Applied Acoustics 161 (2020) 107081

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Applied Acoustics
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apacoust

Investigation of effective factors of woven structure fabrics for acoustic

absorption
Huiqin Li a,b,⇑, Nan Zhang a,b, Xiaodan Fan a,b, Jixian Gong a,b, Jianfei Zhang a,b, Xiaoming Zhao a,b
a
School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, No. 399 Binshui Xi Road, Xi Qing District, Tianjin 300387, China
b
Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Composites, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin 300387, China

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Textiles have been used as noise reduction materials in construction, automotive and other industries for
Received 19 August 2019 its performance of porous, light and easy processing, but few studies have been done on the sound
Received in revised form 24 September absorption properties of woven fabrics. In this study, effect of structural factors of woven fabrics on
2019
acoustic absorption was investigated. Fabrics with plain, twill and honeycomb weave were weaved with
Accepted 30 September 2019
identical warp density and employed as the samples for acoustical measurement, which were measured
with acoustical detecting platform based on impedance tube. A novel date processing method was con-
structed to evaluate the acoustic absorption performance of the woven fabrics. The results show that
Keywords:
Acoustic absorption
there is no significant correlation of fabric sound absorption performance with fabric thickness, surface
Acoustical property density and porosity. This indicated that the mechanism of acoustic absorption of woven fabrics may dis-
Woven fabric similar with the one in other kind of fiber aggregates, such as felts and nonwovens. Although pore char-
Fabric texture acteristics are important factors affecting the acoustic properties of woven fabrics, the effect of pore
characteristics on acoustic absorption of textiles cannot be simple attributed to porosity. The size and
shape of the pores may also play an important part on sound absorption performance of woven fabrics.
Ó 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

1. Introduction
Noise has become one of the four major pollution types in the
world. Constant exposure to noises can cause a series of health
problems, such as hearing loss, cardiovascular disease, and sleep
disorder [1,2]. In recent years, noise control has received much
attention for improving living environments.
Among various sound absorption materials, textiles are
regarded as a promising alternative to the traditional porous mate-
rials due to their light weight, high machinability and cheap costs.
The application range of textile sound absorber is gradually
increasing in noise reduction and vibration control for its good
acoustic absorption properties in high frequency band [3]. Textiles
applied in sound absorption areas include nonwoven, woven and
knitted fabrics.
In recent years, most of the sound-absorbing textile materials
studied are nonwovens and felts. Compared with nonwovens and
felts based on fiber, the sound absorption properties of woven fab-
rics are relatively poor due to its thinner thickness. However,
woven fabrics has been generally used in household textiles and
⇑ Corresponding author at: School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong
University, No. 399 Binshui Xi Road, Xi Qing District, Tianjin 300387, China.
E-mail address: zhxlihuiqin@163.com (H. Li).
automobile decorations for its good structural design ability and
dimensional stability. Nowadays, versatility become an obviously
trend for decorative textiles. For example, window curtain is
expected to have not only the conventional performance, such as
the shading property and heat preservation, but also novel capabil-
ity, such as flame retardant, antibiotic and the sound absorption
[4].
Considering textiles are economical and efficient in noise reduc-
tion, a series of works have been done to investigate the relation-
ship between noise reduction coefficient and various structural
parameters of fibrous materials. Several empirical and theoretical
models have been developed to characterize the acoustic absorp-
tion properties [5–7]. The structural factor, such as fiber length,
fiber diameter, porosity, bulk density and thickness, was mainly
considered in modeling process. Despite intensive studies of fac-
tors related to the sound absorption of fabrics, the correlation of
texture of woven textiles and sound adsorption still need further
investigation.
In this study, several kinds of woven fabrics with familiar tex-
ture was prepared with the same fiber and the acoustic absorption
properties were measured by the impedance tube experiment.
Then, a novel evaluation method was used based on the measure-
ment of sound absorption performance of woven fabrics. The
effects of thickness, bulk density and porosity were discussed to

