Water Treatment Booklet - Combined Rev02

Boiler Water Treatment
&
Cooling Water Treatment
Documentation and
Instructions
Piraeus 2008
FOREWORD
This manual has been edited to specifically apply to Unitor’s Marine Chemical Index
INDEX Page
Market. It has been prepared to give the marine engineer basic insight into
the chemical water treatment of marine propulsion boilers, low pressure 1. Basic Chemistry....................................................................................................3
INTRODUCTION
2. Problems . . . Water.....................................................................................7
of Boiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV
auxiliary and exhaust boilers, diesel engines, evaporators and other
associated equipment. 1 Water Treatment Philosophy and Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3. Boiler Water Treatment
The purpose and design of Unitor marine chemical products is to provide 2 Basic Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
the marine engineer with the most environmentally-friendly products and with
Boiler3 Water
Problems of BoilerSpectrapak
Treatment Water . . . . 310...................................................................10
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
the most practical and simple applications of their use.
Boiler4 Water
Types of Boiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. .Parameter
Treatment - Vessel Data . . . . . . . . . . Limits........................................11
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Unitor has designed the Spectrapak test kits to accurately determine
Combined Boiler Treatment - Chemicals and Parameter Analysis ..........................12
chemical concentrations of the various products and systems they are being 5 Boiler Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
used to check. The Spectrapak tablet system is the most practical and
4. Boiler Water
6 Unitor Treatment
Boiler ProductProducts
Water Treatment Data Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
economical testing system available to the marine engineer. Our water
Product Data Sheet - Liquitreat.................................................................................16
treatment programmes are designed to utilize the simplest water testing 7 Combined Treatment for Low Pressure Boiler Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Product Data Sheet - Condensate Control................................................................18
procedures along with the assistance of our worldwide service personnel and 8 Tests for Boiler Water, Low Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Unitor’s Laboratories which provide the technical expertise required to 5. Boiler Water Treatment MaterialProducts
Safety .Data
answer all questions in regard to marine chemical applications. 9 Unitor Coordinated Treatment . . . . .Sheet
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Material Safety Data Sheet - Liquitreat.....................................................................20
Unitor’s products have been designed to provide the ship operator with 10 Tests
Material forData
Safety BoilerSheet
Water,- Medium Pressure
Condensate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Control....................................................25
a variety of products and systems to cover all requirements for the many 11 High Pressure Boiler Water Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
different types of boiler systems and crew requirements, which will be 6. Cooling Water Treatment
detailed in this manual. 12 Boiler Wet Layup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Unitor has introduced the most up-to-date log review system to utilize 13 Boiler
Cooling WaterBlowdown
Treatment. .Spectrapak
. . . . . . . . . . . 309................................................................29
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
today’s technology in communications and computers to provide the operator Cooling
14 Chemical Cleaning of Boilers . . . . . -. .Parameter
Water Treatment - Vessel Data . . . . . . . . . . Limits.....................................31
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
and marine engineer with a “Rapid Response” to our log review system. Cooling Water Treatment - Chemicals and Parameter Analysis...............................32
Unitor is dedicated to providing the marine operator with the most reliable 15 Diesel Engine Cooling Water Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
products available in the marine chemical industry along with the many other 16 Reporting
7. Cooling WaterAnalysis
Treatment Results Product. . . . . Data
. . . . . .Sheets
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
areas of expertise and standardisation worldwide. Our products and services Product Data Sheet - Rocor NB Liquid ....................................................................35
17 Water Tests, Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
are available 7 days a week and we are committed to maintaining this for the Product Data Sheet - Dieselguard NB......................................................................37
marine industry. 18 Evaporator Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
8. Cooling Water
19 Marine Treatment
Equipment . . . . .Material
. . . . . . . . Safety
. . . . . . . Data
. . . . . .Sheets
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Material Safety Data Sheet - Rocor NB Liquid .........................................................39
20 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Material Safety Data Sheet - Dieselguard NB...........................................................43
II WATER TREATMENT HANDBOOK WATER TREATMENT HANDBOOK III

2
2 Basic Chemistry
The chemistry of water TEMPORARY HARDNESS (Alkaline Hardness) is due to bicarbonates of
It is necessary to examine some of the basic theories in order to understand Calcium and Magnesium which are Alkaline in nature. They are “temporary”
the various problems associated with water treatment. because when heated they rapidly break down to form Carbon Dioxide and
While rain is falling through the air, it absorbs gaseous contaminants, e.g. the corresponding carbonates which deposit as scale.
O2 (Oxygen), which solubility in pure water depends on temperature. PERMANENT HARDNESS (Non-Alkaline Hardness) is due mainly to
Sulphates and Chlorides of Calcium and Magnesium which are acid in nature.
At 20 °C, 9 mg/l O2 may dissolve, and They are “permanent” and do not break down, but under certain conditions
at 50 °C approx. 5.5 mg O2/l, deposit to form scale of varying hardnesses.
and at 90 °C approx. 1.5 mg O2/l, and

at 100 °C approx. 0.0. mg O2/l, 2.1 BOILER WATER TREATMENT FUNDAMENTALS
The concept of employing water, fresh or distilled, as a power generating
so, the higher the temperature, the less O2 can dissolve in water.
source and heat exchange medium originated and was realised with the
CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) dissolves in water as follows: inception of the steam generator or boiler, and has been applied most
CO2 + H2O > H2CO3 successfully and beneficially in this manner ever since.
Water has the ability to transfer heat from one surface to another, thereby
H2CO3 is a very weak acid. In contact with CaCO3 (ordinary lime), it is reactive maintaining the system within the correct operational temperature range
and the lime dissolves as follows: while generating steam to carry out work. However, water can adversely
CaCO + H CO > Ca++ + 2HCO –
3 2 3 3
affect metal components under the operational conditions normally found in
steam boilers and other heat exchange devices. The extent of deterioration
Ca(HCO3)2 is called Calcium Bicarbonate.
depends on the specific characteristics of the water and the system in which
SO2 (Sulphur Dioxide) is an air pollutant which stems from flue gases, so there it is being used.
is usually a high atmospheric content of this gas around industrial areas. In order to counteract the detrimental properties normally attributed to
2SO2 + O2 + 2H2O > 2H2SO4 water and its contaminants (dissolved and suspended solids and dissolved
gases), special chemical treatment programmes have been devised.
H2SO4 is called Sulphuric Acid, and this acid also dissolves lime (CaCO3) Accepted water treatment processes and procedures are constantly being
as follows: upgraded and modernised, and new methods are being developed to
CaCO3 + H2SO4 > CaSO4 + H2O + CO2. complement and/or replace older ones. Unitor utilizes the most modern,
practical programmes for the marine operator.
CaSO4 is called Calcium Sulphate (gypsum). Although water from marine evaporators and boiler condensate return
In other words, the gases dissolved in the water will increase the leaching of systems is essentially “pure”, minute quantities of potentially harmful
the subsoil’s minerals, so that we may have solutions in water due to: salts and minerals can be carried by this composition and feedwater into
the boiler, where they will accrue, ultimately resulting in serious problems in
TOTAL HARDNESS the steam generating unit. In addition, the water can also contain dissolved
Temporary hardness Permanent hardness gases, i.e. CO2 and Oxygen, which can result in corrosion of the system.
Using unprocessed fresh water (e.g. shore water) as a makeup source can
Calcium Bicarbonate Calcium Sulphate present some of the same problems experienced with distilled water, but in
Ca (HCO3)2 CaSO4 addition, certain contaminants which are naturally present in fresh water can
Magnesium Bicarbonate Magnesium Chloride be extremely destructive in boiler systems if not dealt with promptly and effect-
Mg (HCO3)2 MgCl2 ively. Soluble salts such as Chloride, Sulphate and Carbonate are present
6 2 / BASIC CHEMISTRY WATER TREATMENT HANDBOOK 7

3
22
as electrolytes in the untreated water, leading to galvanic and other types of Oil contamination may occur through mechanical failure, for
corrosion, depending on the conditions in the system. In addition, Sulphates example, faulty oil deflectors at turbine glands passing lubrication oil to
and Carbonates have the potential to form insoluble, adherent, insulating gland seal condensers and main condensers, etc., or undetected leaks
“hard water” scale deposits on heat exchanger surfaces. at tank heating coils.
Any oil film on internal heating surfaces is dangerous, drastically
impairing heat transfer. Oil films therefore cause overheating of tube
2.2 CONTRIBUTING ELEMENTS metal, resulting in possible tube blistering and failure.
WHICH AFFECT BOILER WATER TREATMENT If oil contamination is suspected, immediate action must be under-
Most dissolved mineral impurities in water are present in the form of ions. taken for its removal.
These ions contain an electrical charge which is either positive (cation) or The first corrective measure in cleaning up oil leakage is to find and
negative (anion). These ions can join together to form chemical compounds. stop the point of oil ingress into the system. Then, by using a Unitor
To know which ions will combine, we need to know their electrical charge. degreaser, a cleaning solution can be circulated throughout the boiler
Ions of concern to us include the following: system to remove the existing oil contamination. Complete details on
this cleaning operation are covered later in the handbook.
Positive Chemical Negative Chemical Boiler Coagulant can assist in removing trace amounts of oil
ions symbol ions symbol contamination. Consult your Unitor representative for more specific
Sodium Na+ Chloride Cl – recommendations.
Calcium Ca++ Bicarbonate HCO3
Magnesium Mg++ Carbonate CO3– – 2.2.3 Iron Oxides
Hydrogen H+ Hydroxide OH – Iron may enter the boiler as a result of corrosion in the pre-boiler
section or may be redeposited as a result of corrosion in the boiler or
Cations will combine only with anions. condensate system. Often, Iron Oxide will be deposited and retard heat
transfer within a boiler tube, at times resulting in tube failure. This
An example of this combining of ions is the action between Calcium and
usually occurs in high heat transfer areas, i.e. screening tubes nearest
Carbonate. The chemical compound which forms is Calcium Carbonate.
to the flame.
Other impurities which will affect the boiler water treatment control
include Copper, Iron Oxides, oil and dissolved gases. When iron is not present in the raw feedwater, its presence in the
boiler indicates active corrosion within the boiler system itself.
2.2.1 Copper Rust, the reddish form, is fully oxidized. More often, in a boiler with
Copper is introduced into a system by corrosion of Copper piping and limited Oxygen, it is in the reduced or black form as Magnetite (Fe3O4).
Copper alloys. In boilers, the source of this corrosion could be dissolved Fe3O4 is magnetic and can be readily detected with a magnet. It is
gases in the boiler water or the excessive use of Hydrazine which will a passivated form of corrosion and its presence shows that proper
corrode Copper and Copper alloys, allowing Copper to be carried back control of the system is being maintained.
to the boiler.
Copper in the boiler displaces metal from the tube surfaces and 2.2.4 Magnesium Carbonate (MgCO3)
plates out on the tubes. This condition often occurs under existing scale Magnesium hardness in fresh water usually accounts for about one-
and sludge deposits, which is known as under deposit Copper corro- third of the total hardness. The remaining two thirds can normally be
sion. Copper deposits are a serious problem in high pressure boilers. attributed to calcium.
Waterside deposits may be submitted to Unitor for complete analysis Since Magnesium Carbonate is appreciably more soluble in water
and determination of the correct procedures to follow for cleaning. than Calcium Carbonate, it is seldom a major component in scale
deposits. This is due to the preferential precipitation of the Carbonate
2.2.2 Oil ion by Calcium as opposed to Magnesium which remains in solution
To prevent oil from entering condensate and feedwater systems, certain until all soluble Calcium is exhausted.
safety equipment is generally incorporated to detect, remove, and Once this point is reached, any free Carbonate remaining in solution
arrest such contamination. will combine with the Magnesium and begin precipitating out as

4
Magnesium Carbonate when the solubility of this salt is exceeded. Besides the pure form of Silica (i.e. Silicon Dioxide), possible Silicate
Because of this latter phenomenon, where “soft” water is used for deposits can form in combination with Calcium and Magnesium, which
boiler structure, any Magnesium present must be removed along with are extremely insoluble in water and very difficult to dissolve and
the Calcium. remove.
Besides being an extremely difficult process, the chemical removal
2.2.5 Magnesium Sulphate (MgSO4) of Silica and silicate deposits can also be very hazardous, since it
Magnesium Sulphate is an extremely soluble salt, having a solubility of involves the use of Hydrofluoric Acid or Ammonium Bifluoride, both of
20 % in cold water and 42 % in boiling water. It exists as the Sulphate which are severely destructive to human tissue by inhalation, ingestion
only in water with a low pH. Because of its high solubility, it will not and physical contact. In some instances, alternate acid and alkaline
normally precipitate. The Sulphate ion, however, will be precipitated by washings have been used to successfully combat this problem.
the Calcium hardness present if no free Carbonate exists. The only alternative to chemical cleaning is mechanical removal.
2.2.6 Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2) 2.2.8 Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)

