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Unit 1 Summer Research Project Directions
Unit 1 Summer Research Project Directions
Project Directions
Miss R. Chen
AP Biology Class 2021-2022
Part 1: Chemistry of Life Slide
1. □ Find out what different types of cells your topic has
2. You will need to research molecules the different cells
works with and include an example of the structure of one
or more:
a. □ Carbohydrate
b. □ Protein (polypeptide)
c. □ Lipid
d. □ RNA Sequence
e. □ DNA Sequence
3. □ You must talk about a process in the cell that involves
hydrolysis or dehydration synthesis
4. □ Must talk about at least one type of biomolecule related
to each cell type.
Carbohydrate Picture Requirements
1. □ All drawings must be the molecular structures hand drawn
with labels and scanned/ a picture taken to insert into the slide
2. □ Must show and label the polysaccharide(s) in green.
3. □ Must show and label the monosaccharide(s) in pink.
4. □ Point out at least one glycosidic bond
5. □ Make sure to label them Figure # above the photo.
6. □ If needed, add a Key
3. □ Show a Key
H bonding
Protein Picture Requirements (5/5)
KEY: ■ Nonpolar ■Polar ■Cysteine
Disulfide bridg
■Positive Charge ■Negative Charge
H bonding KEY:
■ Nonpolar
■Polar
■Cysteine BOND TYPE: PEPTIDE BOND
■Positive Charge
■Negative Charge INSULIN
Lipid Picture Requirements
1. □ Show the picture of a triglyceride associated with your cell
KEY
■Ester linkage
■Saturated fatty acid
■Unsaturated fatty acid
□ cytosine □ guanine
□ adenine □ thymine
1. □ Find the first 15 DNA nucleotide sequence associated with one of your cell’s proteins
← ANTIPARALLEL
a. □ Draw a double helix molecular structure
← ANTIPARALLEL
□ cytosine □ guanine
□ adenine □ thymine
□ Label the broken molecules before and after the water is added
□ Make it clear where the water was added between the two new
molecules
□ Label the made molecules before and after the water is taken away
□ Make it clear where the water was taken away between the two old
molecules
KEY
■Ester linkage
■Saturated fatty acid
■Unsaturated fatty acid
*Dehydration
Synthesis
Part 1: Citations
1. You must cite your sources in APA (site).
2. In your citations, you must cite from either journal articles
or textbooks (online textbooks are okay).
*It’s easiest to get journal citations from using JStor to search or Google
Scholar
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Exemplary Proficient Basic Below Basic Failure
Demonstrates progress Not meeting grade level
Demonstrates an advanced
Meets grade level toward grade-level describing of the structure
level of knowledge of and Little or no evidence of
describing of the structure describing of the structure and properties of water and
understanding of describing learning how to describe
and properties of water and and properties of water and the macromolecules
the structure and properties of the structure and
the macromolecules the macromolecules required by living
of water and the properties of water and
required by living required by living organisms. Showing
macromolecules required the macromolecules
organisms. Demonstrates organisms, but not yet at minimal progress.
by living organisms and required by living
solid knowledge and standard. Demonstrates Additional support needed
clearly integrates higher organisms.
understanding. some knowledge and to develop knowledge and
level thinking skills.
understanding. understanding.
Sc.AB.1.3-6 * Chemistry of Life: Macromolecule Structure and Function - I can explain how the structure of macromolecules affects biological
function.
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Exemplary Proficient Basic Below Basic Failure
Demonstrates progress
Not meeting grade level
Demonstrates an advanced Meets grade level toward grade-level
explaining of how the
level of knowledge of and explaining of how the explaining of how the
structure of Little or no evidence of
understanding of explaining structure of structure of
macromolecules affects learning how to explain
how the structure of macromolecules affects macromolecules affects
biological function. Showing how the structure of
macromolecules affects biological function. biological function, but not
minimal progress. macromolecules affects
biological function and Demonstrates solid yet at standard.
Additional support needed biological function.
clearly integrates higher knowledge and Demonstrates some
to develop knowledge and
level thinking skills. understanding. knowledge and
understanding.
understanding.
1. Pancreatic Cell Chemistry of Life
Type of Pancreatic Cells⁹: Figure 2. The amino acid structure of pancreatic NUCLEIC ACIDS: Alpha cells produce glucagon
1) Alpha cells- produce glucagon (15-20%) polypeptide and ghrelin⁷. which is a hormone that converts glycogen into
2) Beta cells- produce insulin and amylin glucose. Delta cells produce somatostatin which
(65-80%) is a hormone that prevents other pancreatic
3) Delta cells- produce somatostatin (3-10%) hormones from being released.