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2019.107081
0003-682X/Ó 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
2 H. Li et al. / Applied Acoustics 161 (2020) 107081
investigate the relationship of structural factors in woven fabrics
and sound-absorbing ability. Thus, the mechanism of acoustic
absorption properties of woven fabrics affected by woven texture
was illuminated in this study.
2. Experimental
2.1. Material
The selected material is 21S polyester yarn, one kind of yarn has
an ordinary circular cross section, recorded as 1#. The other yarn
has a triangular cross section, recorded as 2#. Yarn is supplied by
Hangzhou Zhongli Chemical Fiber Co., Ltd.
2.2. Preparation of woven fabrics
The woven fabrics were woven with three kinds of familiar tex-
ture, which is plain, twill and honeycomb. All the fabric samples
were designed with the same warp and weft density. Two kinds
of polyester fibers with different section, ordinary round section
and triangular section, were employed as the raw materials.
Samples are woven on DWL5016 semi-automatic weaving
machine. 6 polyester woven fabrics with a specification of 15 cm
* 15 cm are woven. Among them, three samples are made of 1#
polyester yarn which tissue are plain weave, twill and honeycomb
respectively; then three single layer samples of plain weave, twill
and honeycomb were woven by 2# polyester yarn.
When the samples were prepared, the structural parameter of
the fabric samples were measured (Table 1).
2.3. Sound-absorbing performance test
The equipment used is the SCM201 type impedance tube pro-
duced by LMS in Belgium, the schematic diagram of the sound
absorbing device is shown in the following Fig. 1. In this picture,
1 is the microphone called MicA (reference microphone), 2 is the
microphone called MicB, 3 is the sample to be measured.
When the acoustic wave is incident from one medium to
another medium with different acoustic properties, reflections will
occur at the interface between the two mediums. Part of the energy
of the incident sound wave will return to the first medium. In tilted
incidence, the reflection angle is equal to the incident angle. The
value of the sound energy absorbed and transmitted divided by
total acoustic energy that is incident on the material is called the
sound absorption coefficient a.
In order to discuss the influence of structural factors of the fab-
rics on its sound absorption performance, in this test, the samples
is all attached to the rigid wall to eliminate the influence of air gap
as far as possible.
2.4. Data processing
The integral of the curve can be obtained by processing with
Origin software. Since the human ear is most sensitive to the sound
Table 1
Structural parameter of the fabric sample.
Yarn Texture Warp density (root/10 cm)
1# plain 280
twill 280
honeycomb 280
2# plain 280
twill 280
honeycomb 280
Fig. 1. Sound absorption equipment schematic diagram.
between 1000 and 3000 Hz frequency, the integral data of this part
of the frequency band are discussed in this paper.
When it is necessary to exclude the influence of certain factors
on the sound absorption properties of fabrics, the data should be
processing, such as the sound absorption coefficient per unit thick-
ness can be obtained by dividing the sound absorption coefficient
of each fabric by its own thickness.
3. Results and discussions
3.1. Influence of fabrics thickness on sound absorption performance
The sound absorption coefficient of the woven fabric samples
with different texture were measured with sound-absorbing mate-
rial detection system based impedance tube (Fig. 2).
Sound absorption coefficient is the important symbol for acous-
tic property of materials and is usually employed to estimate the
ability of sound-absorbing. From the results, it can be seen that
the sound absorption performance of the samples with various tex-
ture is quite different. Furthermore, the predominance of each
samples in sound absorption varies in the range of 500–5000 Hz.
In medium frequency, the sample with the biggest sound absorp-
tion coefficient is the fabric with twill weave produced by 1# fiber,
while in high frequency the plain structure fabric produced with 2#
fiber have the biggest absorption. It also can be seen that there
have a peak in about 770 Hz, which may associated with the inher-
ent characterization of woven fabric. This indicated that woven
fabrics may have potential as absorber to low frequency noises,
which is more harmful to human health as a kind of latent
pollution.
In the case of measurement of sound absorption, information
abstraction of sound absorption curves is a problem. In other
words, it should be considered how to establish the connection
of the sound absorption data in these curves with the structural
factor of the woven fabrics. Comparison of the curve of the sound
absorption coefficient is the familiar method to evaluate the
sound-absorbing capability of the samples. The disadvantage of
this method is that it is difficult to compare the performance of
the samples accurately. Another way to characterize acoustic
absorption of materials is the utilizing of the average of the sound
absorption coefficient date at six typical frequency. Although this
way of date analysis can achieve the quantification of the informa-
tion in the curves, the result is fairly coarse and should be
improved.
Weft density (root/10 cm) Thickness (mm) Bulk density(kg/m3)
296 0.46 362.1309
440 0.59 362.9468
372 1.19 146.2213
308 0.37 457.0176
448 0.43 488.9262
554 1.23 196.0886
 H. Li et al. / Applied Acoustics 161 (2020) 107081 3