Magnesium Chloride, like Magnesium Sulphate, is soluble in fresh water. Calcium Bicarbonate alkalinity exists in almost all unprocessed fresh
In the high temperature and alkaline conditions normally maintained in a water under normal conditions. Its solubility is about 300–400 ppm
boiler, any soluble Magnesium ions in the boiler water become extremely at 25 °C. If heat is applied or a sharp increase in pH occurs, the Calcium
reactive with Hydroxyl ions, which may be present in high concentrations Bicarbonate breaks down to form Carbon Dioxide and Calcium
in this type of environment. Carbonate.
This can result in the formation of Magnesium Hydroxide precipi-
While the bicarbonate salt has been shown to be moderately soluble in
tates which form insulating scale on the boiler tube surfaces. If Chloride
water, the solubility of Calcium Carbonate at 25 °C is only about 14 ppm.
ions are also available, they react with the Hydrogen ions previously
This value continues to decrease as the temperature increases, becom-
associated with the precipitated Hydroxyl ions, to form Hydrochloric
ing the least where the temperature is greatest. In a boiler, this would be
acid, thereby lowering the alkalinity of the water. If this situation is
on the surface of the furnace tubes where contact is made with the
allowed to continue, the pH of the boiler water will decrease until acid
water. The resulting insoluble Calcium Carbonate precipitate forms
conditions result in corrosion of the metal surfaces. Unlike Carbonate
“building block-like” crystals which adhere not only to one another, but
and Sulphate ions, the Chloride ion does not precipitate in the presence
also to the hot metal surfaces, resulting in a continuous, insulating
of soluble Calcium.
scale deposit over the entire heat exchange area.This deposit will con-
2.2.7 Silica (SiO2) tinue to grow, building upon itself to form a thick coating until all the
Silica scale is not normally found in boiler systems except in minute Calcium Carbonate produced is exhausted. If suspended matter is also
quantities. It can be admitted to the system when severe carryover present in the water, it can become entrained within the crystal
occurs in evaporators processing water with a high Silica content. structure, creating a larger volume of deposit than that formed by the
Other sources of such feedwater may be high Silica river or raw fresh Carbonate precipitation alone.
water as well as distilled/deionized or unprocessed fresh water If this condition is allowed to continue, heat exchange efficiency
which has been stored and taken from cement-washed or silicate- at the water/tube interface falls rapidly, resulting in an increase in fuel
coated tanks. consumption necessary to compensate for the decline in thermal
Once formed, pure Silica scale is extremely difficult to remove. It transfer and to regain design temperature as well as steam production
forms a tight adherent glass-like film on metal surfaces, thereby pre- requirements. This increase in the furnace-side temperature needed
venting proper heat transfer. In addition, in steam-generating devices it to run the system at optimum conditions exposes the metal surfaces
can carry over with the steam coating the after-boiler sections, particu- to overheating which, in turn, can cause blistering fatigue, fracture,
larly the superheater. and failure of boiler tubes. In addition, if pockets of water become
If a turbine forms part of the system, the Silica can deposit on the trapped beneath the scale deposits and are in contact with the hot
blades as well as cause erosion of the finned surfaces of the blading, metal surfaces, concentration of acid or alkaline materials may
resulting in imbalance of the turbine, which in turn may result in occur and lead to the formation of local electrolytic cells (under-
turbine failure. deposit corrosion).

5
2.2.9 Calcium Sulphate (CaSO4) D. ALKALINITY RELATIONSHIP TABLE
Although Calcium Sulphate is more soluble in water than Calcium Hydroxide Carbonate Bicarbonate
Carbonate, it can be just as troublesome when present in boiler and Alkalinity Alkalinity Alkalinity
cooling water systems. Calcium Sulphate, like Calcium Carbonate, but P Alkalinity 0 0 Equal to
unlike most salts, has an inverse temperature/solubility relationship in =0 total
water. As gypsum, the hydrated form in which Calcium Sulphate is nor- P Alkalinity 0 2 times M Alkalinity
mally present in fresh water, its solubility increases until a temperature less than P Alkalinity minus 2 times
1/2 M Alkalinity P Alkalinity
of about 40 °C is achieved. At 40 °C, its solubility is 1,551 ppm; at 100 °C,
which is the normal boiling point of water, its solubility decreases to P Alkalinity 0 2 times 0
equal to P Alkalinity
1,246 ppm, and at 220 °C it falls to 40 ppm. Calcium Sulphate reacts at 1/2 M Alkalinity
high-temperature surfaces essentially in the same manner as Calcium
*P Alkalinity 2 times 2 times the 0
Carbonate and with the same effects and consequences. However, greater than P Alkalinity difference
whereas Calcium Carbonate deposits are relatively easy to remove 1/2 M Alkalinity minus between M
using a comprehensive acid cleaning procedure, Calcium Sulphate is M Alkalinity and P Alkalinity
essentially impervious to the effects of normal acid descaling methods P Alkalinity Equal to 0 0
and usually must be removed by mechanical means. equal to M Alkalinity
M Alkalinity
2.2.10 Dissolved Gases *This is the correct alkalinity relationship for boiler water
Gases such as Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide that are dissolved in distilled
or fresh water, will further contribute to the deterioration of the boiler pH
system. Dependent upon conditions in the system (e.g. temperature, The pH of a solution is a measurement of the concentration of active acid or
pressure and materials of construction), dissolved Oxygen can cause base (alkaline constituent) in a solution.
pitting corrosion of steel surfaces, while Carbon Dioxide lowers the pH, To give a precise definition, pH is the negative logarithm of the Hydrogen
leading to acid and galvanic corrosion. Carbon Dioxide has the added ion concentration.
disadvantage of forming insoluble carbonate scale deposits in an alka- A simpler explanation of pH is that it is a measure of relative acidity or alkal-
line environment when Calcium and Magnesium are present. inity of water. In other words, it reflects how acidic or alkaline the water is.
pH is the number between 0 and 14 which denotes the degree of acidity
2.2.11 Acidity, Neutrality and Alkalinity or alkalinity.
All water can be classified into one of these categories. Acidity, A pH value of 7 indicates neutral. Below 7 indicates increasing acidity.
Neutrality and Alkalinity are only very general terms. We require more Above 7 up to 14 indicates increasing alkalinity.
accurate methods of testing to know the degree of each condition.
When testing boiler water, it is important to understand what you are
testing for. Acidic Neutral Alkaline
A. ALKALINITY. The presence of Alkalinity in a water sample may be
due to many different substances. For the sake of simplicity, the
presence of Bicarbonate, Carbonate and Hydroxide contributes to the 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
alkalinity of water.
B. P ALKALINITY. Phenolphtalein (P) Alkalinity (pH values greater than pH is a very important factor for determining whether a water has a corrosive
8.3) measures all the Hydroxide and one half of the Carbonate Alkalinity or scale-forming tendency.
which is sufficient for our purpose of control. Bicarbonates do not show Water with a low pH will give rise to corrosion of equipment.
in this test as they have a pH of less than 8.4.
C. M ALKALINITY. Total Alkalinity or M Alkalinity (pH values greater
than 4.3) measures the sum of Bicarbonate, Carbonate and Hydroxide
Alkalinity.

3 Problems of Boiler Water
Feedwater produced by distillation for use in a boiler is not “pure”, even with a 3.1.1 Pitting Corrosion
good distillation method. Worse still is ordinary water taken from ashore to be “Pitting” is the most serious form of waterside corrosion and is the
used as feedwater. The water will contain some of the elements (impurities) result of the formation of irregular pits in the metal surface as shown in
mentioned in Chapter 5. the figure below. Evidence of pitting is usually found in the boiler shell
Problems will then arise when the water is used in the boiler. The types around the water level and is most likely caused by poor storage proce-
of problem will depend on the type of impurities and in which quantities they dures when the boiler is shut down for lengthy periods, and by inade-
are present. quate Oxygen scavenging.
The most common problems are:

– CORROSION
– SCALING
– CARRYOVER
3.1 CORROSION
The corrosion processes can affect boilers in the following ways:
”General wastage” is the overall reduction of metal thickness and is common
in heating surface areas, such as boiler tube walls. This “thinning” of boiler
tubes is often found in boilers having open feed systems (mostly auxiliary
Pitting corrosion.
boilers) without any protective treatment. An example of wastage is given in
the figure below. 3.1.2 Stress Corrosion
“Stress corrosion” cracking is the process caused by the combined
action of heavy stress and a corrosive environment. The stages of fail-
ure of the metal due to stress corrosion are shown below. Corrosion is
initiated by breakdown of the surface film followed by the formation of a
corrosion pit which becomes the site for stress corrosion cracking,
eventually leading to mechanical failure due to overloading of the
mechanical strength of the metal. This form of attack is often found
around the ogee ring in vertical auxiliary boilers, when undue stressing
is set up by poor steam-raising procedures.
General wastage of a boiler tube. Stress corrosion
7 14 3 / PROBLEMS OF BOILER WATER WATER TREATMENT HANDBOOK 15

3.1.3 Other Related Problems 3.2 SCALING
“Corrosion fatigue” occurs when a sufficiently high alternative stress Causes and Effects
level causes failure of the subjected material. It is the joint action of a If the inside of a boiler is scaled, there is a great risk that the boiler material
corrosive environment and cyclic stressing and results in a series of will overheat, leading to tube failure. The efficiency of operation will also be
fine cracks in the metal. This is found in water tube boilers where irreg- adversely affected.
ular circulation through tubes in high temperature zones induce these Hardness in the feedwater will usually present problems in relation to the
cycling stresses. operation of boilers. Hardness of more than 5dH° (90 ppm as CaCO3) in the
”Caustic cracking” results from the contact of water of concen- feedwater will, as the temperature rises, cause an increase in the formation
trated caustic alkalinity and steel which has not been stress relieved, of sludge in the feedwater tank. If scale-preventing chemicals are put into the
e.g. in riveted seams. This form of cracking follows the grain bound- feedwater tank, this problem will be aggravated, as nearly all precipitation of
aries. This is rarely observed nowadays, as both high and low pressure sludge will take place in the feedwater tank. The suction pipe stub of the feed
boilers are usually of all welded construction and are stress relieved. water line will usually be placed 5–10 cm above the bottom. However, if the
Caustic corrosion takes place only in high pressure boilers (above feed water is not very clean, sludge will after a time be sucked into the piping
60 bar) when excessively high concentrations of Sodium Hydroxide and choking may occur. In a modern centrifugal pump, the very narrow vanes
(Caustic Soda) cause breakdown of the magnetite layer and localised may be blocked, which will cause the pump to stop. Finally, there is a risk of
corrosion. This form of attack is often controlled by the coordinated PO4 the valves sticking and becoming blocked.
Treatment Programme. In spite of the fact that a boiler plant may be equipped with a water
”Hydrogen attack” is another form of corrosion damage that can treatment system of some sort, there will always be a risk of hardness or
take place in ultra high pressure boilers. other type of pollution in the feedwater, because:
Whichever form of corrosive attack occurs, the risk of tube failure or
serious structural damage is very apparent, both often leading to con- 1. The capacity of the water treatment system is insufficient.
siderable expense in the shape of repair costs.
2. There are defects in the water treatment system.
3.1.4 Factors Affecting Corrosion 3. The condensate is polluted:

a. By heat exchanger leaks
1) pH Metal oxides are more soluble as pH
b. By lubrication oil
decreases. Corrosion is increased.
2) Dissolved solids Chloride and Sulphate can penetrate Daily analysis of the quality of the feedwater will ensure that action can be
passive metal oxide film which protects the taken in time to prevent irregularities.
base metal from corrosion. Hardness in the boiler water will inevitably lead to the formation of scale
and the rate of this formation will depend on the composition and quantity of
3) Dissolved gases Carbon Dioxide and H2S reduces pH and the hardness, on the temperature conditions in the boiler and on the circula-
promotes acid attack. Oxygen promotes tion in the boiler.
pitting corrosion. Increased surface heating effect means increased production of steam
bubbles, which again will make more boiler water “pass” the spot on the
4) Suspended solids Mud, sand, clay, etc. settle to form deposits,
heating surface (where the steam bubbles are formed) and this spot will thus
promoting different corrosion cells.
also be “passed” by the hardness-producing and corroding salts in the boiler
5) Micro organisms Promote different corrosion cells. water. In addition, the most common hardness salts are less soluble at
increasing temperatures.
6) Temperature High temperature increases corrosion. This explains why the largest amount of encrustation will always be found
7) Velocity High velocity promotes erosion/cavitation. where the temperature of the heating surface is the highest.
Scale formed just at this point means that the critical temperature of the
8) Copper Copper ions plate out on steel surfaces boiler material will be reached quickly and that damage to the boiler will be
and promote pitting corrosion. inevitable.
8 16 3 / PROBLEMS OF BOILER WATER WATER TREATMENT HANDBOOK 17

