OBJECTIVE

The reasons why this paperwork is being done is due to several objectivs as stated below: * To instill awareness among humans about the significant of preservation and conservation of the ecosystem. * To make humans realize how bad are the effects of human activities towards the environment. * To increase efforts on creating a safe environment for ourselves and for the future generation. * To deduce the time for the depletion and destruction of the environment due to various environmental problem caused by human being.

HUMAN ACTIVITIES THAT EFFECTS THE ECOSYSTEM

Human activities often affect whole ecosystems.With great advancements in the medical fields, modern farming techniques and better infrastructure, the worlds population has grown to over 6 billion today. Conflicts, therefore, arise between the need to meet the immediate human demands in the short term and need to protect and conserve ecosystems from long-term damage.

1. Deforestation 2. Burning of fossil fuels 3. Overuse of fertilizers in intensive farming 4. Dumping of domestic and industrial waste

We need to protect and reserved the ecosystem for our use in the future. The negative effects are hasty, unplanned development and mismanagement, thus cause problems to the balance of the ecosystem such as air, water and land pollution. Greenhouse effects, global warming are warning to the human beings to stop open deforestation and polluting to the environments. Negative effects: a) These problems bring out negative effects to the economic resources, health and survival of the ecosystems. b) These problems to causing a lot of viruses to attack the human health.

DEFORESTATION CAUSED: -soil erosion -landslides -flashfloods -extinction of flora and fauna -global warming -greenhouse effect

INDUSTRIALISATION CAUSED: -various types of pollutions

THE IMPACT OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES TOWARDS THE ECOSYSTEM

FARMING CAUSED: -pollution

URBANISATION CAUSED -pollution

BURNING CAUSED: -pollution -greenhouse effect

POLLUTION
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical systems or living organisms. Pollution can take the form of chemical substances, or energy, such as noise, heat, or light. Pollutants, the elements of pollution, can be foreign substances or energies, or naturally occurring; when naturally occurring, they are considered contaminants when they exceed natural levels. Pollution is often classed as point source or nonpoint source pollution.

Pollution comes from both natural and manmade sources. Pollution can also be the consequence of a natural disaster. For example, hurricanes often involve water contamination from sewage, and petrochemical spills from ruptured boats or automobiles. Larger scale and environmental damage is not uncommon when coastal oil rigs or refineries are involved. Some sources of pollution, such as nuclear power plants or oil tankers, can produce widespread and potentially hazardous releases when accidents occur.

Adverse air quality can kill many organisms including humans. Ozone pollution can cause respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, throat inflammation, chest pain, and congestion. Water pollution causes approximately 14,000 deaths per day, mostly due to contamination of drinking water by untreated sewage in developing countries. An estimated 700 million Indians have no access to a proper toilet, and 1,000 Indian children die of diarrhoeal sickness every day. Nearly 500 million Chinese lack access to safe drinking water. 656,000 people die prematurely each year in China because of air pollution. In India, air pollution is believed to cause 527,700

fatalities a year. Studies have estimated that the number of people killed annually in the US could be over 50,000.

Oil spills can cause skin irritations and rashes. Noise pollution induces hearing loss, high blood pressure, stress, and sleep disturbance. Mercury has been linked to developmental deficits in children and neurologic symptoms. Older people are majorly exposed to diseases induced by air pollution. Those with heart or lung disorders are under additional risk. Children and infants are also at serious risk. Lead and other heavy metals have been shown to cause neurological problems. Chemical and radioactive substances can cause cancer and as well as birth defects.

GREENHOUSE EFFECT

The greenhouse effect is the heating of the surface of a planet or moon due to the presence of an atmosphere containing gases that absorb and emit infrared radiation. Thus, greenhouse gases trap heat within the surface-troposphere system. This mechanism is fundamentally different from that of an actual greenhouse, which works by isolating warm air inside the structure so that heat is not lost by convection. The greenhouse effect was discovered by Joseph Fourier in 1824, first reliably experimented on by John Tyndall in 1858, and first reported quantitatively by Svante Arrhenius in 1896. The black body temperature of the Earth is 5.5 C. Since the Earth's surface reflects about 28% of incoming sunlight, the planet's mean temperature would be far lower, about -18 or -19 C. Along with the added contribution of the greenhouse effect, it is instead much higher, roughly 14 C. Global warming, a recent warming of the Earth's surface and lower atmosphere, is believed to be the result of an enhanced greenhouse effect mostly due to human-produced increases in atmospheric greenhouse gases. This human induced part is referred to as anthropogenic global warming (AGW). The Earth receives energy from the Sun mostly in the form of visible light and nearby wavelengths. About 50% of the sun's energy is absorbed at the Earth's surface. Like all bodies with a temperature above absolute zero the Earth's surface radiates energy in the infrared range. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere absorb most of the infrared radiation emitted by the surface and pass the absorbed heat to other atmospheric gases through molecular collisions. The greenhouse gases also radiate in the infrared range. Radiation is emitted both upward, with part escaping to space, and downward toward Earth's surface. The surface and lower atmosphere are warmed by the part of the energy that is radiated downward, making our life on earth possible.

