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Material de Apoio - Pol Tica Internacional - Amena Yassine
Material de Apoio - Pol Tica Internacional - Amena Yassine
MATERIAL DE APOIO
Questões discursivas
Questão 1. “The chronological development of IR as an academic discipline is often
presented as a series of ‘paradigm shifts’ - from idealism and realism to
behaviouralism and so on - interspersed by times of ‘paradigm crisis’ when one
dominant approach is challenged by another. These periods are often represented
as ‘great debates’ in the discipline” (Spence 1998: 417)
“[A]tualmente já se pode afirmar, com razoável grau de segurança, que a área das
Relações Internacionais se caracteriza por ser um campo de estudos, em vez de
uma disciplina científica estruturada sobre uma única base teórica ou sobre um
paradigma” (Rocha 2002)
Questão 3. “The three essential tenets implicit in Machiavelli's doctrine are the
foundation-stones of the realist philosophy. In the first place, history is a sequence
of cause and effect, whose course can be analysed and understood by intellectual
effort, but not (as the utopians believe) directed by "imagination". Secondly, theory
does not (as the utopians assume) create practice, but practice theory. In
Machiavelli's words, "good counsels, whencesoever they come, are born of the
wisdom of the prince, and not the wisdom of the prince from good counsels".
Thirdly, politics are not (as the utopians pretend) a function of ethics, but ethics of
politics. Men "are kept honest by constraint". Machiavelli recognised the importance
of morality, but thought that there could be no effective morality where there was
no effective authority. Morality is the product of power.” (Carr, ([1939] 2002: 63)
“Political realism maintains not only that theory must focus upon the rational
elements of political reality, but also that foreign policy ought to be rational in a
view of its own moral and practical purposes” (Morgenthau: 1948: 8)
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