3.3 CARRYOVER
Illustration of Change in Conditions When Carryover is any contaminant that leaves the boiler with the steam.
Typical Conditions With a Layer of Scale of just 3 mm
a Clean Boiler Tube Thickness Exists
Carryover can be:
• Solid • Liquid • Vapour
Effects of carryover:
• Deposits in non-return valve • Deposits in superheaters
• Deposits in control valves • Deposits on turbine
Carryover in superheaters can promote failure due to overheating.
Turbines are prone to damage by carryover, as solid particles in steam can

erode turbine parts. When large slugs of water carry over with steam, the
thermal and mechanical shock can cause severe damage.
Causes of carryover:
Mechanical:
• Priming • Sudden load changes • Boiler design
The scale causes the fuel consumption to increase by approx. 18 percent. • Soot blowing • High water level
Stress will arise in the steel as a result of the insulating effect of the scale.
Chemical:
Foaming due to:
Excess Fuel Consumption in %, • High Chlorides • High TDS • High alkalinity
depending on Thickness of Scale • Suspended solids • Oil • Silica
Curve of middle values. The differences in the test results can be
explained by differences in the composition of scale (porous–hard).
The most common form of encrustation in a steam system stems from
carryover. The boiler manufacturers stipulate a maximum allowed salinity of
the boiler water (as a rule at 0.4° Be = 4000 mg salts dissolved per litre). If this
value is exceeded, there is a risk of normal bubble size being prevented;
larger bubbles will be produced and the turbulence in the water surface will
increase and cause foaming. The foam may be carried over with the steam,
particularly when the generation of steam is at maximum, which causes boiler
water (containing Sodium Hydroxide and salt) to pass out into the steam
pipes.
The content of Silicic Acid is important for boilers with high pressures.
Silicic Acid in its volatile form may be carried away with the steam and be
deposited on turbine blades, for instance, on which it will form a very hard,
porcelaine-like scale.
However, not only the chemical composition may cause carryover. Circum-
stances such as periodic overloads, periods of a too high a water level (or more
correctly: too small a steam volume) are two of the most common causes.
Finally, impurities from the condensate, such as oil from the preheater’s
coils if they are leaking are very common causes of priming.
18 3 / PROBLEMS OF BOILER WATER WATER TREATMENT HANDBOOK 19

9
BOILER WATER TREATMENT
Vessel Name : Owner :
Type
Boiler Maker :
Equipment :
Drum Press : Capacity :

Make Up Rate
:
Chemical Treatment Programme : Combind Treatment
Chemicals In Use :
LIQUITREAT
CONDENSATE CONTROL
Parameters to be Counted : Limits :

P - Alkalinity 100 - 300 ppm CaCO3
Chlorides < 200 PPM
Condensate PH 8,3 - 9,0
Hotwell Temperature >80 oC
Test Kit to be Used : 310
10
Water Test Kits
Unitor's Combined Boiler Water Treatment Programme Product no: 661 555474
The tests recommended to maintain boiler water within the desired level of quality when treating with Unitor Liquitreat/Combitreat are as follows:
A. p-Alkalinity - Recommended Limits: 100-300 ppm as CaCO3

B. Chlorides - 200 ppm maximum as Cl-.
C. Condensate pH - 8.3-9.0
D. Hotwell temperature >80°C
Dosage level of Liquitreat/Combitreat is based on the P-alkalinity value of the boiler water.
However, chlorides and condensate pH must also be controlled and maintained as
recommended. Knowledge of all relevant parameters is desirable to enable better interpretation
and correct application of treatment. To increase the condensate pH, use Unitor's Condensate
Control in conjunction with your combined product boiler water treatment. It is recommended to
dose Condensate Control on a continuous basis, to maintain the condensate pH within the
recommended range of 8.3-9.0 at all times.
Controlling Alkalinity
The alkalinity is a more accurate indicator of the boiler water condition than pH. The
phenolphthalein (P) alkalinity is measured to determine whether the correct conditions of
alkalinity exist in the boiler.
Controlling Chlorides
The chloride value will reveal any presence of dissolved salts in the boiler. An increase, gradual or sudden, in the level of chloride is an indication of contamination by sea water and the chloride
level is often used as a reference point when controlling rate of blowdown.
pH BOILER
Recommended limits of 9.5-11.0. An additional test to determine the pH of the boiler water can be carried out to give a better overall understanding of the boiler water quality.
Condensate pH
To control corrosion in a boiler, condensate and feed water section, the condensate pH should be kept between 8.3 and 9.0. Monitoring the pH of this water is very important in maintaining a
complete Boiler Water Treatment Management Programme.
Test results - Combined treatment
A. Recording - Always use Unitor's Rapid Response log forms to record all readings and to keep track of all results.
1. Log form - Combined Boiler Water Treatment Log, No. 310.
2. Frequency - Samples should be drawn, tested and results logged minimum every third day.
B. Reporting - The completed log sheet for the month should be distributed as shown at the bottom of the form, at the end of each month:
1. Blue copy - to Unitor Rapid Response Centre in Norway (address labels at back of log pad)
2. Beige copy - Vessel owner
3. Lilac copy - to be kept onboard
C. Evaluation
1. Logs will be reviewed at the Unitor Rapid Response Centre for adherence to recommended specifications, by Unitor's Rapid Response staff.
2. A report letter indicating the status of the ship’s system, any problems and relevant recommendations will be issued to the ship's operator.
SPECTRAPAK 310
Low Pressure Boiler Water Test Kit
Product no: 661 555474
Boiler Water Treatment Test Kit P. ALKALINITY, CHLORIDE & pH
P ALKALINITY TEST pH test

1. Take a 200 ml water sample in the stoppered bottle provided. 7.5-14.0 For boiler water
2. Add one P. Alkalinity tablet and shake to disintegrate. If P. Alkalinity is present the sample 6.5-10.0 For condensate water
will turn blue. 1. Take a 50 ml sample of water to be tested in the plastic sample container provided.
3. Repeat tablet addition until the blue colour changes to permanent yellow. 2. Using the white 0.6 gram scoop provided, add one measure of the pH reagent to the water
sample, allow to dissolve - stir if required.
Calculation 3. Select the correct range of pH test strip and dip it into the water sample for approximately 1
P. Alkalinity ppm (CaCO3) = (Number of tablets used x 20) -10. minute.
For example: 4. Withdraw the strip from the sample and compare the colour obtained with the colour scale
lf 8 tablets are used then P. Alkalinity = (8 x 20) -10 = 150 ppm. on the pH indicator strips container.
5. Record the pH value obtained on the log sheet provided, against the date on which the test
4. Mark this result on the log sheets provided, against the date on which the test was taken. was taken.
Spares:
Chloride test Standard replacement reagents are available from your Unitor Representative.
1. For boilers under 30 bar (KG/CM2) take a 50 ml sample in the stoppered bottle provided.
2. Add one chloride tablet and shake to disintegrate, sample will turn yellow if chlorides are REAGENTS RE ORDER Product no:
present P. Alkalinity tablets 661 555664
3. Repeat tablet addition until the yellow colour changes to orange/brown.
Chloride tablets 661 555656
pH paper replacement pack
Chloride (cont.) calculation (50 ml sample) (7.5-14 & 5.5-10) 661 555706
Chloride ppm = (number of tablets used x 20)-20 For example: lf 4 tablets are used then and pH reagent)
chloride ppm = (4 x 20) -20 = 60 ppm.
4. Mark the result obtained on the log sheets provided, against the date on which the test was EQUIPMENT:
taken.
250 ml sample bottles 661 555557
N.F. For higher expected chloride levels reduce the water sample size e.g. 25 ml sample will
give steps of 40 ppm per tablet used. For lower expected chloride levels increase the water
sample volume e.g. 1OO ml sample will give steps of 1O ppm per tablet used.
10
6 Unitor Boiler Water 7 Combined Treatment for Low
Treatment Products Pressure Boiler Water
6.1 THE MAIN PURPOSE OF BOILER WATER TREATMENT IS 7.1 LIQUITREAT
A. To eliminate the total hardness of the boiler water. Liquitreat is a combined chemical treatment product suitable for use in small,
low pressure boilers. It precipitates hardness, provides the boiler water with
B. To maintain the correct pH and alkalinity values in feedwater and
the necessary alkalinity, and scavenges dissolved Oxygen. Liquitreat should
boiler water.
be added when deemed necessary as shown by water analysis results.
C. To prevent corrosion, especially corrosion caused by Oxygen. If the boiler is open and not being fired, Liquitreat can be poured through
a manhole, but when the boiler is in operation, the treatment must be applied
D. To prevent the formation of scale, among other things by through a special dosing line. When a dosing arrangement is utilized, the
conditioning the sludge. chemical must be flushed to remove any residual left in the dosage lines and
E. To avoid foaming. equipment. If dosing lines are not fitted, the chemical can be added directly
to a feed tank as required. Ensure proper circulation through the feed tank
to allow the chemical to enter the boiler being treated. Under low load
6.2 UNITOR PRODUCTS conditions, complete changeover in the feed tank can take some time. It is
Combined Treatment necessary to know the details of the flow pattern in the boiler for proper
testing and dosing of the chemical treatment to take place.
1. Liquitreat When several boilers have a common feed tank, dosing should be carried
2. Combitreat out through independent dosing lines to ensure the proper treatment of each
boiler. Re-test within 2 hours of when the boiler water chemical treatment
Single Function Treatment was dosed to the boiler water.
For further recommendations on product dosage and control limits, refer
1. Alkalinity Control to the product data sheet in the Marine Chemical’s Manual.
2. Hardness Control
7.2 COMBITREAT
3. Oxygen Control Combitreat is a combined product chemical treatment similar to Liquitreat but
4. Catalysed Sodium Sulphite in powder form without Oxygen scavenger, which precipitates hardness and
provides the boiler water with the necessary alkalinity.
5. Cat. Sulphite L Combitreat should be applied as a solution and added when deemed
necessary as shown by water analysis results. The recommended dosage
6. Boiler Coagulant
must be dissolved in warm water, 30–60 °C in a suitable steel or plastic
7. Condensate Control container, not exceeding the solubility limit of 180 grams per litre. Combitreat
must be added slowly to the water (not vice versa) and the solution being
prepared must be constantly stirred.
Combitreat is best dosed by means of a bypass potfeeder directly in the
boiler water feed line. It can also be dosed into the hot well after premixing
with hot water at a ratio of 1 kg per 9 litres of water.
NOTE: In addition to our combined product chemicals, Condensate Control should be used in all boiler systems to
keep the Condensate pH level between 8.3–9.0. Also, the hot well temperature is of great importance when it comes
to Oxygen scavenging (ref. basic chemistry at the beginning of the book). We recommend that you maintain a hot
well temperature of between 70 °C and 90 °C. For further recommendations on product dosage and control limits,
refer to the product data sheet in the Marine Chemicals Manual.
12 28 6 / UNITOR BOILER WATER TREATMENT PRODUCTS WATER TREATMENT HANDBOOK 29

8 Tests for Boiler Water,
Low Pressure
8.1 UNITOR’S LOW PRESSURE COMBINED BOILER WATER 8.4 pH
TREATMENT PROGRAMME Recommended limits of 9.5–11.0. An additional test to determine the pH of the
The tests recommended in order to maintain boiler water within the desired boiler water can be carried out to give a better overall understanding of the
level of quality when treating with Unitor Liquitreat/Combitreat are as follows: boiler water quality. This test is optional.
The pH of the boiler water should be maintained within the range of
A. P-Alkalinity – Recommended Limits: 100–300 ppm as CaCO3. 9.5–11.0 to prevent any corrosion attack on the boiler metal. pH values below
B. Chlorides – 200 ppm maximum as Cl. 9.5 indicate, a greater possibility of corrosion and in such a situation,
treatment levels should be increased accordingly to restore boiler water
C. Condensate pH – 8.3–9.0.
to optimum quality.
Dosage level of Liquitreat/Combitreat is based on the P-Alkalinity value of
the boiler water. However, Chlorides and condensate pH must also be
controlled and maintained as recommended. Knowledge of all relevant para-
8.5 CONDENSATE pH
meters is desirable to enable better interpretation and correct application To control corrosion in after boiler, condensate and feedwater sections, the
of treatment. To increase the condensate pH, use Unitor’s Condensate Control condensate pH should be kept between 8.3 and 9.0. Monitoring the pH of this
in conjunction with your combined product boiler water treatment. It is water is very important in being able to maintain a complete Boiler Water
recommended that you dose Condensate Control on a continuous basis, to Treatment Management Programme.
maintain the condensate pH within the recommended range of 8.3–9.0
at all times.
8.6 TESTING REQUIREMENTS
8.6.1 Low Pressure Boiler Water Treatments:
8.2 CONTROLLING ALKALINITY A. Unitor Combined Treatment Products
The alkalinity is a more accurate indicator of the boiler water condition than is a. Combitreat – For systems up to 17.5 bar.
the pH. The Phenolphtalein (P) alkalinity is measured to determine whether b. Liquitreat – For systems up to 30 bar.
the correct conditions of alkalinity exist in the boiler to:
B. Test Equipment – Unitor Spectrapak 310 Test Kit.
A. Provide a suitable environment for the precipitation of hardness salts as
desirable sludge materials. C. Specification Control Limits.
a. P-Alkalinity: 100–300 ppm (as CaCO3).
B. To help the formation of Magnetite (Fe3O4) in the presence of Oxygen b. Chloride: 200 ppm maximum.
scavengers (i.e. Hydrazine/Sulphite). c. Boiler Water pH: 9.5–11.0 (optional).
C. Maintain Silica in solution to prevent Silica scale formation. d. Condensate pH: 8.3–9.0.
D. Testing preparations and equipment.