0.30 In this study, in order to characterize the sound-absorbing abil-

1# Plain weave ity accurately, the sound absorption curve was integrated, so that
1# Twill weave the size of the area below the curve can be used to value the sound
0.25
Sound absorption coefficient

1# Honeycomb weave absorption coefficient. It is believed that the frequency range of

2# Plain weave sound which is sensitive to human ear is 1000–3000 Hz, so in this
0.20 2# Twill weave investigation the sound absorption curve between 1000 and
2# Honeycomb weave 3000 Hz was integrated and the value was applied to characterize
0.15 the sound absorption ability of the woven fabrics (Fig. 3).
It can be seen in Fig. 3 that the acoustical performance of the
samples with different texture can be presented with a quantized
0.10
manner. With this data processing method, the diversity of each
sample can be enlarged and lay out clearly and precisely, and the
0.05 characterization of sound absorption of the samples can be valued
and compared at the given frequency range. The result in Fig. 3
0.00 shows that 1# twill weave fabric have the largest acoustical
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 absorption capability.
Frequency/Hz It is generally believed that the thickness is a crucial factor
affecting the acoustic properties of fiber assemblies [8]. In this
Fig. 2. Sound absorption coefficient of woven fabrics with different fiber and study, the correlation between the thickness of the woven fabric
weave.
samples and its sound-absorbing ability was investigated, the
results are shown in (Fig. 4), and then the sound absorption coeffi-
250 cient curve in 1000–3000 Hz was integrated (Fig. 5).
Value of area integrated by sound absorption

The result in Fig. 5 showed that the sound-absorbing ability of

woven samples with various texture was not correlated with the
200
thickness of the fabrics. This is different with the case of sound-
proof performance of solid materials, such as wall, metal plate
coefficient curve

and composite materials.

150
It is believed that thickness is a crucial parameter involved in
structural factor correlated with the propagation of acoustic wave
100 in fiber assemblies [9,10]. For instance, it was reported that the
sound absorption coefficient of the panel produced by basalt fiber
increase with thickness and density [11]. Thus, thickness is consid-
50 ered in most of the micro-structural models which were developed
to characterize the acoustic absorption properties [12]. Also, it was
found that a thicker and denser knitted fabric does have better
0 sound absorbent properties [13].
1# plain 1# twill 1# honeycomb 2# plain 2# twill 2# honeycomb
However, the result in this investigation showed that the sound
Fabric weave absorption ability of woven fabrics was not agreement with the
Fig. 3. Value of area integrated by sound absorption coefficient curve of woven
thickness of the textiles. This result of sound-absorbing behavior
fabrics with different fiber and weave. of these samples indicate that thickness may be not the dominate

2# Plain weave
2# Twill weave
1# Plain weave
1# Twill weave
Sound absorption coeff

1# Honeycomb weave
2# Honeycomb weave
icient

0.2
0.4
30 0
00

0.6
28
0
26 0
Th

00
24 0

0.8
ick

0
2 0 20
ne

z
20

1.0
ss/

cy/H
0
18 0
mm

uen
00
16 0

1.2 q
0
14

Fre
0
12 0

1.4
00
10
0

Fig. 4. Sound absorption coefficient curves of samples with different thicknesses.

