of the cell surface.
Q. 10. (a) Explain how the separation of oxy-
genated and deoxygenated blood is
useful in humans?
(b) Why is double circulation of blood
necessary in humans?
 [CBSE, Term 1, Set 1, 2015]
Humans have four chambered heart
Ans. (a) 
which consists of two atria and two ven-
tricles. In a four chambered heart, the left
side and right side of the heart are com-
pletely separated to prevent the oxygen-
ated blood from mixing with deoxygen-
ated blood. Such a separation allows a
highly efficient supply of oxygen to the
body cells which is necessary for pro-
ducing a lot of energy. This energy is
useful for warm blooded animals (like
humans) which have high energy needs
to maintain their body temperature.
All the animals which have four
(b) 
chambered heart have double
circulation in which the blood
passes through the heart ‘twice’ in
one complete cycle of the body. This
ensures the separation of oxygenated
blood from deoxygenated blood.
Explanation:
Double circulation: The blood
travels twice through the heart in one
complete cycle of the body and is called
double circulation. It involves two
circulations:
(i) Pulmonary circulation: The
pathway of the blood from the heart
to the lungs and back to the heart
is called pulmonary circulation. It
is small circulation. Deoxygenated
blood in the right ventricle flows
into the vascular system of the
lungs, becomes oxygenated and
returns to the left atrium through
pulmonary veins.
(ii) Systemic circulation: The path-
way of the blood from the heart
to the rest of the body and back to
the heart is called systemic circu-
lation. It is large circulation. Left
ventricle sends the blood into the
aorta. Aorta divides into arteries,
arterioles and capillaries and sup-
plies oxygenated blood to various
parts of the body. From there the
deoxygenated blood is collected
by venules, which join to form
veins and finally vena cava pours
blood back into right atrium.