8.3 CONTROLLING CHLORIDES a. Boiler Water Sample preparation: – Cool sample to 20–25 °C.
The Chloride value will reveal any presence of dissolved salts in the boiler. An – Filter as required.
increase, gradual or sudden, in the level of Chlorides is an indication of con- b. Sample Analysis: – Spectrapak 310 Test Kit
tamination by sea water, and Chlorides are often used as a reference point Reagents: – P-Alkalinity tablets – Chloride tablets.
when controlling rate of blowdown. Too high a Chloride level indicates that – pH strips with ranges 6.5–10.0 and 7.5–14.0.
undesirable amounts of salts are present, leading to possible foaming and/or – Equipment – 200 ml sample bottles.
scale and deposit formation. – Test procedures.
13 30 8 / TESTS FOR BOILER WATER/LOW PRESSURE WATER TREATMENT HANDBOOK 31

8.6.2 P-Alkalinity test It is essential that the condensate pH is maintained within 8.3–9.0. Test
A. Take a 200 ml water sample in the stoppered bottle provided. this with Unitor’s pH paper and use Condensate Control to adjust pH
upwards if necessary.
B. Add one P-Alkalinity tablet and shake to disintegrate. If P-Alkalinity
is present, the sample will turn blue.
8.6.5 Instructions Sulphite Test Kit
C. Repeat tablet addition until the blue colour changes to permanent (optional test for low pressure single product treatment)
yellow.
Calculation: 8.6.6 Testing procedure:
P-Alkalinity ppm (CaCO3) = (No. of tablets used x 20) –10 A. Take a 20 ml sample in the shaker tube supplied.
For example: B. Add one Sulphite No. 1 tablet; shake to dissolve.
If 8 tablets are used, then P-Alkalinity = (8 x 20) –10 = 150 ppm.
C. Add Sulphite No. 2 L.R. tablets one at a time until the sample
D. Mark the result obtained on the log sheets provided, against the turns blue. Note the number of tablets used.
date at which the test was taken.
D. Calculate as follows:
8.6.3 Chloride test Sulphite content = Number of Sulphite No. 2 L.R. tablets x 10.
A. For boilers under 30 bar, take a 50 ml sample in the stoppered bottle E. After use, thoroughly rinse out the shaker tube before storage.
provided.
PLEASE NOTE! The Sulphite No. 1 tablet is used only to condition the
B. Add one Chloride tablet and shake to disintegrate; sample will turn sample. Do not count this tablet when calculating the Sulphite level.
yellow if chlorides are present.
C. Repeat tablet addition until the yellow colour changes to 8.7 TEST RESULTS – COMBINED TREATMENT
orange/brown. A. Recording – Always use Unitor’s Rapid Response log forms to
Calculation: record all readings and to keep track of all results.
Chloride ppm = (No. of tablets used x 20) –20
For example: 1. Log form – Combined Boiler Water Treatment Log, no. 310.
If 4 tablets are used then Chloride ppm = (4 x 20) –20 = 60 ppm. 2. Frequency – Samples should be drawn, tested and results
logged at least every three days.
D. Mark this result on the Spectrapak 310 log sheet, against the date
at which the test was taken. B. Reporting – The completed log sheet for the month should be
distributed as shown at the bottom of the form, at the end of each
8.6.4 pH test: month:
For boiler water pH test, 7.5–14.0.
1. White copy – to Unitor’s Rapid Response Centre in Norway
For Condensate water, 6.5–10.0.
(address labels at back of log pad)
A. Take a 50 ml sample of water to be tested in the plastic sample
container provided. 2. Pink copy – Vessel owner
B. Using the white 0.6 grm scoop provided, add one measure of the pH 3. Yellow copy – to be kept onboard
reagent to the water sample, allow to dissolve – stir if required. C. Evaluation
C. Select the correct range of pH test strip and dip it into the water 1. Logs will be reviewed at the Unitor Rapid Response Centre for
sample for approximately 10 seconds. adherence to recommended specifications, with the aid of
D. Withdraw strip from sample and compare the colour obtained with Unitor’s Rapid Response staff.
the colour scale on the pH indicator strips container. 2. A report letter indicating the status of the ship’s system, any
E. Record the pH value obtained on the log sheet provided, against the problems and relevant recommendations will be issued to the
date at which the test was taken. ship’s operator.
1432 8 / TESTS FOR BOILER WATER/LOW PRESSURE WATER TREATMENT HANDBOOK 33

9.4 CATALYSED SODIUM SULPHITE (POWDER) AND CAT. 9.7 CHEMICAL INJECTION POINTS FOR LOW PRESSURE
SULPHITE L (LIQUID) Boiler systems
Unitor’s Catalysed Sulphite products are used as scavengers in place of The following diagram depicts a typical Low Pressure Boiler System. Note
Hydrazine where economy is of importance, or used in low pressure boilers injection point for chemicals; when dosing chemicals, the recommendation to
with open feed systems where feed inlet temperatures are low. Sulphite achieve the best possible results is to always dose all chemicals in the diluted
combined with Oxygen forms Sulphate, which adds solids to the boiler water. form on a continuous basis.
It should subsequently not be used in boilers at pressures above 30 bars
1 Dosage to hot well or feed tank. All chemicals can be dosed at these points.
where the TDS level is critical. Sulphite is also used as a substitute for All Combined Products can be dosed into the hot well (1).
However, the recommended dosage of Alkalinity Control and Hardness
Condensate Control is recommended on a continuous
Hydrazine when rust and scale deposits are present in boiler systems on
Controlin
basis is either no. 2 well
the hot feed line or no. 3 chemical feed injection directly to
(1).
ships being returned to service. Hydrazine tends to remove Iron Oxide
the boiler. Oxygen Control and Sulphite should preferably be dosed to the
deposits present throughout the boiler system. An amine (Condensate Control)
feed tank on a continuous basis.
should be used in conjunction with Oxygen scavengers to maintain the
All combined products can be dosed into the hot well.
condensate pH within the desirable ranges throughout the entire condensate
and feedwater system. 2 Dose to injection no. 2 is required to the feed line by means of a pressure
For further recommendations on product dosage and control limits, refer to injector or dosage pump. Dosage should be continuous, however water can
the Marine Chemicals Manual. be shock treated.
3 Dosage direct to boiler no. 3. All chemicals can be dosed to this point by
means of pressure pot injector or dosage pump. Alkalinity Control or
Hardness Control is best controlled at this location and and the use of
9.5 CONDENSATE CONTROL
Hydrazine, Sulphite or Condensate Control is recommended on
Condensate Control is a neutralising volatile amine recommended for use a continuous basis in the condensate system.
in all boiler systems to raise the pH of condensate and steam to
a non-corrosive level (pH 8.3–9.0). The dosage is determined by the results
of a daily condensate pH test. Condensate Control should be dosed using
a continuous feed system. It can be introduced, using a flowmeter or
metering pump, to the condensate pump discharge, the hot well, the conden-
sate return tank, or to the de-aerator storage tank. Condensate Control can be
dosed together with Oxygen scavengers. However, optimum control of
condensate pH is achieved by dosing separately from the Hydrazine dosage
system.
For further recommendations on product dosage and control limits, refer
to the Marine Chemicals Manual.
9.6 BOILER COAGULANT

Boiler Coagulant is a polymeric compound used in boilers contaminated with
small quantities of oil, or as a sludge conditioner in conjunction with the use
of Hardness Control when high levels of solids are experienced. Boiler
Coagulant should be dosed at 250cc per day. No testing is necessary if used
regularly. Daily flash blowdown is recommended to remove precipitated solids
or coagulated oil.
For further recommendations on product dosage and control limits, refer to
the Marine Chemicals Manual.
36
15 9 / UNITOR COORDINATED TREATMENT PRODUCTS WATER TREATMENT HANDBOOK 37
Liquid Boiler Water Conditioner for Boilers up to
30 Bar Pressure
Liquitreat
Product Description
Liquitreat is a liquid blend of alkaline compounds, scale and corrosion inhibitors, oxygen
scavengers and sludge conditioners.
Directions for Use
The main attributes of Liquitreat fall into the following categories:
Control of alkalinity: The correct level of alkalinity ensures that optimum conditions exist for:
Precipitation of hardness salts in conjunction with phosphate.
Neutralisation of acid conditions.
Avoidance of caustic corrosion.
Control of magnesium and calcium salts. Control of hardness: Liquitreat provides a phosphate
reserve to effectively react with and precipitate the hardness salts introduced with the
feedwater.
Conditioning of sludge: Boiler sludge can only be removed by blowdown if it is free flowing.
Liquitreat will ensure this by preventing the sludge from adhering to metal surfaces. The
resulting sludge is composed of small particles flowing towards the bottom of the boiler.
Control of oxygen: Oxygen scavenging becomes more important with the increase in boiler
pressure. The oxygen scavenger will effectively react with dissolved oxygen even at lower
temperatures.
Dosing Methods
Liquitreat is best fed into the boiler feed line by means of by-pass pot feeder.
The amount required for dosage can be obtained from the dosage chart. Consult your Unitor
representative for specific dosing instructions.
Liquitreat can also be fed using Unitor's BWT dosing system.
Sampling and Testing

A representative sample of boiler water should be drawn for analysis daily. The sample
should always be taken from the same point after blowdown, cooled and tested immediately.
Follow the Spectrapak test kit instructions and log the results on the log sheets provided by
Unitor. These log sheets should be sent to Unitor's Rapid Response centre for review and
comments.
It is important that regular testing is carried out to ensure levels of treatment are correct.
Product Dosage and Control Limits

Initial dosage for an untreated system is 2.4 litres of Liquitreat/1000 litres of boiler capacity.
This will bring the treatment up to a suitable level of 200 ppm p-Alkalinity.
The dosage chart given below is for convenience in calculating the amount required to bring
the level to the mid point between the minimum and maximum (mid point 200 ppm. p-
Alkalinity.)
P-ALKALINITY (as ppm CaCOO3) 0 50 100 150 200 225 300 350 400
DOSAGE OF LIQUITREAT ltrs/1000 2.4 1.8 1.2 0.6 0 0 0 Blowdown

Our recommended control limits are:
• p-Alkalinity: 100-300 ppm CaCO3.
• Chlorides: 200 ppm Cl max.
• Condensate pH 8.3-9.0.
These are recommended values based on experience, and are in no way intended to replace
the boiler manufacturers specifications, or company regulations. Excessive chlorides are
removed by blowdown.
16
Product Properties
APPEARANCE: Colourless liquid

DENSITY, g/ml at 15°C: 1.1
pH: 13-14
COMPATIBILITY:
Metal: Avoid aluminium, zinc galvanised steel.
Rubber: No known effect
PACKAGING: Product no. Size (Kg) Container
655 571273 25 Plastic
Test Kits, Cleaning & Dosing Equipment

Water Treatment - Problem & Solution Summary
Features, Benefits and Applications

• Liquid conditioning treatment for simplified dosing and handling.
• Suitable for use with auxiliary boilers; waste heat units.
• Smoke or water tube boilers; up to 30 bar pressure.
• Boiler kept at peak level efficiency.
• Heating surfaces are maintained at optimum thermal conditions.
• Dispersant action suspends sludge and sediment particles for efficient blowdown.
• Oxygen scavenging for optimum protection.
• Approved by the Norwegian National Institute of the Public Health for the use in
system where steam is used for drinking water production.
Additional Information
• Unitor strongly recommends the use of Condensate Control in conjunction with
Liquitreat. Condensate Control is a volatile amine that neutralizes carbonic acid in the
condensate return.
• For optimum protection against oxygen corrosion, we recommend to maintain a

minimum temperature of 80°C in the hotwell.
• This product is formulated for use in conjunction with good quality feed water.
Read the Material Safety Data Sheet before using this product
For detailed information on safety and health, please refer to Material Safety Data Sheet
and/or Product Label
Unitor or any associated or subsidiary company's warranties of fitness and merchantability, if
any, as well as any expressed warranties regarding this product shall not be effective or
actionable unless the goods are used as directed herein and in no other manner due to
potential hazards from improper use of the goods described herein.
How to use this Product Guide
17
Condensate Control
Liquid Condensate Corrosion Control for Boiler Systems
Product Description
Concentrated liquid neutralising agent for corrosion control in condensate and feed water systems.
Directions for Use

Condensate Control is a blend of volatile liquid amines with differing liquid/steam distributions ratios that neutralise the acid
contaminants in condensate and feed water thus providing protection against acid corrosion in the complete system.
This product is used in conjuction with Unitors co-ordinated treatment programme and Unitors combined treatment programs.
The most common cause of acid corrosion in condensate and feed water systems is dissolved carbon dioxide. Condensate
Control neutralises this acid and maintains the condensate and feed water in an alkaline condition.
Dosage and Control

The condensate is tested for pH to determine the dosage level. The pH limits are 8.3-9.0.
For an average system e.g. 10 m3, the dosage is approximately 0.65 ltr/day.
Dosing Method
Condensate Control is best dosed continuously using a Unitor Boiler Water Treatment Dosing Unit. The treatment can be
dosed together with Oxygen Control.
Suitable dosage points are:

• Boiler feed line after recirculating valve
• Condensate pump discharge
Condensate Control can be fed using Unitor's BWT dosing systems. Consult your Unitor representative for specific dosing
instructions.