4 H. Li et al. / Applied Acoustics 161 (2020) 107081

250 250

Value of area integrated by sound absorption

Value of area integrated by sound absorption

240 240

230 230
coefficient curved

coefficient curve
220 220

210 210

200 200

190 190

180 180
0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
3
Thickness/mm Density/(kg/m )

Fig. 5. Relationship between thickness and sound absorption. Fig. 7. Relationship between density and sound absorption.

factor on the acoustic property of woven fabrics. The variety of sound absorption coefficients of samples with very similar volume
bulk density and porosity may be the reason of this uncertainty density, such as plain weave fabric and twill weave fabric both pro-
of sound absorption associated with the thickness of woven duced by 1# fiber, are quite different, while the fabrics with very
fabrics. different volume density, such as honeycomb weave fabric made
with 1# fiber and plain cloth weaved with 2# fiber, have the similar
3.2. Influence of density on sound absorption performance sound absorption effects.
Bulk density is generally believe as an important parameters of
Bulk density was considered as another key factor in the perfor- sound absorber. It was reported that the sound absorption coeffi-
mance of sound absorption of fiber assemblies. The sound absorp- cient of waste wool/EVA composites in medium and high fre-
tion coefficient of the woven fabrics with different texture were quency bands can be improved by properly increasing the
measured and then the relationship between the density of the density of the materials [14]. Hua et al. [15] prepared wool-
samples and its sound-absorbing ability was analyzed by compare based absorbent materials and found that with the increase of den-
of the integral area of the sound absorption coefficient curve of sity, the sound absorption properties at high frequencies were
each samples (Fig. 6), and then the sound absorption coefficient improved. In the research of Shen [16], viscose-based activated
curve in 1000–3000 Hz was integrated (Fig. 7). carbon fiber felts with different specifications were prepared, the
From the relationship between the density of the fabric and the test results show that the sound absorption performance of the
sound absorption performance, it can be seen that the fabric den- material is better with the increase of specific thickness and sur-
sity is not correlated with the sound absorption coefficient. The face density.

0.25
Sound absorption coefficient

0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.01050
200
250
30
28 0
00
De

300
26

00
nsi

24 0

350
ty(

22

00
20 0
0

400
k

/Hz
g/m

18
00

ncy
16 0
0

450
3)

e
14
00

qu
12 0

Fre
0

500
10
00
0

Fig. 6. Sound absorption coefficient curves of samples with different densities.

 H. Li et al. / Applied Acoustics 161 (2020) 107081 5

Currently, microstructural models have been established to for- 100

Porosity
mulate the acoustic absorption of materials [17]. The structural 90 Air permeability 350
factors, such as fiber length, fiber diameter, porosity, bulk density
80
and thickness, was involved in the construction of micro- 300

Air permeability/(mm/s)
structural models. At present, available studies were focus on 70
fibrous materials in shape of membrane, nonwoven, felts. In this 250
60

Porosity/%
case, the products obtained with the same technics have the sim-
50 200
ilar structure. Thus, the fiber assemblies in shape of membrane,
nonwoven and felts respectively with the same bulk density may 40 150
have the similar structure. 30
However, the structure of woven fabrics can be designed and 100
20
controlled. Consequently, the woven fabrics with the same bulk
50
density may have different structure. In the study of effect of struc- 10
ture of woven fabrics on sound absorption, the fiber arrangement 0 0
also should be considered. 1# plain 1# twill 1# honeycomb 2# plain 2# twill 2# honeycomb

