Medición del Desempeño

E Índices de Mantenimiento
(RAMS) Reliability, Availability, Maintainability and Safety
Reliability
the ability of an item to perform a required
function under given conditions for a given
time interval
NOTE The term "reliability" is also used as a measure of
reliability performance and may also be defined as a
probability

Availability
the ability of a product to be in a state to
perform a required function under given
conditions at a given instant of time or
over a given time interval assuming that
the required external resources provided.

Maintainability
the ability of an item under given conditions of use, to be retained in, or restored to, a
state in which it can perform a required function, when maintenance is performed under
given conditions and using stated procedures and resources
NOTE The maintainability is also used as a measure of maintainability performance.

Safety
freedom from unacceptable risk to human health or to the environment
Referencia: EN 50126-1 Railway Applications - The Specification and Demonstration of Reliability,
Availability, Maintainability and Safety (RAMS)
 Para que los
indicadores RAM
sean confiables:

Los datos con los cuales se efectúa el cálculo deben ser igualmente
confiables.

Estos datos son los registros de las paradas de los equipos.

El registro debe hacerse de la manera más imparcial y objetiva

posible.
“From the cradle to the grave.”
i.e. The entire life cycle of the product.
 CORRECTIVE READY FOR
FAILURE MAINTENANCE SERVICE
START
Up State Up State

Down Time

Administrati Investigation Repair/Excha Time to

ve and time nge time check/test
logistics the system
delay
MAD+MLD MRT

MTBF≥ MUT MTBF≥ MUT

MTTR = MDT

MTBF: mean (operating) time between failure MAD: mean administrative delay
MUT: mean up time MLD: mean logistic delay
MDT: mean down time MTTR: mean time to restore (for corrective maintenance
MRT: mean repair time
 CORRECTIVE READY FOR
FAILURE MAINTENANCE SERVICE
START
Up State Up State

Down Time

Administrati Investigation Repair/Excha Time to

ve and time nge time check/test
logistics the system
delay
MAD+MLD MTTR

MTBF = MUT MDT MTBF = MUT

MTBF + MDT

MTBF: mean (operating) time between failure MAD: mean administrative delay
MUT: mean up time MLD: mean logistic delay
MDT: mean down time MTTR: mean time to restore (for corrective maintenance)
MRT: mean repair time
This period of times describes the active maintenance time.
In case of preventive maintenance there is no detection time.
*represents all relevant fractions within MDT.
MTBF - Mean Time Between Failures - The average time between failure
occurrences. The number of items and their operating time divided by the total
number of failures. For Repairable Items

This is the mean (average) time between failures of a system, and is often
attributed to “useful life” of the device i.e not including “infant mortality” or
“end of life”.

Calculations of MTBF assume that a system is “renewed”, i.e. fixed, after each
failure, and then returned to service immediately after failure. The average
time between failing and being returned to service is termed mean down time
(MDT) or mean time to repair / restore (MTTR). The MTBF is the sum of the MTTF
(mean time to failure) and MTTR (mean time to restore).

MUT – Mean Up Time

Mean up time is the average time that a system is operational (no restore /
repair or maintenance time). Opposite of MDT
MDT – Mean Down Time

Mean down time is the average time that a system in non-operational.

This includes all time associated with repair, corrective and preventive
maintenance, self imposed downtime, and any logistics or administrative delays.
The difference between MDT and MTTR (mean time to repair) is that MDT
includes any and all delays involved, MTTR looks solely at repair time.
MTTR – Mean Time To Restore

This is identical to Mean Time To Maintain, corrective.

MTTM ( c ) – Mean Time To Maintain, corrective

Corrective maintenance, sometimes called “repair”, is conducted to get

equipment working again. The mean time for corrective maintenance contains for
example a combination of the following parts:
- call/travel time
- Access time
- Time for spare parts provision (logistic)
- Repair/replacement time
- Teest/start-up time
- Data adquisition time
- Waiting time.
Corrective Maintenance

the maintenance carried out after fault recognition and intended to put a
product into a state in which it can perform a required function

Failure

the termination of the ability of an item to perform a required function

NOTE 1 After failure the item has a fault.