A representative sample of condensate should be drawn for analysis daily. The sample should always be taken from the same
point, cooled and tested immediately.
CONDENSATE CONTROL DOSAGE PARAMETERS
Condensate pH from testing Standard
Less than 8.3 8.3-9.0 Over 9.0 pH Range
All Boiler
Increase Dosage Satisfactory Decrease Dosage
groups By 25% for 72 hours Maintain Dosage By 25% for 72 hours 8.3-9.0
and Retest and Retest
These are recommended values based on experience and are in no way intended to replace the boiler manufacturer's
specifications or company regulations.
Follow the Spectrapak test kit instructions and log the results on the log sheets provided by Unitor. These log sheets should
be sent to Unitor's Rapid Response center for review and comments. It is important that regular testing is carried out to ensure
levels of treatment are correct. Use dosage chart to maintain condensate pH between 8.3-9.0.
18
Product Properties
Appearance: Colorless liquid

Density, g/cm3 at 15°C: 1.0
pH (1 Vol%) 10
Compatibility:
Metal: Avoid copper, brass, aluminium
Packaging: Product no: Size (Kg) Container
655 571323 25 Plastic


• Easy to use liquid treatment.
• Neutralises the acids occurring in the condensate system.
• Less maintenance required. Lower operating costs and increased reliability.
• Volatilizes and carries over with the steam and so is recycled. Dosage is economical and efficient.
• Simple test to determine level of treatment.
• Used for protection of condensate and feed water systems in boiler systems of all pressures.
For detailed information on safety and health, please refer to Material Safety Data Sheet and/or Product Label
Unitor or any associated or subsidiary company's warranties of fitness and merchantability, if any, as well as any expressed warranties
regarding this product shall not be effective or actionable unless the goods are used as directed herein and in no other manner due to potential
hazards from improper use of the goods described herein.
19
LIQUITREAT
Revision: 31/12/2007
SAFETY DATA SHEET

1 Identification of the substance or preparation and of the company/undertaking
Product Name: LIQUITREAT
Datasheet Number: 571273 5. 0. 0
Use of the substance/preparation: Boiler water treatment
Product Part Number: 571273 (25 liter)
Name of Supplier: Wilhelmsen Maritime Services AS
Address of Supplier: Willem Barentszstraat 50
3165 AB Rotterdam-Albrandswaard, The Netherlands
Telephone: +31 10 4877 777

Fax: +31 10 4877 888
Responsible Person: Leen de Visser, Product HSE Manager, Tel.: +31 6 538 63736
Email: Leen.de.Visser@Wilhelmsen.com
Name of Manufacturer: UNITOR CHEMICALS AS
Address of Manufacturer: P.O.Box 15
3141 Kjøpmannskjær
Norway.
Telephone: +47 333 515 00
Emergency Telephone: NCEC: +44 1865 407333, CHEMTREC (800) 424 9300
American Chemistry Council +1 703 527 3887, Greece +30 210 7793777
2 Composition/information on ingredients
Chemical Name Concentration CAS Number EC Number R Phrases* Symbols
Potassium hydroxide 1-5 1310-58-3 215-181-3 22, 35 C
Tripotassiumphosphate 1-5 7778-53-2 231-907-1 - -
*See Section 16
3 Hazards identification
- Odour: Odourless
- Appearance: Liquid, colourless to yellow, soluble in water
- Contact with eyes: Corrosive to eyes, Can cause damage to the eyes
- Contact with skin: Causes burns (R34)
- Inhalation: No information available but must be considered harmful
- Ingestion: Harmful if swallowed (R22)
Corrosive
4 First aid measures

Contact with skin
- Remove contaminated clothing immediately and drench affected skin with plenty of water. Then wash with
soap and water
- Seek medical advice if necessary
Contact with eyes
- If substance has got into eyes, immediately wash out with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes
- Irrigate eyes thoroughly whilst lifting eyelids
- Obtain immediate medical attention
- Continue flushing with water until medical help arrives
Ingestion
- Do not induce vomiting
- Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person
- Give water or milk to drink
20
1
LIQUITREAT
4 First aid measures (....)
Inhalation
- Inhalation is unlikely to occur
- Seek medical attention if ill effects occur
General
- In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the label where possible) (S45)
- When in doubt or symptoms persist, seek medical attention
5 Fire-fighting measures
- Non combustible
- Not flammable. In case of fire use extinguishing media appropriate to surrounding conditions
6 Accidental release measures
Personal Precautions
- Wear protective clothing as per section 8
Environmental Precautions
- No special precautions are required for this product
Clean Up Actions
- Absorb spillage in inert material and shovel up
- Ventilate the area and wash spill site after material pick-up is complete
Special Precautions
7 Handling and storage
Handling
- Eyewash bottles should be available
- Avoid contact with skin and eyes (S24/25)
Storage
- Keep only in the original container in a cool, well ventilated place (S3/9/49)
- Keep container tightly closed (S7)
8 Exposure controls and personal protection
Exposure Limits
- TLV (TWA) 2 mg/m3 (Potassium hydroxide)
Exposure controls
Occupational exposure controls
- Wear suitable protective clothing, including eye/face protection and gloves (plastic or rubber are recommended)
Gloves Suit Goggles No Smoking
9 Physical and chemical properties

- Odour: Odourless
- Appearance: Liquid, colourless to yellow, soluble in water
- pH 13 at 100 % concentration, pH 9.5-11 at 0.2 % concentration
- Boiling point >100 °C at 760 mm /Hg
- Vapour pressure - not known
- Vapour density - not applicable
- Freezing point <0 °C at 760 mm/Hg
- Completely soluble in water
- Specific gravity (water=1) 1.135
- Non combustible
21
2
LIQUITREAT
10 Stability and reactivity
- This article is considered stable under normal conditions
- Avoid overheating, Keep away from frost
- Incompatible with acid
- See Section 5
11 Toxicological information
Toxicological information
- No experimental data available
Inhalation
Contact with skin
- Prolonged skin or eye contact may cause chemical burns
Contact with eyes
- Prolonged skin or eye contact may cause chemical burns
Ingestion
- The ingestion of significant quantities may cause burning sensation
Carcinogenicity
- No evidence of carcinogenic effects
12 Ecological information
Ecotoxicity
- May cause acute effects in the aquatic environment
Mobility
Persistence and Biodegradability
- Degrades by hydrolysis
Bioaccumulation Potential
- Bioaccumulation of the components in this product is insignificant.
Other Adverse Effects
- No environmental problems are expected when the product is used / handled correctly.
In its intended use, the product will not be released into the environment.
- Presents little or no hazard to the aquatic environment
13 Disposal considerations
Classification
- EU Waste class: 06.02
- This material and/or its container must be disposed of as hazardous waste
Disposal considerations
- Do not discharge into drains or the environment, dispose to an authorised waste collection point
- Disposal should be in accordance with local, state or national legislation
14 Transport information
Corrosive
Proper Shipping Name: POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE, SOLUTION

UN
Proper Shipping Name: Potassium hydroxide, solution
UN No.: 1814
Hazard Class: 8 Packing Group: III
Road/Rail (ADR/RID)
ADR UN No.: 1814
ADR Hazard Class: 8
22
3
LIQUITREAT
14 Transport information (....)
Tremcard: 80S1814
23
4
LIQUITREAT
14 Transport information (....)
Sea (IMDG)
IMDG UN No.: 1814
IMDG Hazard Class.: 8 IMDG Pack Group.: III
IMDG EmS: F-A, S-B IMDG subrisk: N/A
IMDG Labels: 8 IMDG Flashpoint: N/A
Air (ICAO/IATA)
ICAO Un No.: 1814
ICAO Hazard Class.: 8 ICAO Packing Group.: III
ICAO subrisk: N/A ICAO Labels: 8, CAO
ICAO Flashpoint: N/A
DOT / CFR (US Department of Transportation
DOT Proper Shipping Name: Potassium hydroxide, solution
Hazardous Material: potassium hydroxide
Hazard Class: 8 Identification Number: UN 1814
Product RQ (lbs): 1000 DOT subrisk: N/A
DOT Labels: 8 DOT Flashpoint: N/A
- Forbidden on passenger aircraft
15 Regulatory information
Corrosive
Risk Phrases
- Causes burns (R34)
Safety Phrases
- In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice (S26)
- Wear suitable protective clothing, eye/face protection and gloves (S36/37/39)
16 Other information
Text of R and S phrase codes used in this safety data sheet:- R22: Harmful if swallowed; R35: Causes severe burns.
The information provided about the product on this Safety Data Sheet has been compiled from knowledge of
the individual constituents
The data given here is based on current knowledge and experience. This Safety Data Sheet describes the product
in terms of safety requirements and does not signify any warranty with regard to the product's properties
The data given here only applies when product used for proper application(s). The product is not sold as suitable
for other applications - usage in such may cause risks not mentioned in this sheet. Do not use for other
application(s) without seeking advice from manufacturer
This Safety Data Sheet is provided in compliance with The Dangerous Substances Directive (67/548/EEC)
This Safety Data Sheet is provided in compliance with The Dangerous Preparations Directive (88/379/EEC)
This Safety Data Sheet is provided in compliance with The Safety Data Sheets Directive (2001/58EC)
24
5
CONDENSATE CONTROL
SAFETY DATA SHEET

Product Name: CONDENSATE CONTROL
Use of the substance/preparation: Boiler water treatment
Telephone: +31 10 4877 777

Fax: +31 10 4877 888
Norway.
Telephone: +47 333 515 00
2-Aminoethanol 5-10 141-43-5 205-483-3 20, 36/37/38 Xn
2-Diethylaminoethanol 1-10 100-37-8 202-845-2 10, 20/21/22, 34 C
Non classified ingredients 60-100
*See Section 16
- Odour: Slight smell of ammonia
- Appearance: Liquid, pale yellow, soluble in water
- Contact with eyes: Vapours or aerosols may cause irritation of eyes, nose and respiratory tract
- Contact with skin: May cause redness and irritation
- Inhalation: Vapours or aerosols may cause irritation of eyes, nose and respiratory tract
- Ingestion: Not regarded as a potential route of exposure., In cases of severe exposure,
gastro-intestinal disturbances may develop
Irritant

Contact with skin
- Remove contaminated clothing immediately and drench affected skin with plenty of water. Then wash with
soap and water
- Contaminated clothing should be laundered before reuse
Contact with eyes
- Seek medical advice
Ingestion
- Do not induce vomiting
- Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person
25
1
CONDENSATE CONTROL
- Give 200-300mls (half pint) water to drink
- Seek immediate medical attention
Inhalation
- Remove patient to fresh air
- Seek medical attention if ill effects occur
General
- Not flammable
- Nitrogen and carbon oxides may be formed
- Do not allow to enter public sewers and watercourses
Clean Up Actions
Special Precautions
Handling
- When using do not eat, drink or smoke (S20/21)
- See Section 8
Storage
Exposure Limits
- There are no recommended or established controls for this product
- TLV (TWA) 1 ppm, 2.5 mg/m3 (2-Aminoethanol)
- TLV (TWA) 2ppm, 9.6 mg/m3 (2-Diethylaminoethanol)
Exposure controls
- Respiratory protection may be required under exceptional circumstances when excessive air
contamination exists
Goggles Gloves Suit No Smoking