Although fibrous material have been widely used in sound Fabric weave
absorption, the effect of fiber arrangement on acoustical perfor-
Fig. 8. The relationship between porosity and air permeability.
mance was seldom investigated for most of the fiber assemblies,
such as sound absorbing products in the shape of felt and
nonwoven. theoretically, the air permeability of the fabric was tested and
Compared with nonwovens, the arrangement of fibers in woven the results are shown in Fig. 8.
fabrics is more regular. Thus, the effect of structure constructed by It can be seen from Fig. 8, porosity and air permeability have a
fibers within the fabrics on sound absorption should be considered. positive correlation. In order to study the characteristics of fabric
pore and its influence on acoustic performance, the relationship
3.3. Influence of pore structure on sound absorption performance between fabric porosity and its sound absorption effects was inves-
tigated (Figs. 9–11).
3.3.1. Effect of porosity on sound absorption It can be seen from Fig. 10, that the porosity and air permeabil-
The arrangement of fibers and yarns produced the variety of ity of fabrics are not related to the sound absorption performance.
porosity character of fabrics. In order to study the effect of fabric In Fig. 10, the porosity of 1 # plain weave fabric and 1 # twill weave
porosity on the sound absorption of the fabric, the porosity of fabric are the same, but the test results show that the sound
the fabric used for the samples with different fabric texture were absorption efficiency of fabrics is obviously different.
examined (Table 2). The porosity of fabric can be calculated by for- In the study of Young A Kang et al. [19], seven fabric with differ-
mula (1) and (2). ent air permeability were woven by the thick staple yarn and the
thin draw-textured yarn, it was found that the sound absorption
dy  d
gy ¼  100 ð1Þ effect improved with the increase of air permeability. It was
dy reported that kapok-based nonwoven fabrics with smaller pore
size or larger porosity have better sound absorption performance
G of materials at low frequencies [20].
d¼ ð2Þ
T However, the results in this experiment does not follow the
In formula (1), gy represent the porosity of fabric. dy is the bulk conclusion mentioned in above studies. The effects of pore size
density of the yarn, that is, the volume of all yarn including the and shape on the sound absorption properties of fabrics should
outer contour of the yarn. The volume of the polyester yarn is be further studied.
1.38 g/cm3. d is the bulk density of the woven fabric, its unit is g/
cm3; G is the mass per unit area of the fabric, its unit is g/cm2, gen-
3.3.2. Effect of pore size and shape on sound absorption
erally refers to the value under the condition of official regain; T is
In the structural factors related to porosity of the fabric, in addi-
the thickness of the fabric, its unit is cm. According to the known
tion to the number of pores, the size and shape of pores are also
parameters of each fabric, the calculated porosity values are shown
worth studying. In this experiment, two kinds of yarns with differ-
in the following table.
ent cross-sections (Fig. 12) were used to weave the fabric with
In this experiment, the porosity is calculated rather than mea-
plain weave, twill weave and honeycomb weave (Fig. 13). Among
sured, because no suitable direct test method has been found for
them, the cross-section of the fiber and the fabric texture are dif-
the measurement of porosity in fabrics. However, it is believed that
ferent, which will affect the state of the fabric pore.
there is a very close relationship between air permeability and
From the optical images of six samples, it can be found that the
porosity. Previous research have shown that the value of air per-
pore sizes and shapes of these samples are really different. The
meability can describe the ability of air through the fabric poros-
shape and size of the pore structure in woven fabrics with different
ity.[18]. So as to verify the reliability of the porosity calculated
fabric texture are obviously varied. And even the samples with the
same fabric texture also have different pore structure for the appli-
Table 2 cation of fibers with different section. The shape and size may be
Porosity of each woven fabric samples. also the crucial factor in the pore structure of woven fabrics, which
Fabric category dy(g/cm3) d(g/cm3) gy(%) play an important role in the sound absorption capability of
fabrics.
1# plain 1.38 0.3621 73.761
1# twill 0.3629 73.702
The impact of pore size and pore shape have already attracted
1# honeycomb 0.1462 89.406 attention in acoustical research. It was found in noise control
2# plain 0.457 66.884 research with wooden perforated panels that the resonance
2# twill 0.4889 64.572 absorption frequency and resonance peak absorption coefficient
2# honeycomb 0.1961 85.79
decreased with the increase of pore size [21]. In the research of
6 H. Li et al. / Applied Acoustics 161 (2020) 107081

0.25
Sound absorption coefficien

0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05
t

0.060
0
65
70

30
00
28 0
Po

00
2 0
75

60
24
ro
sit

0
22 0
80
y/%

00
20
z
cy/H
0
18 0
85 en
00
16

equ
0
14 0

Fr
00
12 0

90
0
10
0

Fig. 9. Sound absorption coefficient curves of samples with different porosity.