4) Gamma cells- pancreatic polypeptide (3-5%)
5) Epsilon cells- ghrelin (<1%) Figure 5. The DNA structure of glucagon⁵ (left
and RNA structure of somatostatin² (right)
About the Molecules It Works With
CARBOHYDRATES: Beta cells produce insulin which is a hormone
The pancreatic alpha cells produce a hormone that lowers glucose in the blood by telling cells
called glucagon which converts glycogen into to remove glucose from the bloodstream.
glucose. This happens through the process of
hydrolysis where a water is added to break a Figure 3. The structure of insulin⁴.
polysaccharide into smaller units.
[2] Shen, L. P., Pictet, R. L., & Rutter, W. J. (1982). Human somatostatin I: sequence of the cDNA. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 79(15), 4575–4579. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.79.15.4575
[3] Gillam, P. (2019, July 14). Digestion of Lipids: Grade 9 Understanding for IGCSE Biology 2.29 2.30 2.31. PMG Biology.
https://pmgbiology.com/2016/02/14/digestion-of-lipids-a-understanding-for-igcse-biology-2-29/
[4] Hayden MR, Tyagi SC, Kerklo MM, Nicolls MR. Type 2 diabetes mellitus as a conformational disease. JOP. 2005 Jul
8;6(4):287-302. PMID: 16006679.
[5] Heinrich, G., Gros, P., & Habener, J. (1984). Glucagon Gene Sequence. THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY,
259(22), 14082–14087.
[6] Lough AK, Garton GA. The lipids of human pancreas with special reference to the presence of fatty acid methyl esters. Lipids.
1968 Jul;3(4):321-3. doi: 10.1007/BF02530932. PMID: 17805878.
[7] St-Pierre, D. H., Wang, L., & Taché, Y. (2003). Ghrelin: A Novel Player in the Gut-Brain Regulation of Growth Hormone and
Energy Balance. Physiology, 18(6), 242–246. https://doi.org/10.1152/nips.01460.2003
[8] Takei, Y., & Takahashi, A. (2016). Chapter 10 - Appetite-Regulating Peptides. Comparative Endocrinology for Basic and Clinical
Research, 78–79. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128010280000106
[9] Types of Cells in the Pancreas. (2020, August 14). Retrieved June 4, 2021, from https://med.libretexts.org/@go/page/7777
1. Pancreatic Cell Chemistry of Life
Type of Pancreatic Cells⁹: Figure 2. The amino acid structure of pancreatic Alpha cells produce glucagon (Figure 3) which is
1) Alpha cells- produce glucagon (15-20%) polypeptide and ghrelin⁷. a hormone that converts glycogen into glucose.
2) Beta cells- produce insulin and amylin
(65-80%) Figure 5. The structure of glucagon⁶
3) Delta cells- produce somatostatin (3-10%)
4) Gamma cells- pancreatic polypeptide (3-5%)
5) Epsilon cells- ghrelin (<1%)
[2] Fleseriu, M., & Cuevas-Ramos, D. (2016). Pasireotide: a novel treatment for patients with acromegaly. Drug Design,
Development and Therapy, 227. https://doi.org/10.2147/dddt.s77999
[3] Gillam, P. (2019, July 14). Digestion of Lipids: Grade 9 Understanding for IGCSE Biology 2.29 2.30 2.31. PMG Biology.
https://pmgbiology.com/2016/02/14/digestion-of-lipids-a-understanding-for-igcse-biology-2-29/
[4] Hayden MR, Tyagi SC, Kerklo MM, Nicolls MR. Type 2 diabetes mellitus as a conformational disease. JOP. 2005 Jul
8;6(4):287-302. PMID: 16006679.
[5] Heinrich, G., Gros, P., & Habener, J. (1984). Glucagon Gene Sequence. THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY,
259(22), 14082–14087.
[6] Lough AK, Garton GA. The lipids of human pancreas with special reference to the presence of fatty acid methyl esters. Lipids.
1968 Jul;3(4):321-3. doi: 10.1007/BF02530932. PMID: 17805878.
[7] St-Pierre, D. H., Wang, L., & Taché, Y. (2003). Ghrelin: A Novel Player in the Gut-Brain Regulation of Growth Hormone and
Energy Balance. Physiology, 18(6), 242–246. https://doi.org/10.1152/nips.01460.2003
[8] Takei, Y., & Takahashi, A. (2016). Chapter 10 - Appetite-Regulating Peptides. Comparative Endocrinology for Basic and Clinical
Research, 78–79. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128010280000106
[9] Types of Cells in the Pancreas. (2020, August 14). Retrieved June 4, 2021, from https://med.libretexts.org/@go/page/7777
2. Pancreatic Cell Structure and Function