- Odour: Slight smell of ammonia
- Appearance: Liquid, pale yellow, soluble in water
- pH 11.5 - 12.5 at 100 % concentration, pH 10 at 1 % concentration
- Boiling point ~ 100 °C at 760 mm /Hg
- Vapour density - not known
26
2
CONDENSATE CONTROL
9 Physical and chemical properties (....)
- Freezing point ~ 0 °C at 760 mm/Hg
- Not flammable
- Avoid overheating, Keep away from frost
- See Section 5
- LD50 (oral,rat) 2100 mg/kg
- ( 2-Aminoethanol)
- ( 2-Diethylaminoethanol)
Inhalation
- In cases of severe exposure, irritation may develop
Contact with skin
- Causes irritation
Contact with eyes
- Causes redness and irritation
Ingestion
- The ingestion of significant quantities may cause gastro-intestinal disturbances
Carcinogenicity
Ecotoxicity
- This product does not contain ingredients which are classified in the EU as dangerous for the environment.
Mobility
- The components in this product are readily biodegradable.
- Presents little or no hazard to the aquatic environment
Classification
- Not classified as hazardous for transport
Irritant
27
3
CONDENSATE CONTROL
15 Regulatory information (....)
Risk Phrases
- Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin (R36/37/38)
Safety Phrases
- In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice (S26)
- Wear suitable gloves and eye/face protection (S37/39)
Text of R and S phrase codes used in this safety data sheet:- R10: Flammable; R20: Harmful by
inhalation; R20/21/22: Harmful by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed; R34: Causes
burns; R36/37/38: Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin.
28
4
Water Test Kits
Unitor's Cooling Water Treatment Programme
Product no: 661 555466
The tests recommended to maintain cooling water within the prescribed limits when using Dieselguard NB/Rocor
NB Liquid are as follows:
Nitrite - Recommended Limits 1000-2400 ppm as NO2
The nitrite concentration should be maintained within the
above recommended limits to effectively inhibit any
corrosive or scaling action within a closed cooling system.
Too high a concentration should be avoided to minimize the
cost to maintain the system. Insufficient dosage can set up
a condition where accelerated corrosion can occur in areas
which become unprotected. Dieselguard NB/Rocor NB
Liquid is dosed according to the nitrite level recommended.
pH - Recommended Limits 8.3-10
The effectiveness of a corrosion inhibitor is restricted to
within a certain pH range. Treatment with Dieselguard
NB/Rocor NB Liquid ensures that this pH range is observed
when the nitrite level is sufficiently maintained to prevent
corrosion. Under certain conditions, because of external
contamination, the pH may not fall into the range usually
found with the correct nitrite dosage. In such cases, Unitor
recommends dosing 50 ml of Unitor's Alkalinity Control per
ton of cooling water to raise the pH value when the pH is
below 8.3. Re-test pH after dosage to assure pH value is
being maintained between 8.3-10.0.
Chlorides - Recommended limit max. 50 ppm

The chloride value of the cooling water should be kept as low as possible, any increase in value whether sudden or
gradual, will be an indication of sea water contamination. Check with engine manufacturer for other specified limits. If the
chloride level exceeds 50 ppm, the possibility of corrosion in the system increases because chlorides have a negative
effect on the passivation film created by nitrites. Therefore, until corrective action has succeeded in bringing the chloride
level back down below 50 ppm, the nitrite level should be kept close to the upper limit (2400 ppm).
Sampling of diesel engines
Accessible sampling cocks should exist on all cooling systems for each diesel engine. This including, but not limited to,
main jacket water, piston cooling, fuel oil valve, auxiliary engines, low temperature systems, etc. A representative sample,
must be taken from each cooling water system to be tested. To minimize the effort in obtaining cooling water samples, a
sample cock located in a position to draw a sample/having access to draw the sample quickly and easily, will make the
task of drawing samples simple. In each case of drawing a sample, the container should be filled with the water to be
tested, sealed and labelled. It is advisable to conduct the appropriate tests within 30 minutes of drawing the sample,
although this time limit can be extended when the sample container is completely filled and sealed.
Test results - cooling water treatment

A. Recording - Always use Unitor's Rapid Response log forms to record all readings and to keep track of all results.
1. Log form - Cooling Water Treatment Log, No. 309.
2. Frequency - Samples should be drawn, tested and results logged for each system a minimum of once per week and if
possible six times per month.
B. Reporting - The completed log sheet for the month should be distributed as shown at the bottom of the form, at the end
of each month:
1. Blue copy - to Unitor's Rapid Response Centre in Norway (address labels at back of log pad)
2. Beige copy - Vessel owner
3. Lilac copy - to be kept onboard
C. Evaluation
1. Logs will be reviewed at the Unitor Rapid Response Centre for adherence to recommended specifications, by Unitor's
Rapid Response staff.
2. A report letter indicating the status of the ship's system, any problems and relevant recommendations will be issued to
the ship's operator.
29
SPECTRAPAK 309
Cooling Water Test Kit
Cooling Water Treatment NITRITE, CHLORIDE & pH Product no: 661 555466
Nitrite test pH test

1. Take a 5 ml water sample with the syringe and put into 1. Dip one of the test strips into the water sample so that the
the container provided. colour zone is completely immersed.
2. Make the sample up to 50 ml using distilled water. 2. Compare the colour obtained with the reference, and
3. Add two nitrite No. 1 tablets and shake to disintegrate (or read off the printed pH value.
crush with the rod provided). Sample will be white. 3. Mark the result obtained on the log sheet provided,
4. Add one nitrite No. 2 tablet and shake to disintegrate. against the date on which the test was taken.
5. Continue adding the nitrite No. 2 tablets, one at a time,
until a pink colour persists for at least one minute. Spares
Standard replacement reagents are available from your
Calculation Unitor Representative.
NITRITE (ppm) = number of No. 2 tablets x 180
For example: REAGENTS RE-ORDER Product no:
If 9 tablets are used, nitrite = 9 x 180 = 1620 ppm.
Nitrite No. 1 tablets 661 555623
Nitrite No. 2 tablets 661 555631
6. Mark the result obtained on the log sheets provided,
Chloride tablets 661 555656
against the date on which the test was taken.
pH papers (6.5.10) 661 555698
Chloride test
LOG SHEET
1. Take a 50ml water sample in the container provided.
Cooling water log sheet 309 089 808082
2. Add one chloride tablet and shake to disintegrate, sample
will turn yellow if chlorides are present.
EQUIPMENT
3. Repeat tablet addition, one at a time until the yellow 661 555714
Plastic sample container
colour changes to orange/brown.
Calculation
Chloride ppm = (number of tablets used x 20) -20
For example:
lf 3 tablets are used then chloride ppm = (3 x 20) -20 = 40
ppm.
4. Mark the result obtained on the log sheets provided,

against the date on which the test was taken.
30
COOLING WATER TREATMENT
Type
Maker :
Equipment :
System : Capacity :
Make Up Rate
HP :
:
Chemicals In Use :
ROCOR NB OR DIESELGUARD NB
Parameters to be Counted : Limits :

Nitrite 1000 - 2400 ppm as NO2
pH 8,3 - 10,0
Chloride 50 ppm maximum
Test Kit to be Used : 309
31
15 Diesel Engine
Cooling Water Treatment
15.1 PROBLEM AREAS In diesel engines containing dissimilar metals, our concern is
There are four key areas which must be considered when treating diesel galvanic corrosion. When exposed to water, one metal becomes anodic
engine cooling water systems. and the other cathodic, setting up a galvanic cell. For example, when
Copper and Mild Steel are connected in water, the Mild Steel becomes
15.1.1 Scale the Anode, because it will give up electrons more readily than the
Scale results when a compound precipitates from the water phase Copper. The metal loss occurs at the anode, so the Mild Steel corrodes.
because its solubility has been exceeded. Scale is a dense, adherent Unitor recommends the use of a corrosion inhibitor containing Nitrite,
deposit of minerals and is tightly bonded to itself and to metal surfaces. Borate and Azole. Nitrite protects Mild Steel and Iron, while Azole
Scale forming on metal surfaces requires four simultaneous factors: protect Copper from corrosion. Nitrite acts by forming a protective
metal oxide (passivating film) on the metal to be protected.
A. Exceeding the solubility of the compound in water.
B. Formation of small nuclear particles. 15.1.3 Fouling
C. Adequate contact time for crystal growth. Fouling is different from scaling in that fouling deposits are formed from
D. Scale re-deposition exceeds the rate of dissolution. material suspended in the water, while scale deposits are formed from
minerals in solution. Materials that cause fouling in cooling water
One primary factor influencing scale adherence is surface roughness. systems are suspended solids and oil leaking into the system. We must
The rougher the surface, the greater the probability of adherent scale control fouling in a diesel engine cooling water system, as it interferes
forming. Also, scale forms more readily on corroding surfaces than on with the effectiveness of corrosion inhibitors.
non-corroding surfaces. Easily corroded metals (mild steel) result in
significantly more scale than metals that do not corrode (stainless 15.1.4 Microbiological activity
steel). Nitrites act as a food source for some types of bacteria. While the
In addition to the four primary factors influencing scale deposition, presence of bacteria is not as widespread in diesel engine cooling
there are other factors that offset the formation of scale. Wildly water systems as in other cooling water systems, it is a potential
fluctuating pH is a significant cause of scale deposition in closed loop problem. The problem becomes apparent when conducting chemical
systems. Unitor uses Borates to buffer and control this fluctuating pH. tests of the cooling water. If the personnel on the vessel are dosing
As the pH of the system increases, so does the scaling potential for Nitrites and do not get a reading and the pH begins to fall, there is a
almost all common scale. This would include Calcium Carbonate, possibility of microbiological activity. This can be verified by simple test
Calcium Sulphate, and Iron Oxide. Low pH extrusions can accelerate methods (“dip slides”), or by sending a sample of the water to Unitor.
corrosion, provide nucleating sites and increase the potential for some
forms of Silica scale. 15.2 UNITOR COOLING WATER TREATMENT PRODUCTS
Scale formation in diesel engine cooling water systems can be Diesel engines have almost completely replaced turbines as the main
controlled by various methods. Removing scale-forming Ions from the propulsion unit in ships. These engines need to be cooled and water is used
water before that water enters the cooling system is the most effective for this purpose. This water must be conditioned to ensure that scale does not
method. Almost all engine manufacturers recommend the use of deposit on the heat transfer surfaces in the cooling system.
distilled water. Distilled water is free of minerals. However, it is
aggressive water and, if untreated, can lead to corrosion. 15.2.1 The System
The water is circulated around the engine and any loss due to leaks,
15.1.2 Corrosion etc. is made up from the expansion tank. As it circulates through the
Corrosion is the phenomenon that returns metals to their native states engine cooling spaces, the water picks up the engine heat, and this hot
as chemical compounds or minerals. water goes to a heat exchanger where it is cooled.
60 15 / DIESEL ENGINE COOLING WATER TREATMENT WATER TREATMENT HANDBOOK 61

32
The steam heater is used to warm the engine up from cold. An air – The chart below can be used to determine the dosage requirement
separator is normally installed to get rid of entrained air in the system. necessary to achieve a nitrite residual level between the minimum
The water added to the expansion tank is termed “make-up” water. and maximum specification range limits.
Distilled water shall preferably be used for these cooling systems.
This is normally made onboard by a fresh water evaporator (or Nitrite (as ppm NO2) 0 180 360 540 720 900 1080 1260 1440 1620–2400
generator). A useful way of increasing the plant efficiency is to utilise Dieselguard NB Kg/1000 L 2.88 2.52 2.16 1.80 1.44 1.08 0.72 0.36 0 0
the heat taken from the engine to provide a heat source to the
evaporator. 15.3.3 Rocor NB liquid dosage chart
If evaporated water cannot be used for make-up, then fresh shore Unitor Rocor NB Liquid
water will have to be used. This is normally much higher in impurities. A. Initial dosage for an untreated system is 9 litres/1,000 litres of
The engine water temperature is in the region of 65 °C to 75 °C at the distilled water. This will bring the treatment level up to a minimum
inlet to the engine. It is maintained at this temperature by controlling level of 1000 ppm.
the cooling. The cooler is bypassed if the temperature drops.
B. The chart below can be used to determine the dosage require-
15.2.2 Corrosion ment necessary to achieve a Nitrite residual level between the
As mentioned above, this is the main problem in diesel engine cooling minimum and maximum specification range limits.
systems. The water contains some Oxygen, and if it is untreated, an
Nitrite (as ppm NO2) 0 180 360 540 720 900 1080 1260 1440–2400
ideal environment will exist for all types of corrosion.
Rocor NB Liquid L/1000 L 13.0 11.3 9.7 8.1 6.5 4.9 3.3 1.7 0
Note: When initially dosing a cooling water system, it is typical that the initial dosage may
15.3 DIESELGUARD NB AND ROCOR NB LIQUID vary from vessel to vessel, or system to system.Total passivation of the cooling
15.3.1 How do they work? water system will consume more product than when making Nitrite up as mainte-
nance dosages. The quality of make-up water will also affect initial dosage rates.
All the information is contained in the relevant product data sheets but
can be summarised as follows:
They provide a very thin coating to all metal surfaces to prevent the
corrosion from starting. The water is also made alkaline by the treat-
ment to ensure that there is no acid corrosion.
It is important that there is an excess of treatment in the system to
replace any breakdown in the coating and to treat the makeup water as
it enters the system.
The testing for this is quickly carried out by the Spectrapak 309
Cooling Water Test Kit.
Some points to note:

– All cooling water treatments must be approved by accepted
Government bodies for use where the water is used as a heat
source for an evaporator making drinking water.
– The treatments must also be accepted by the engine manufacturer.
The Unitor products are covered in these areas.
15.3.2 Dieselguard NB dosage chart

Unitor Dieselguard NB
– Initial dosage for an untreated system is 2 kg/1,000 liters of makeup
water. This will bring the treatment level up to a minimum level
of 1000 ppm.