NOTE 2 "Failure" is an event, as distinguished from "fault", which is a state.
Failure Rate

the limit, if this exists, of the ratio of the conditional probability that the instant
of time, T, of a failure of a product falls within a given time interval (t, t+Δt) and
the length of this interval, Δt, when Δt tends towards zero, given that the item is
in an up state at the start of the time interval
NOTE Failure rates are often assumed as constant. This is not always valid, e.g.
for components subject to wear out (mechanical, pneumatic, electromechanical,
etc.).
Maintenance

the combination of all technical and administrative actions, including supervision

actions, intended to retain a product in, or restore it to, a state in which it can
perform a required function

Hazard - The potential to cause harm. Harm including ill health and injury,
damage to property, plant, products or the environment, production losses or
increased liabilities.
Risk - The likelihood that a specified undesired event will occur due to the
realisation of a hazard by, or during work activities or by the products and
services created by work activities.
 Confiabilidad (C)

C= (Horas totales - Horas de Parada por Mantto No Programado)/Horas Totales

C(t)= 𝒆−𝝀𝒕 λ= tasa de fallas

MTBF = (ht/p) ht =horas trabajadas o de marcha durante el periodo de

evaluación
λ= 1 / MTBF
p=numero de paradas durante el periodo de evaluación
 Disponibilidad (D)

D = (Horas totales - Horas de Parada por Mantto (Programado + No

Programado)/Horas Totales

hp=horas de parada durante el periodo de evaluación

MTTR = (hp/p) p=numero de paradas durante el periodo de
evaluación

D = MTBF / MTTR + MTBF

D= 1 / (1+ (λ /μ)) λ= tasa de fallas μ = tasa de reparaciones

 Mantenibilidad (M)

M(t)= 1 - 𝑒 −𝜇𝑡

μ = 1 / MTTR μ = tasa de reparaciones

 El valor de la confiabilidad es el 100% el cual
señala que una maquina no fallará.

En la realidad este factor de 100% no existe,

siempre hay factores latentes de falla.

La no confiabilidad representa la probabilidad de

que una maquina falle
»La confiabilidad = Confiabilidad Ideal – No
confiabilidad del equipo

C = 1 – NC

Donde:
• C = Confiabilidad
• NC = No Confiabilidad
• 1 = Confiabilidad ideal
Una maquina instalada en serie, significa que está
instalada a continuación de otra máquina, de tal
manera que el servicio del proceso de producción
pasa de la primera máquina a la segunda y así
sucesivamente.

SERVICIO Equipo Equipo Equipo SERVICIO

I II III
ENVIADO RECIBIDO
» La confiabilidad de un sistema con
componentes en serie es igual al producto de
las confiabilidades de sus máquinas
componentes.
Cse = C1 x C2 x C3 x…Cn
 »Ejemplo:
Suponga que se tiene un sistema integrado por
cuatro máquinas en serie Ca, Cb, Cc, Cd. Sus
valores de confiabilidad son:

❑Ca = 0.98
❑Cb = 0.91
❑Cc = 0.97
❑Cd = 0.99
 Equipo Equipo Equipo Equipo
a b c d

»Cálculos:
»Cse = Ca x Cb x Cc x Cd
»Cse = 0.98 x 0.91 x 0.97 x 0.99 = 0.86

La confiabilidad de un sistema de máquinas es menor

que la confiabilidad de la máquina que tenga su valor
menor.
Una máquina instalada en paralelo, significa que
está instalada al lado de otra máquina.

Una máquina que está instalada en paralelo se

dice que es una máquina redundante.

Maquina I

Servicio

Maquina II
La confiabilidad en paralelo Cpa se calcula
restando la no confiabilidad del sistema,
denominada NCpa, a la confiabilidad ideal.

Cpa = 1 – NCpa
NCpa = NCa x NCb x …x NCn
Por ejemplo- Suponga que se tiene un sistema integrado por
cuatro máquinas Ma, Mb, Mc y Md, y están instaladas en
paralelo. Sus valores de confiabilidad son:
Ca = 0.990
Cb = 0.110
Cc = 0.590
Cd = 0.240

Equipo A
Ca=0,990
NCa=0,010
Equipo B Cpa
Cb=0,110 Cpa= 1 – NCa
NCb=0,890 Cpa= 1 – 0,003
Cpa= 0,997
Equipo C
Cc=0,590
NCc=0,410
Equipo D
Cd=0,240
NCd=0,760
La curva de probabilidad de falla es conocida
por su forma como curva de la bañera.

Fallos iniciales: esta etapa se caracteriza por tener una

elevada tasa de fallos que desciende rápidamente con el
tiempo.

Fallos normales: etapa con una tasa de errores menor y

constante. Los fallos no se producen debido a causas
inherentes al equipo, sino por causas aleatorias externas.

Fallos de desgaste: etapa caracterizada por una tasa de

errores rápidamente creciente.
Fin de la presentación