The periodic table groups are as follows:

New IUPAC numbering Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6 Group 7 Group 8 Group 9 Group 10 Group 11 Group 12 Group 13 Group 14 Group 15 Group 16 Group 17 Group 18 Old IUPAC (European) IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA VIII VIII VIII IB IIB IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB Group 0 CAS (American) IA IIA IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB VIIIB VIIIB IB IIB IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA VIIIA Name the alkali metals or lithium family the alkaline earth metals or beryllium family the scandium family (consisting of the rare earth elements plus the actinides) the titanium family the vanadium family the chromium family the manganese family the iron family the cobalt family the nickel family the coinage metals (not an IUPAC-recommended name) or copper family the zinc family the boron group or boron family the carbon group or carbon family the pnictogens or nitrogen family the chalcogens or oxygen family the halogens or fluorine family the noble gases or helium family or neonfamily

PERIODIC LAW AND FAMILIES The modern periodic table, based on atomic number and electron configuration, was created primarily by a Russian chemist, Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev, and a German physicist, Julius Lothar Meyer, both working independently. They both created similar periodic tables only a few months apart in 1869. Mendeleev created the first periodic table based on atomic weight. He observed that many elements had similar properties, and that they occur periodically. Hence, the tables name. His periodic law states that the chemical and physical properties of the elements vary in a periodic way with their atomic weights. The modern one states that the properties vary with atomic number, not weight. Elements in Mendeleev's table were arranged in rows called periods. The columns were called groups. Elements of each group had similar properties. The Periodic table can be divided into nine families of elements each having similar properties. The families include:
Alkali metals The alkali metals, found in group 1 of the periodic table, are highly reactive metals that do not occur freely in nature. These metals have only one electron in their outer shell. Therefore, they are ready to lose that one electron in ionic bonding with other elements. As with all metals, the alkali metals are malleable, ductile, and are good conductors of heat and electricity. The alkali metals are softer than most other metals. Alkaline metals The alkaline earth elements are metallic elements found in the second group of the periodic table. All alkaline earth elements have an oxidation number of +2, making them very reactive. The Transition metals The 38 elements in groups 3 through 12 of the periodic table are called "transition metals." As with all metals, the transition elements are both ductile and malleable, and conduct electricity and heat. Their valence electrons are present in more than one shell. This is why they often exhibit several common oxidation states. Other metals The "other metals" elements are located in groups 13, 14, and 15. While these elements are ductile and malleable, they are not the same as the transition elements. These elements, unlike the transition elements, do not exhibit variable oxidation states, and their valence electrons are only present in their outer shell. All of these elements are solid, have a relatively high density, and are opaque. They have oxidation numbers of +3, 4, and -3. Metalloids Metalloids are the elements found between the boundary that distinguishes metals from non-metals. Metalloids have properties of both metals and non-metals. Some of the metalloids, such as silicon and germanium, are semi-conductors. Non-metals Non-metals are the elements in groups 14-16 of the periodic table. Non-metals are not able to conduct electricity or heat very well. As opposed to metals, non-metallic elements are very brittle. The non-metals can be gases, such as oxygen and solids, such as carbon. The non-metals have no metallic luster, and do not reflect light. They have oxidation numbers of 4, -3, and -2. Halogens The halogens are five non-metallic elements found in group 17 of the periodic table. All halogens have 7 electrons in their outer shells, giving them an oxidation number of -1. Noble gases The noble gases are found in group 18 of the periodic table. These elements have an oxidation number of 0. This prevents them from forming compounds readily. All noble gases have 8 electrons in their outer shell, making them stable. Rare Earth The 30 rare earth elements are composed of the lanthanide and actinide series. One element of the lanthanide series and most of the elements in the actinide series are synthetic, that is, human-made. All of the rare earth metals are found in group 3 of the periodic table, and the 6th and 7th periods.

Periods, Groups, and Blocks too The component parts of the periodic table are known as; Periods (referring to horizontal rows of element data boxes), Groups (referring to one or more columns of elements with quite similar properties), and Blocks (larger collections of element data boxes divided in more generalized property groups). In the Periodic Table of the Elements elements are sorted in ascending order of the number of protons in the nucleus (atomic number), and each has a data box containing, at minimum, the letter symbol, the name, and the number of protons).

The name of the Periodic Table was derived from the fact that element properties tend to repeat themselves periodically when aligned in rows.