33
15.4 TESTS FOR DIESEL ENGINE COOLING WATER TREATED WITH 15.5 SAMPLING OF DIESEL ENGINES:
DIESELGUARD NB/ROCOR NB LIQUID Accessible sampling cocks should exist on all cooling systems for each diesel
The following tests are recommended to maintain cooling water within the engine. This including, but not limited to, main jacket water, piston cooling,
prescribed limits when using Dieselguard NB/Rocor NB Liquid: fuel oil valve, auxiliary engines, low temperature systems, etc. A representa-
tive sample must be taken from each cooling water system to be tested.
1. Nitrite 1000–2400 ppm as NO2 To minimise the effort in obtaining cooling water samples, a sample cock
2. pH 8.3–10.0 located in a position to draw a sample/having access to draw the sample
3. Chlorides 50 ppm maximum quickly and easily will make the task of drawing samples a simple one.
In each case of drawing a sample, the container should be filled with the
15.4.1 Nitrite – Recommended Limits 1000–2400 ppm as NO2 water to be tested, then sealed and labelled. It is advisable to conduct the
The Nitrite concentration should be maintained within the above appropriate tests within 30 minutes of drawing the sample, although this time
recommended limits to effectively inhibit any corrosive or scaling action limit can be extended when sample container is completely filled and sealed.
within a closed cooling system. Over-concentration should be avoided
to minimise the cost of maintaining the system. Under-dosage can set 15.5.1 Sampling Procedure:
up a condition where accelerated corrosion can occur in areas which The suggestion is for one sample bottle for each system to be tested.
become unprotected. Dieselguard NB/Rocor NB Liquid is dosed Mark each bottle clearly for each system.
according to the recommended nitrite level.
A. Provide a clean bottle for each sample drawn:
15.4.2 pH – Recommended Limits 8.3–10
The effectiveness of a corrosion inhibitor is restricted to within a The bottle should contain 0.5 litre, should be made of glass or
certain pH range. Treatment with Dieselguard NB/Rocor NB Liquid plastic, have a screw cap that seals air-tight and a label indicating
ensures that this pH range is observed when the Nitrite level is pertinent data:
sufficiently maintained to prevent corrosion. Under certain conditions
because of external contamination, the pH may not fall into the range a. Nature of water sample:
usually found with the correct Nitrite dosage. In such cases, Unitor 1. High temperature system
recommends dosing 50 ml of Unitor’s Alkalinity Control per tonne of 2. F.O. valve
cooling water to raise the pH value when the pH is below 8.3. Re-test 3. Piston
pH after dosage to prove that the pH value is being maintained between 4. Auxiliary
8.3 and 10.0. 5. Low temperature system
b. Sampling point/location
15.4.3 Chlorides – Recommended limit max. 50 ppm
The Chlorides value of the cooling water should be kept as low as B. Allow effluent to flush through sampling line a minimum of three
possible. Any increase in value whether sudden or gradual, will be an to five minutes.
indication of sea water contamination. Check with the engine manu-
facturer for other specified limits. C. Cool effluent to less than 25 °C before commencing to draw sample.
If the Chloride level exceeds 50 ppm, the possibility of corrosion in
the system increases because Chlorides have a negative effect on the D. Rinse bottle at least three times with sample water.
passivation film created by nitrites. Therefore, until corrective action
E. Secure cap on bottle air tight.
has succeeded in bringing the Chloride level back down below 50 ppm,
the nitrite level should be kept close to the upper limit (2400 ppm). F. Be sure sample is representative of total coolant in system.
15.4.4 Sampling and testing of cooling water G. Draw sample from same point in the system each time.
Samples should be drawn, tested and results logged for each system at
least of once per week and if possible six times per month. H. Sample should be analysed as soon as possible after securing.

Rocor NB Liquid
Liquid Cooling Water Corrosion Inhibitor
Product Description
Rocor NB Liquid is a liquid, nitrite/borate based compound with organic corrosion inhibitors for use in closed
cooling water systems.
Directions for Use and Dose Rates

Rocor NB Liquid is a highly effective corrosion inhibitor for the common ferrous and non-ferrous metals in
The stable oxide film that is formed prevents corrosion caused by electrolytic action between dissimilar metals
used in the system. Rocor NB Liquid has been field tested and found to have no detrimental effects on non
metallic substances such as seals, glands, packing, hoses, gaskets etc., normally used in these systems.
The compound is alkaline and so will suppress acid corrosion, which would otherwise result in corrosion
damage such as pitting. However, the alkalinity control is such that even if the product is accidentally
overdosed, the pH of the water will remain within limits. The metals which would be affected by extremes of
alkalinity or acidity are protected.
In cases where systems are contaminated with oil and/or scale they should be cleaned before starting to apply
Rocor NB Liquid. There are suitable Unitor products to carry out the cleaning. Degreasing should be carried
out using Seaclean Plus and descaling by using Descalex. Refer to Unitor’s Water Treatment handbook.
The use of antifreeze is sometimes required if the vessel is to be laid up in cold areas and so Rocor NB Liquid
can be used in conjunction with antifreeze products.
If the system contains galvanized parts, it is advisory to clean the system with Descalex prior to commencing
the treatment.
Caution: This product should not be used in systems containing aluminium parts in cooling water
spaces!
Dosing Method
Rocor NB Liquid should be dosed to a suitable point in the system. If the expansion tank is used then
adequate circulation must be assured.

The Unitor Spectrapak Test Kit provides the necessary equipment to carry out the control tests.
Obtain a representative sample of the cooling water. Carry out the tests immediately after sampling (following
the instructions given in the Test Kit) and log the results on the log sheets provided by Unitor. These log
sheets should be returned to the Unitor Rapid Response Center for review.
Use the dosage chart overleaf to adjust the treatment to obtain the optimum level. It is important that at least
weekly testing is carried out to ensure levels of treatment are correct.
For Further Dosage and Control Limits See Overleaf.
Dosing and Control

Initial dosage for an untreated system is 9 litres of Rocor NB Liquid/1000 litres of untreated distilled water. This
will bring the treatment up to the minimum level of 1000 ppm nitrite.
The dosage chart given below is for convenience in calculating the amount of Rocor NB Liquid required to
bring the treatment level to the suitable point between the minimum and maximum - this being 1440 ppm
nitrite.
Normal nitrite limits: 1000-2400 ppm nitrite (NO2)
Nitrite (as PPM NO2) 0 180 360 540 720 900 1080 1260 1440
- 2400
Rocor NB 13.0 11.3 9.7 8.1 6.5 4.9 3.3 1.7 0
L/1000L
N.B.Buffering agents in Rocor NB Liquid maintain pH values within suitable limits when the product is dosed
as recommended. Normal pH should be maintained between 8.3 and 10 by the treatment.
The engine manufacturer's recommendations for water quality should always be complied with. Chloride levels
should always be as low as possible. Most engine manufacturers recommend a maximum of 50 ppm
chlorides.
For this reason, Unitor recommends the use of distilled water as make-up.
35
Product Properties
Appearance: Red liquid

Density, g/cm3 at 15°C: 1.1
pH (1 Vol%) 9
Compatibility:
Metal: Avoid contact with zinc and aluminium
Packaging: Product no: Size (in litres) Container
653 571356 25 Plastic


• Liquid product, easy to use.
• By forming an oxide film on the metal surfaces electrolytic corrosion is prevented.
• Effective against cavitation and erosion.
• Compatible with hoses, gaskets and seals.
• Compatible with glycol used for frost protection.
• Simple control tests.
• The product can be used for corrosion inhibition in many types of closed recirculation
system such as: - Diesel engine cooling water systems. - Compressor cooling water
systems. - Centralised cooling systems. - Hot water heating systems. - Auxiliary
machinery cooling systems.
• Approved by all major engine manufacturers.
• Approved by the Norwegian National Institute of Public Health for the use in systems
where cooling water is used for heating purpose in evaporators.
36
Dieselguard NB
Cooling Water Corrosion Inhibitor
Product Description
A dry powder, nitrite/borate based compound with organic corrosion inhibitors for use in cooling water
systems.
Directions for Use

Dieselguard NB is a highly effective corrosion inhibitor for the common ferrous and non-ferrous metals in
The stable oxide film that results from treatment prevents corrosion caused by electrolytic action between
dissimilar metals used in the system.
Dieselguard NB has been field tested and found to have no detrimental effects on non-metallic substances
such as seals, glands, packing, hoses, gaskets etc., normally used in these systems. The compound is
alkaline and so will suppress acid corrosion, which would otherwise result in corrosion damage such as pitting.
However, the alkalinity control is such, that, even if the product is accidentally overdosed the pH of the water
will remain within limits. The metals which would be affected by extremes of alkalinity or acidity are protected.
In cases where systems are contaminated with oil and/or scale they should be cleaned before starting to apply
Dieselguard NB. There are suitable Unitor products to carry out the cleaning. Degreasing should be carried
out using Seaclean Plus and descaling by using Descalex.
The use of antifreeze is sometimes required if the vessel is to be laid up in cold areas, Dieselguard NB can be
used in conjunction with antifreeze products. If the system contains galvanized parts, it is advisory to clean the
system with Descalex or Descaling Liquid prior to commencing the treatment.
Caution: This product should not be used in systems containing aluminium parts in cooling water
spaces!
Dosing Method
Dieselguard NB should be dosed into a suitable point in the cooling water system, after it has been thoroughly
mixed with water. If the expansion tank is used then adequate circulation must be assured.

The Unitor Spectrapak Test Kit provides the necessary equipment to carry out the control tests.
Obtain a representative sample of the cooling water. Carry out the tests immediately after sampling (following
the instructions given in the Test Kit) and log the results on the log sheets provided by Unitor. These log
sheets should be returned to the Unitor Rapid Response Center for review.
Use the dosage chart overleaf to adjust treatment to obtain the optimum level. It is important that testing is
carried out at least once per week, to ensure levels of treatment are correct.
Dosing and Control

Initial dosage for an untreated system is 2 kg/1000 litres of untreated distilled water. This will bring the
treatment up to the minimum level of 1000 ppm. The dosage chart given below is for convenience in
calculating the amount of Dieselguard required to bring the treament level to the suitable point between the
minimum and maximum - this being 1440 ppm nitrite.
Normal nitrite limits: 1000-2400 ppm nitrite (NO2)
After a short period of use the operator will be able to easily determine the dosage required to maintain a
proper treatment level.
Nitrite (as PPM NO2) 0 180 360 540 720 900 1080 1260 1440 1620
- 2400
Dieselguard NB 2.88 2.52 2.16 1.80 1.44 1.08 0.72 0.36 0 0
Kg/1000L
N.B. Buffering agents in Dieselguard NB maintain pH values within suitable limits when the product is dosed
as recommended.
The pH should be maintained between 8.3 and 10.0 by the treatment.

