VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BELAGAVI-590018

A Project Report On Major Project

“HYSTERESIS CONTROL GRID CONNECTED PV SYSYTEM”

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Submitted by
CHANDAN KUMAR R 1DA20EEO10
CHANDAN R 1DA20EEO12
HEMANTH KUMAR H 1DA20EEO20
LOHITH M 1DA20EEO27

Under the Guidance of

RAJESH L V
Asst. Professor
Department of EEE

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology
Outer Ring Road, Mallathahalli, Bengaluru-560056
Karnataka, INDIA

2023-24
 Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology
Bengaluru-560056
Autonomous Institute, Affiliated to VTU

A Project Report on Major Project

“HYSTERESIS CONTROL GRID CONNECTED PV SYSYTEM”

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of degree of

Bachelor of Engineering
in
Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Submitted by
CHANDAN KUMAR R 1DA20EEO10
CHANDAN R 1DA20EEO12
HEMANTH KUMAR H 1DA20EEO20
LOHITH M 1DA20EEO27

Under the Guidance of

RAJESH L V
Asst Professor
Department of EEE

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology
Outer Ring Road, Mallathahalli, Bengaluru-560056
Karnataka, INDIA
2023-24
 Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

CERTIFICATE

Certified that the project entitled “HYSTERESIS CONTROL GRID CONNECTED

PV SYSTEM” carried out by Chandan Kumar R(1DA20EE010), Chandan
R(1DA20EE012), Hemanth Kumar H (1DA20EE20), Lohith M (1DA20EE27),
Bonafede students of Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru in partial
fulfilment for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical &
Electronics Engineering during the year 2022-23. The project report has been approved
as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of project prescribed for the said
degree.

External Viva

Name of Examiner Signature with date

1.

2.
 CONTENTS
➢ Abstract

➢ Introduction

➢ Literature Survey

➢ Objective

➢ Problem Statement

➢ Simulation Diagram

➢ DC-DC Boost Convertor

➢ High level circuit operating Principle

➢ Design

➢ Inverter

➢ Building models

➢ Advantages

➢ Conclusion

➢ References
ABSTRACT
Solar photovoltaic (PV) power generation has grown in popularity as a renewable energy
source due to the numerous advantages it provides. These advantages include the ease with which it may
be assigned, the absence of noise, the longer life, the absence of pollution, the shorter installation time,
the high mobility and portability of its parts, and the ability of its output power to satisfy peak load needs.
DC-DC converters are commonly used in solar energy harvesting systems because they enable more
efficient usage of solar cells. One of the challenges is selecting an appropriate converter, which has an
impact on the operation of the PV system. The modernization of various distinct DC-DC converter
topologies for solar energy harvesting system is discussed in this project.

INTRODUCTION
Because of the huge increase in the extraction of fossil fuels, which has a negative influence
on the environment, it has become increasingly desirable to employ renewable energy sources. It
motivates a large number of researchers to devote more effort to researching renewable energy sources
(RES). Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology is becoming increasingly popular in power plants for a variety
of reasons, including the fact that these plants have a significantly longer lifespan, are less harmful to the
environment, require less maintenance, and can generate more power to meet the demands of various
loads. The most essential aspect is that solar energy is really renewable. It is available every day and can
be used anywhere in the world. This solar energy harvesting technology is becoming more popular as an
alternative to fossil-fuel-generated electricity. A solar water heater is an excellent example of a solar
energy harvesting application that is widely used in sunny climates around the world. Power electronic
interfaces or power converters, such as DC-DC converters, are required to convert the unstable DC output
voltage from a solar PV energy harvesting system to the voltage rating required by any suitable utilization
voltage. The topologies of DC-DC converters are intended to fulfill the specific demands. There are
numerous types of DC-DC converters that can operate as switching-mode regulators, regulating the
unregulated DC voltage with conversion to an appropriate utilization voltage. Each converter requires a
power switching device to turn on and off as needed. In addition, load matching and increased power
output from the PV systems should be possible with the usage of DC-DC converters in conjunction. For
drive the AC load we need to convert into AC using inverter.
LITERATURE SURVEY
Jorge A. Solsona, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Eléctrica (IIIE), Universidad
Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, this paper proposes a high-performance control strategy for dc–dc
converters supplying combined loads (constant current/power, and/or linear loads). This strategy
combines a feedback law with a feed forward compensation. The feedback law is based on full feedback
linearization, which guarantees that zero dynamics are avoided