THINNING OZONE LAYER

The distribution of ozone in ionosphere, mesosphere and stratosphere is being depleted. The concentration of ozone is gradually reducing. As the content of ozone is highest in ionosphere and the air itself being very thin, the depletion is negligible in ionosphere. But in mesosphere and stratosphere the air is thicker and ozone content is less. The depletion of ozone is of higher order in these layers. The so called hole in ozone layers simply means that above some continents (specifically Antarctica, Asia and parts of South America) the mesosphere and stratosphere have lost their original level of ozone content.

The depletion of ozone layer is a global phenomena both in terms of cause and effect. The geographical limits of countries are not barriers to either dispersal of gases in layers of atmosphere or depletion of gases. The causes for depletion may arise in any country. The effects (in terms of depletion) may arise in any other country. The effects (in terms of ozone depletion) need not be exactly above the country causing the depletion. It is now established that chloroflouro carbon (CFC) chemicals evolved from various refrigerants, coolants and propellants are the primary reasons for depletion of ozone. CFC are a group of chlorine bearing gases of low specific gravity. They rise to stratosphere and mesosphere. Due to ionising solar radiation in these layers, (which is the primary reason for production of ozone) fresh chlorine gas is produced from CFCs. This nascent chlorine gas has the capacity to react with ozone and bring down the level of ozone substantially.
The concept of ozone depletion is new. But study of international ozone trendis being made since 1988, when international ozone commission was established. Extensive ozone assessment facilities were established under International Middle Atmospheric Programme (IMAP) in India to study ozone along with number of other green house gases.

ACTIVITIES TO ENSURE A BALANCED ECOSYSTEM

The Human Activities all over the world made by mankind had gave many impact to the mother nature. The negative effects of hasty, unplanned development and the mismanagement of the ecosystems result in various environmental problems such as air and water pollution, the greenhouse effect, global warming, and the depletion of natural resources. These problems bring about negative effects that increasingly threaten the economic resources health and survival.
1. The need of development and the effects of an increasing population on the ecosystem:

Population of the world always increase, so do their needs The needs for more food supplies, water, home has led to development These development involves deforestation, the building more dams, and production of more domestic and industrial waste The unmanaged and unplanned development leads to a pollution of environment To reduces the negative effects of developments, human must have efforts to manage the environment properly

2. The importance of proper management of development activities

Way to balance the needs for resources with the needs to conserve the natural resources To make a sustainable development without jeopardizing or depleting the natural resources Ensure that short-term gains be balance with the long-term effects on the environment To exploit natural resources in a sustainable way, so these resources can be replenish and renewed for future generations to continue to use them To minimize the negative effects of development towards the environment

3. Measures taken in the management of development activities

Implementations of laws Uses of technology Education on the management of resources Preservation and conservation of soil The practice of biological control The use of renewable energy The efficient use of technology

4. Implimentations of laws

Many laws and regulations are designed to control pollution which affects the quality of lands, air and water. Examples of the acts: o The Environment Quality Act, 1974, 1989 o Motor Vehicle Noise Regulations, 1987 o Scheduled Wastes Treatment and Disposal Facilities Regulations, 1989 o Clean Air Regulations, Amendment 2000 o The National Forestry Act, 1984 o The Pesticides Act, 1974 o The Fisheries Act, 1985 o The Protection of Wildlife Act, 1972

5. Uses of technology

Install catalytic converters in vehicle to clean un exhaust emissions and convert harmful gases released to less harmful gases Use unleaded petrol to reduce the emissions of leads into environment Treat sewage in sewage treatment plants before its discharged into the environment Use microorganisms to clean up the environment Develop hydrogen-based fuel-cell vehicle to reduce the burning of fossil fuels

6. Education on the management of resources

The public must be educated on the concept of the 4R: o RECYCLE means collecting segregating waste according to the types of materials and turning this waste into new products o REUSE means use things such as old plastics containers and bottles again instead of throwing them away o REDUCE means cutting down on the use of materials which are nonbiodegradable o RENEW means to use materials such as bottles and plastic containers after they are cleaned

7. Recycling is important because:

Fewer landfills will be needed to dispose of rubbish It cuts down the use of resources, for example fewer trees will be cut down to make paper and furniture

It saves energy, for example less energy is needed to melt down scrap metal and use it again than to extract it from the ore

8. Preservation and conservation

Preservations involves efforts to protect an ecosystem Conservations involves efforts to return an affected ecosystem to its natural equiblirium and keep them good The efforts of conservations includes: o Preservations of soil o Preservations of water o Preservations of flora and fauna of the forest o Preservations of mangrove swamps

Preservations of soils Make a sustainable agricultural development effectively Good farming technique will prevent erosion and soil depletion Good agricultural practices includes: o Crop rotation o Contour farming o Controlled grazing o Planting cover crops o The appropriate use of fertilizers o Effective drainage and irrigations Preservations of water Clean water is precious resource and commodity Such as, water sources and water catchment areas must be preserved Rivers must not be regarded as dumping sites for domestic and toxic wastes which can pollutes the water The use of nitrates and phosphates in agriculture must be controlled to prevent run-offs into rivers and ponds