On the periodic table, a period is from the far left (on a flat representation as above - the very long form) to the far right, which are only a number away, but on a 3-D form, are generally found adjacent. The elements in each period In any table, the items included are arranged in order of a particular property. A that are similar form groups (see above left), also known as a families, more property, which can be expressed by a often than not (except for the f-block number (such as size) is better than a blue & gray) in vertical columns. There property which cannot (such as color). are 18 columns in the standard periodic Before the chemical elements could be table, excluding the f-block. intelligently arranged there needed to be such definition. Groups are considered the most important Early chemists tried to use weights that had method of classifying the elements. In been estimated, but they were not only some groups, the elements have very slightly inaccurate, faulty reasoning had led similar properties and exhibit a clear trend to some being a half or a third of the in properties down the group - these groups correct value. In 1860 a conference tend to be given trivial (unsystematic) produced a much more accurate list of names, e.g. The alkali metals, alkaline atomic weights than previously available. earth metals, halogens and noble gases. Alexandre Bguyer de Chancourtois was Some other groups in the periodic table the first person to list the known elements display fewer similarities and/or vertical in order of increasing weight of their trends (for example Groups 14 and 15), atoms. and these have no trivial names and are referred to simply by their group numbers, Today, elements are listed in order of and below, also using the name of the top increasing atomic number (i.e. The number element. of protons in the atomic nucleus). Group 1 (IA,IA): the alkali metals or While Dmitri Mendeleev stated "...if all the hydrogen family/lithium family elements be arranged in order of their Group 2 (IIA,IIA): the alkaline earth metals atomic weights a periodic repetition of or beryllium family properties is obtained.", it does not appear Group 3 (IIIA,IIIB): the scandium family that the element boxes in the illustration Group 4 (IVA,IVB): the titanium family above are all connected, due to large gaps, Group 5 (VA,VB): the vanadium family but at least all the elements in a period are Group 6 (VIA,VIB): the chromium family in the same row - indicated by color. Group 7 (VIIA,VIIB): the manganese family The layout of the periodic table above Group 8 (VIII, VIIIB): the iron family demonstrates recurring ("periodic") Group 9 (VIII, VIIIB): the cobalt family chemical properties. Elements at the Group 10 (VIII, VIIIB): the nickel family beginning of a period, left side, and those Group 11 (IB,IB): the coinage metals (not at the end of a period, right side, while only an IUPAC-recommended name) or copper

There are progressively longer periods further down the table, grouping the elements into s-, p-, d- and f-blocks to reflect their electron configuration. The s-block of the periodic table of elements consists of the first two groups/columns: the alkali metals and alkaline earth metals, plus hydrogen and helium. These elements are distinguished by the property that in the atomic ground state, the highest-energy electron is in an s-orbital. Except in hydrogen and helium, these electrons are very easily lost to form positive ions. The helium configuration is chemically exceedingly stable and thus helium has no known stable compounds; thus it is generally grouped with the noble gases. The p-block of the periodic table of the elements consists of the last six columns minus helium (which is located in the s-block). In the elemental form of the p-block elements, the highest energy electron occupies a p-orbital. The p-block contains all of the nonmetals (except for Hydrogen and Helium which are in the s-block) and semimetals, as well as some of the metals. The d-block of the periodic table of the elements consists of those periodic table groups that contain elements in which, in the atomic ground state, the highest-energy electron is in a d-orbital. The d-block elements are often also known as transition metals.

one number apart, are quite different in their behavior and other properties. This provides a logical break point for purposes of 2-D charting. Bohr's theory of the atom tells us that electrons are not located randomly around an atom's nucleus, but they occur in specific electron shells. Each shell has a limited capacity for electrons. As lower shells are filled, additional electrons reside in more-distant shells. Elements at the end of a period have a lack of space in the outer shell of the element, making it most difficult to combine with another element. That column is called "Noble" because of this refusal to mix with the others.

The f-block of the periodic table of the elements consists of those elements (sometimes referred to as Families that are more than single columns the inner transition elements) for are shown on the periodic table icon above. which, in the atomic ground state, the highest-energy electrons occupy fThey are Alkaline Metals, Alkaline-Earth orbitals. Unlike the other blocks, the Metals, Transition Metals, Semi Metallics, other Metals, Non-Metals, Halogens, Inert conventional divisions of the f-block You may also notice that there are fewer (Noble) Gases, Rare Earths, and follow periods of similar atomic elements to a row/period at the top of the Radioactive Rare Earth Elements. number rather than groups of similar table than at the bottom. This jump in the electron configuration. Thus, the fnumber of elements in the periods - few at block is divided horizontally into the top, more at bottom - is because the outer lanthanoid series and the actinoid shell is larger as the number of protons and series. electrons become greater - hence a longer period. Every period, however, includes all of the groups above it.

family Group 12 (IIB,IIB): the zinc family Group 13 (IIIB,IIIA): the boron family Group 14 (IVB,IVA): the carbon family Group 15 (VB,VA): the pnictogens or nitrogen family Group 16 (VIB,VIA): the chalcogens or oxygen family Group 17 (VIIB,VIIA): the halogens or fluorine family Group 18 (Group 0): the noble gases or helium family/neon family

Although Lutetium and Lawrencium are in the d-block, they are not considered transition metals but lanthanide and actinide according to IUPAC. Group 12 elements are also in the d-block but are considered post-transition metals if their dsubshell is completely filled.