M. Sai Lokesh, Assistant Professor, Dept of EEE, GATES Institute of Technology, Gooty,
this paper proposes an approach for the hybrid solar photovoltaic and Battery management for stand-alone
applications. Battery charging process is non-linear, time-varying with a considerable time delay so it is
difficult to achieve the best energy management performance by using traditional control approaches. A
fuzzy control strategy for battery charging or discharging used in a renewable power generation system is
analyzed in the paper.

Rodrigo Aliaga, Department of Electrical Engineering, Universidad de Talca, Curicó

3340000, Chile, this paper presents the implementation of an exact linearization technique for the
modeling and control of a DC/DC converter for use in a microgrid based on a photovoltaic (PV) generation
system where non-linear converters are used. The basic advantage of this technique is in linearizing the
converter model, thus allowing different operating points to be considered under different conditions. This
paper presents a general description of the implemented microgrid topology. The exact linearization
theory adapted for power converters is applied to both a Single-Ended Primary Inductor converter
(SEPIC) to extract energy from PV modules and to a Boost converter to increase the voltage

Vitor Fernão Pires, ISEL—Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1500-335 Lisboa, Portugal *

Correspondence: armando.pires@estsetubal.ips.pt. One of the aspects that was focused on in this paper
was the technology behind the DC microgrids that can be used in several applications in the future. Not
many applications have already been implemented. Thus, in this context, this paper also presented some
perspectives about possible solutions and applications for the DC microgrids. Some of them were
perspectives of the authors that could be possible solutions in the near future.
OBJECTIVE
DC-DC converters are used extensively in solar energy harvesting systems because they
enable more effective utilization of solar cells, which is the primary reason for their widespread use. The
reason for this is that DC-DC converters allow for the more efficient exploitation of solar output. As
maximum load required AC power so we have to convert this DC power into AC and we are using H
bridge inverter for convert DC to AC.

PROBLEM STATEMENT
However, the low DC output voltages that are generated by the PV array are subject to a wide range of
variables, such as solar irradiation, sudden shifts caused by the effects of shadowing, ambient temperature,
the cleanliness degree of the PV module surface, mismatching of PV modules, and a number of other
factors. These variables can have a significant impact on the low DC output voltages that are generated
by the PV array. Diverse power electronic DC–DC converters are developed so that this issue will be
resolved.
SIMULATION DIAGRAM
 Solar Out

DC to DC Converter Output
 Inverter output

DC TO DC BOOST CONVERTER
The initial requirements demanded that these converters be as compact and efficient as possible. This
emphasized the need for the design to be simple and optimum. A step-up converter consists of an inductor,
a semiconductor switch, a diode, and a capacitor. It requires fewer parts for implementation and is less
complicated than an AC transformer. The circuit diagram of a boost or step-up converter is shown in
Figure.

Figure1. Circuit diagram of a boost

The main advantage of using a boost converter is its high efficiency. If well-designed, up to 99% of the
input energy can be converted to useful output energy making the overall efficiency 99%. It is important
to note that the design of a boost converter is mostly a compromise between the breakdown voltage of the
switch (usually a MOSFET) and the on-resistance value. This is because the switch voltage needs to be
rated for a high voltage as it sees voltage that is a summation of the supply voltage and the inductor
voltage, which implies a high on-resistance.

It is also crucial to choose an inductor that withstands high currents and has a highly permeable core. This
helps attain a high inductance value without compromising the overall design's compactness. The inductor
is always connected on the input side and is a source of constant input current. This makes the boost
converter a constant current input source where the load can be seen as a constant voltage source.