The engine manufacturer's recommendations for water quality should always be complied with. Chloride levels
should be as low as possible. Most engine manufacturers recommend a maximum of 50 ppm chlorides. For
this reason, Unitor recommends to use distilled water as make-up.
Dieselguard NB is very water soluble. One kilogram of Dieselguard NB should be dissolved in 10 litres of hot
water before adding it to the system.
37
Product Properties
APPEARANCE: Off white powder

pH (0.2 WT%) 9
COMPATIBILITY:
Metal: Zinc and aluminium reacts with
solutions of Dieselguard NB
PACKAGING: Product No.: Size (in kg) Container
653 571349 25 Steel


• By creating an oxide film on the metal surfaces, electrolytic corrosion is prevented.
• Effective against cavitation and erosion.
• Compatible with non-metals such as hoses, gaskets and seals.
• Approved by numerous engine manufacturers.
• Compatible with glycol based types of antifreeze.
• Simple control tests.
• The product can be used for corrosion inhibition in many types of closed recirculation
systems such as:
- Diesel engine cooling water systems.
- Compressor cooling water systems.
- Centralised cooling systems.
- Hot water heating systems.
- Auxiliary machinery cooling systems.
• Approved by the Norwegian National Institute of Public Health for the use in systems
where cooling water is used for heating purpose in evaporators.

38
ROCOR NB LIQUID
SAFETY DATA SHEET

Product Name: ROCOR NB LIQUID
Use of the substance/preparation: Cooling water treatment
Recommended / Intended use: : Cooling water treatment
Telephone: +31 10 4877 777

Fax: +31 10 4877 888
Norway.
Telephone: +47 333 515 00
Sodium nitrite 10-30 7632-00-0 231-555-9 8, 25, 50 T, O, N
Sodiumtetraborate 10 aq 1-5 1303-96-4 215-540-4 62, 63 Xn
Benzothiazol-2-thiol 0.1-.02 149-30-4 205-736-8 43, 50/53 Xi, N
*See Section 16
- Odour: Odourless
- Appearance: Liquid, red, soluble in water
- Contact with eyes: May cause pain
- Contact with skin: In cases of severe exposure, severe irritation may develop
- Inhalation: Vapours or aerosols may cause irritation of eyes, nose and respiratory tract
- Ingestion: Toxic if swallowed (R25)
Toxic

Contact with skin
- Remove contaminated clothing immediately and drench affected skin with plenty of water
Contact with eyes
Ingestion
- Never make an unconscious person vomit or drink fluids
- Give water or milk to drink
39
1
ROCOR NB LIQUID
- Induce vomiting (only if patient is conscious)
Inhalation
General
- Nitrogen oxides may be formed
- Substance evolves toxic fumes, wear self-contained breathing apparatus
Immediate Actions
- Use appropriate containment to avoid environmental contamination (S57)
Clean Up Actions
Special Precautions
Handling
Storage
- Protect from heat
- Protect from frost
Exposure controls
Gloves Goggles Suit No Smoking

- Odour: Odourless
- Appearance: Liquid, red, soluble in water
- pH 9.5 - 10.5 at 100 % concentration
- Boiling point >100 °C at 760 mm /Hg
- Freezing point <0 °C at 760 mm/Hg
40
2
ROCOR NB LIQUID
9 Physical and chemical properties (....)
- Avoid contact with acid
- Incompatible with acid, Contact with acids liberates toxic gas (R31)
- See Section 5
- No experimental data available
Inhalation
- Not applicable
Contact with skin
- In cases of severe exposure, severe irritation may develop
Contact with eyes
- May cause severe irritation
- May cause pain
Ingestion
- Toxic if swallowed (R25)
Carcinogenicity
Ecotoxicity
- This product contains components which are classified in the EU as dangerous for the environment.
Mobility
- Its main ingredients will either dissolve rapidly and dissociate in water or are readily/inherently biodegradable.
Classification
- This material and/or its container must be disposed of as hazardous waste
- Not classified as hazardous for transport
Classification and labelling
- Contains Benzothiazol-2-thiol. May produce an allergic reaction.
Toxic
41
3
ROCOR NB LIQUID
Risk Phrases
Safety Phrases
- This material and its container must be disposed of in a safe way (S35)
Text of R and S phrase codes used in this safety data sheet:- R25: Toxic if swallowed; R43: May cause sensitisation
by skin contact; R50: Very toxic to aquatic organisms; R50/53: Very toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause
long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment; R62: Possible risk of impaired fertility; R63: Possible risk of
harm to the unborn child; R8: Contact with combustible material may cause fire.
42
4
DIESELGUARD NB
SAFETY DATA SHEET

Product Name: DIESELGUARD NB
Use of the substance/preparation: Cooling water treatment
Product Part Number: 571349 (25 kg)
Telephone: +31 10 4877 777

Fax: +31 10 4877 888
Norway.
Telephone: +47 333 515 00
Sodium nitrite 60-90 7632-00-0 231-555-9 8, 25, 50 T, O, N
Benzotiazol-2-tiol 0-1 149-30-4 205-736-8 43, 50/53 Xi, N
Orthoboric acid, sodium salt 10-30 13840-56-7 237-560-2 62, 63 Xn
*See Section 16
- Odour: Odourless
- Appearance: powder, off-white, soluble in water
- Contact with eyes: Causes redness and irritation
- Contact with skin: Irritating to skin (R38)
- Inhalation: Causes irritation
- Ingestion: Toxic if swallowed (R25)
- Very toxic to aquatic organisms (R50)
- Possible risk of impaired fertility (R62)
- Possible risk of harm to the unborn child (R63)
- Contact with combustible material may cause fire (R8)
Toxic Oxidising Dangerous for the Environment

Contact with skin
- Remove contaminated clothing
- Wash affected area with plenty of soap and water
Contact with eyes
43 1
DIESELGUARD NB
Ingestion
- Never make an unconscious person vomit or drink fluids
- Give plenty of water to drink
- Induce vomiting (only if patient is conscious)
- Seek immediate medical attention
Inhalation
General
- Not flammable but will support combustion
- Nitrogen oxides may be formed
- Oxidising agent, Contact with other material may cause fire
- Substance evolves toxic fumes, wear self-contained breathing apparatus
- Prevent run off water from entering drains if possible
- Avoid raising dust
Immediate Actions
- Use appropriate containment to avoid environmental contamination (S57)
Clean Up Actions
- Sweep or shovel-up spillage and remove to a safe place
Special Precautions
- Avoid raising dust
- Avoid release to the environment. Refer to special instructions/Safety data sheets (S61)
Handling
Storage
- Keep only in the original container in a cool, well ventilated place away from combustible material (S3/9/14/49)
- Keep away from acid (S14)
Exposure Limits
- There are no recommended or established controls for this product
Exposure controls
- Respiratory protection may be required under exceptional circumstances when excessive air
contamination exists
44
2
DIESELGUARD NB
8 Exposure controls and personal protection (....)
Gloves Goggles Suit No Smoking

- Odour: Odourless
- Appearance: powder, off-white, soluble in water
- pH 9 at 0.2 % concentration
- Boiling point - not known, decomposes
- Vapour pressure - not applicable
- Melting point - not known
- Water solubility ~ 100 g/l
- Density 1200 kg/m3
- Not flammable but will support combustion
- Avoid overheating
- Incompatible with acid, Contact with acids liberates very toxic gas (R32)
- See Section 5
- (NaNO2)
- Orthoboric acid, sodium salt :
Inhalation
Contact with skin
- Contains Benzotiazol-2-tiol. May produce an allergic reaction.
Contact with eyes
- May cause severe irritation
Ingestion
- The ingestion of significant quantities may cause damage to digestive system
- The ingestion of significant quantities may cause nausea/vomiting
Carcinogenicity
Ecotoxicity
- EC50 (daphnia) 12.5 mg/l (48 hr)
- (NaNO2)
Mobility
- Its main ingredients will either dissolve rapidly and dissociate in water or are readily/inherently biodegradable.
- Degrades by hydrolysis
45 3
DIESELGUARD NB
12 Ecological information (....)
Classification
- EU Waste class: 06.03.08
Oxidizing Agent Toxic
Proper Shipping Name: Sodium nitrite

UN
UN No.: 1500
Hazard Class: 5.1 Packing Group: III
Road/Rail (ADR/RID)
ADR UN No.: 1500
ADR Hazard Class: 5.1 Tremcard: 51S1500
Sea (IMDG)
IMDG UN No.: 1500
IMDG Hazard Class.: 5.1 IMDG Pack Group.: III
IMDG EmS: F-A, S-Q IMDG subrisk: 6.1
IMDG Labels: 5.1 + 6 IMDG Flashpoint: N/A
Air (ICAO/IATA)
ICAO Un No.: 1500
ICAO Hazard Class.: 5.1 ICAO Packing Group.: III
ICAO subrisk: 6.1 ICAO Labels: 5.1 + 6
ICAO Flashpoint: N/A
DOT / CFR (US Department of Transportation
DOT Proper Shipping Name: Sodium nitrite
Hazardous Material: Sodium nitrite
Hazard Class: 5.1 Identification Number: UN 1500
Product RQ (lbs): N/E DOT subrisk: 6.1
DOT Labels: 5.1 + 6 DOT Flashpoint: N/A
Oxidising Toxic Dangerous for the Environment
Risk Phrases
- Contact with combustible material may cause fire (R8)
- Contact with acids liberates toxic gas (R31)
46
4
DIESELGUARD NB
Safety Phrases
- Keep away from acid (S14)
- Avoid release to the environment. Refer to special instructions/Safety data sheets (S61)
Text of R and S phrase codes used in this safety data sheet:- R25: Toxic if swallowed; R43: May cause sensitisation
by skin contact; R50: Very toxic to aquatic organisms; R50/53: Very toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause
long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment; R62: Possible risk of impaired fertility; R63: Possible risk of
harm to the unborn child; R8: Contact with combustible material may cause fire.
47
5

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Boiler Water Treatment

II WATER TREATMENT HANDBOOK WATER TREATMENT HANDBOOK III

and at 90 °C approx. 1.5 mg O2/l, and

6 2 / BASIC CHEMISTRY WATER TREATMENT HANDBOOK 7

8 2 / BASIC CHEMISTRY WATER TREATMENT HANDBOOK 9

2.2.6 Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2) 2.2.8 Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3)

10 2 / BASIC CHEMISTRY WATER TREATMENT HANDBOOK 11

612 2 / BASIC CHEMISTRY WATER TREATMENT HANDBOOK 13

The most common problems are:

General wastage of a boiler tube. Stress corrosion

7 14 3 / PROBLEMS OF BOILER WATER WATER TREATMENT HANDBOOK 15

3.1.4 Factors Affecting Corrosion 3. The condensate is polluted:

8 16 3 / PROBLEMS OF BOILER WATER WATER TREATMENT HANDBOOK 17

• Solid • Liquid • Vapour

Carryover in superheaters can promote failure due to overheating.

Turbines are prone to damage by carryover, as solid particles in steam can

18 3 / PROBLEMS OF BOILER WATER WATER TREATMENT HANDBOOK 19

Vessel Name : Owner :

Drum Press : Capacity :

Chemical Treatment Programme : Combind Treatment

Parameters to be Counted : Limits :

Test Kit to be Used : 310

A. p-Alkalinity - Recommended Limits: 100-300 ppm as CaCO3

Test results - Combined treatment

P ALKALINITY TEST pH test

12 28 6 / UNITOR BOILER WATER TREATMENT PRODUCTS WATER TREATMENT HANDBOOK 29

D. Testing preparations and equipment.

13 30 8 / TESTS FOR BOILER WATER/LOW PRESSURE WATER TREATMENT HANDBOOK 31

1432 8 / TESTS FOR BOILER WATER/LOW PRESSURE WATER TREATMENT HANDBOOK 33

9.6 BOILER COAGULANT

Sampling and Testing

Product Dosage and Control Limits

DOSAGE OF LIQUITREAT ltrs/1000 2.4 1.8 1.2 0.6 0 0 0 Blowdown

APPEARANCE: Colourless liquid

Test Kits, Cleaning & Dosing Equipment

Features, Benefits and Applications

• Suitable for use with auxiliary boilers; waste heat units.

• Smoke or water tube boilers; up to 30 bar pressure.

• Boiler kept at peak level efficiency.

• Heating surfaces are maintained at optimum thermal conditions.

• Oxygen scavenging for optimum protection.

• For optimum protection against oxygen corrosion, we recommend to maintain a

How to use this Product Guide

Directions for Use

Dosage and Control

Suitable dosage points are:

Sampling and Testing

CONDENSATE CONTROL DOSAGE PARAMETERS

Condensate pH from testing Standard

Less than 8.3 8.3-9.0 Over 9.0 pH Range

Appearance: Colorless liquid

Test Kits, Cleaning & Dosing Equipment

Features, Benefits and Applications

• Neutralises the acids occurring in the condensate system.

• Less maintenance required. Lower operating costs and increased reliability.

• Simple test to determine level of treatment.

SAFETY DATA SHEET

Telephone: +31 10 4877 777

4 First aid measures

Gloves Suit Goggles No Smoking

9 Physical and chemical properties

Proper Shipping Name: POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE, SOLUTION