250 acoustical properties of hemp particles, it has been found that the
Value of area integrated by sound absorption

gain in sound absorption is mainly due to the particle size distribu-

240 tion of shave (shredded hemp stems) and that the gain in sound
transmission loss is attributed to a shape and size distribution of
230 particles [22]. It was reported that the cross-sectional fibre shape
coefficient curve

can control the acoustical properties and nonacoustical parameters

220 of polyester fibre sound absorbing materials [23].
In this investigation the patterns of plain, twill and honeycomb
weave was simulated with TexGen (Fig. 14), a kind of open source
210
software for simulation of textile structure.
The variety of structure in woven fabrics with different woven
200 texture is clearly presented in the pattern simulated with TexGen
in Fig. 14. In order to study the effect of fiber cross section and fab-
190 ric structure on sound absorption, factors such as thickness and
density should be excluded first. By dividing the sound absorption
65 70 75 80 85 90
coefficient of each fabric by its own thickness and density, the
Porosity/% influence of these two factors can be eliminated.
The experimental results are shown in Fig. 15.
Fig. 10. The relationship between porosity and sound absorption.
From Fig. 15, it can be seen that the sound absorption perfor-
mance of 2# yarn fabrics in full frequency range is more prominent
250
Value of area integrated by sound absorption

after deducting the factors such as thickness and density. And obvi-
ously, after deducting the factors of fabric thickness and density,
240 the acoustic properties of plain weave fabrics woven by the same
kind of yarn are more prominent. It can be seen that the difference
230 of pore size and shape caused by the difference of yarn cross sec-
coefficient curve

tion and fabric weave has a key impact on its sound absorption
220 performance.
On one hand, the fabric woven by the fiber with a triangular
210 section, that is, there are numerous small wedge inside the fabric.
The wedge itself has a good acoustic performance, which is
200 because a physical meaning about the wedge can achieve the grad-
ual transition of the characteristic impedance. This structure is
190 often used as a wall absorber in an anechoic chamber. On the other
hand, it can be seen that the fabric weaving method has a key influ-
280 300 320 340 360 380 ence on the acoustic properties of the fabric. The results are closely
Air permeability/(mm/s) related to the different pore sizes of the three fabrics. The different
weaves of the fabrics make the warp and weft yarns present differ-
Fig. 11. The relationship between air permeating and sound absorption.
 H. Li et al. / Applied Acoustics 161 (2020) 107081 7

Fig. 12. Electron microscope of the cross section of 1# yarn and 2# yarn.

Fig. 13. Photos of woven fabric samples. Plain weave (a), twill (b) and honeycomb (c) texture woven by 1# yarn; Plain weave (d), twill (e) and honeycomb (f) texture woven
by 2# yarn.

Fig. 14. Patterns of plain, twill and honeycomb weave simulated with TexGen.

ent laws of float and sink, thus forming different pore shapes, even
if the yarns used are the same.
4. Conclusion
(1) Unlike felts and nonwovens, there is no significant correla-
tion of sound absorption performance of woven fabrics with
their thickness, bulk density and air permeability.
(2) Pore characteristics, involves porosity, pore size and the
shape of the pore, are important factors affecting the acous-
tic properties of woven fabrics. However, the effect of pore
characteristics on acoustic absorption of textiles cannot be
simple attributed to porosity.
(3) The size and shape of the pores may also play an
important part on sound absorption performance of woven
fabrics.
8 H. Li et al. / Applied Acoustics 161 (2020) 107081

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