HIGH-LEVEL CIRCUIT OPERATING PRINCIPLE

A boost converter or step-up converter aids in stepping up a DC voltage from the input to the output. The
conduction state of the switch dictates the operation of the circuit.

During the on-state, the current flowing through the inductor increases linearly. The diode is not
conducting. This is shown in Figure 2. During the off-state, the diode conducts the current, and the energy
transfer occurs from the inductor to the capacitor. This leads to a reduction of inductor current, although
the current through the inductor cannot change abruptly [4]. This is illustrated in Figure 3.

Figure 2. On-state operation of a boost converter

 Figure 3. Off-state operation of a boost converter

Two important aspects to remember during the analysis of a boost converter include that the inductor
current is continuous, which is possible only by choosing the correct inductance value. Also, the net
change in inductor current over any complete cycle is zero because the inductor current value rises from
a value with a positive slope to a maximum value during the on state and then drops back to the initial
value with a negative slope.

During the steady-state operation of the circuit, two modes of operation can be defined based on the
inductor current value. If the inductor current never reaches zero, it is termed a continuous conduction
mode. However, if the inductor current reaches zero, it operates in discontinuous mode.

DESIGN
INVERTER
Half Bridge and Full Bridge Inverter using MATLAB

Half Bridge and Full Bridge Inverter

Alternating Current (AC) power supply is used for almost all the residential, commercial and industrial
needs. But the biggest issue with AC is that it cannot be stored for future use. So AC is converted into DC
and then DC is stored in batteries and ultra-capacitors. And now whenever AC is needed, DC is again
converted into AC to run the AC based appliances. So the device which converts DC into AC is called
Inverter.

For single phase applications, single phase inverter is used. There are mainly two types of single-phase
inverter: Half Bridge Inverter and Full Bridge Inverter. Here we will study how these inverters can be
built and will simulate the circuits in MATLAB.
BUILDING MODELS

To create a new model, click the new button on the Library Browser's toolbar. This opens a
new untitled model window.

A Simulink model is a block diagram.

Model elements are added by selecting the appropriate elements from the Library Browser and dragging
them into the Model window.

Alternately, you can copy the model elements and paste them into the model window.

Drag and drop items from the Simulink library to make your project.

For the purpose of this example, two blocks will be used for the simulation - A Source (a signal) and
a Sink (a scope). A signal generator (the source) generates an analog signal, which will then be graphically
visualized by the scope (the sink).
Begin by dragging the required blocks from the library to the project window. Then, connect the blocks
together which can be done by dragging connectors from connection points on one block to those of
another.

Let us drag a 'Sine Wave' block into the model.

Select 'Sinks' from the library and drag a 'Scope' block into the model.

Drag a signal line from the output of the Sine Wave block to the input of the Scope block.
Run the simulation by pressing the 'Run' button, keeping all parameters default (you can change them
from the Simulation menu)

You should get the below graph from the scope.

 ADVANTAGES

• Constant converter
• AC output
• High Speed.
• Useful for renewable power source.
• Noise less output.

CONCLUSION
In this project, the implementation of converters was presented. Such converters are an essential part of a
Microgrid using PV system based inverter. The energy sources is solar PV. It should be noted that this
technique can be applied in different energy conversion. The simplification that comes with exact
development of controllers, with the ability to control the desired variables over a wide range of values to
verify the proper performance of the proposal, a prototype was developed with the DC to DC converters,
whose objective is the extraction of energy from the PV panels, and convert into AC using H bridge
inverter.
 REFERENCE
• Jorge A. Solsona, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Eléctrica (IIIE), Universidad Nacional del Sur
(UNS)-CONICET.
• M.SAI LOKESH, Assistant Professor, Dept of EEE, GATES Institute of Technology, Gooty.
• RODRIGO ALIAGA, Department of Electrical Engineering, Universidad de Talca, Curicó 3340000,
Chile, Vitor Fernão Pires, ISEL—Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1500-335 Lisboa, Portugal *
Correspondence: armando.pires@estsetubal.ips.pt