01

CHEMICAL REACTION
OUTLINE
Insoluble
I. BALANCING CHEMICAL REACTION o All phosphates are insoluble except those NH⁺₄
II. REACTION OF IONS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION
III. OXIDATION REDUCTION and Group 1A (Alkali metals) cations.
IV. FORMULA WEIGHT AND MOLECULAR WEIGHTS
V. MOLE AND MASS RELATIONSHIP
o All carbonates are insoluble except those NH⁺₄
VI. HEAT OF REACTION and Group 1A (Alkali metals) cations.
o All hydroxides are insoluble except those of
NH⁺₄ and Group 1A (Alkali metals) cat ions.
Sr(OH)₂, Ba(OH)₂, and Ca(OH)₂ are only slightly
A process of converting reactants into products. soluble.
↓ Precipitate o All sulfides are insoluble except those NH⁺₄
↑ Gas evolved and Group 1A (Alkali metals) and Group 2A
→ Irreversible reaction cations. MgS, CaS, and BaS are only slightly
↔ Reversible reaction soluble.
∆ Delta = heat
MgO + 2HBr → Mg 2 + H2 O
• Oxidation – loss of electrons. Gain of oxygen
and lose of hydrogen.
• Reduction – gain of electrons. Loss of oxygen
A representation using chemical formulas of the and gain of hydrogen.
process that occurs when reactants are converted to
products.
Example: H2 + CI2 → HCl

A solution where water is the solvent.

Involves the transfer of electrons from one species to

Ionic compounds turn into ions when dissolved in
another.
water.
Oxidizing agent – an entity that accepts electrons in an
oxidation reduction reaction.
When positive and negative ions react to each other Reducing agent – an entity that donates electrons in an
and form insoluble compounds. oxidation reduction reaction.

Ions that appear unchanged in both sides of chemical

equation.

A chemical equation that does not contain spectator

ions, where both atoms and charges are balanced.

Soluble
o All Group 1A (Alkali metals) and Ammonium
salts are soluble.
o All nitrates are soluble.
o All common chlorides, Bromides and Iodides
are soluble except: AgCl, Hg₂CL₂, PbCl₂, AgBr,
Hg₂Br₂, AgI, Hg₂I₂, and PbI₂.
o Most sulfates are soluble except CaSO₄, SrSO₄,
BaSO₄, PbSO₄.
o All acetates are soluble.
All combustion (burning) reactions are redox reactions
in which the compound or mixtures that are burned
are oxidized by oxygen, O₂.
Combustion of metal in halogen
𝑁𝑎(𝑠) → 𝑁𝑎+ (𝑠) + ⅇ (Oxidation)
𝐶𝑙2 (𝑔) + 2ⅇ → 2𝐶𝑙 2 (𝑠) (Reduction)
2𝑁𝑎(𝑠) + 𝐶𝑙₂(𝑔) → 2𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙(𝑠)
 • Mole ratio = ratio of coefficients in balanced
The oxygen in the air we breathe oxidizes carbon – chemical equation.
containing compounds in our cells to produce CO₂ and
H₂O. • Theoretical yields is the quantity of product
calculated to form when all of the limiting
reactant is consumed.
When iron or steel objects are left out in the open air, • Actual Yield is the amount of product actually
they eventually rust (steel is mostly iron but contain obtained.
certain other elements as well) 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑦ⅈⅇ𝑙𝑑
%𝑦ⅈⅇ𝑙𝑑 = × 100%
Iron is oxidized to a mixture of iron oxidizes. 𝑡ℎⅇ𝑜𝑟ⅇ𝑡ⅈ𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑦ⅈⅇ𝑙𝑑

Most bleaching involves oxidation, and common

bleachers are oxidizing agents. The colored compounds
being bleached are usually organic compounds;
oxidation converts them to colorless compounds.

A voltaic cell is a device in which electricity is

generated from a chemical reaction. Such cells are
called batteries.

• Molecular weight – the sum of all atomic

weights presents in a molecular compound.
• Mole (mol) – the formula weight of a
substance expressed in grams.
• Avogadro’s number – 6.022x10²³, is the
number of formula units per mole.
• Molar mass – the mass of one mole of a
substance expressed in grams; the formula
weight of a compound expressed in grams.

The calculations deal with relative quantities of

reactants and products.
The quantitative relationship between reactants and
products in a chemical reaction as expressed by a
balanced chemical equation.
The cost of reactants and the value of products are
critical.