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Instant Download Computer Science An Overview 12th Edition Brookshear Test Bank PDF Full Chapter
Instant Download Computer Science An Overview 12th Edition Brookshear Test Bank PDF Full Chapter
Instant Download Computer Science An Overview 12th Edition Brookshear Test Bank PDF Full Chapter
Fig. 27.
The preceding diagram is, for the purpose of illustration, drawn in
a sort of perspective, and therefore does not give the true positions
and lengths of the united images. This defect, however, is remedied
in Fig. 27, where e, e′, e″, e‴ is the middle point between the two
eyes, the plane gmn being, as before, perpendicular to the plane
passing through acb. Now, as the distance of the eye from g is
supposed to be the same, and as ab is invariable as well as the
distance between the eyes, the distance of the binocular centres oO,
d, d′, d″, d‴, p from g, will also be invariable, and lie in a circle odp,
whose centre is g, and whose radius is go, the point o being
determined by the formula
gm × ab
go = gd = .
ab + rl
Hence, in order to find the binocular centres d, d′, d″, d‴, &c., at
any altitude, e, e′, &c., we have only to join eg, e′g, &c., and the
points of intersection d, d′, &c., will be the binocular centres, and the
lines dc, d′c, &c., drawn to c, will be the real lengths and inclinations
of the united images of the lines ac, bc.
When go is greater than gc there is obviously some angle a, or
e″gm, at which d″c is perpendicular to gc.
This takes place when
gc
Cos. a = .
go
When o coincides with c, the images cd, cd′, &c., will have the
same positions and magnitudes as the chords of the altitudes a of
the eyes above the plane gc. In this case the raised or united
images will just reach the perpendicular when the eye is in the plane
gcm, for since
Fig. 35.
If we wish to make a microscopic stereoscope of this form, or to
magnify the drawings, we have only to cement plano-convex lenses,
of the requisite focal length, upon the faces ab, ac of the prism, or,
what is simpler still, to use a section of a deeply convex lens abc,
Fig. 35, and apply the other half of the lens to the right eye, the face
bc having been previously ground flat and polished for the prismatic
lens. By using a lens of larger focus for the right eye, we may
correct, if required, the imperfection arising from the difference of
paths in the reflected and direct pencils. This difference, though
trivial, might be corrected, if thought necessary, by applying to the
right eye the central portion of the same lens whose margin is used
for the prism.
Fig. 36.
If we take the drawing of a six-sided pyramid as seen by the right
eye, as shewn in Fig. 36, and place it in the total-reflexion
stereoscope at d, Fig. 33, so that the line mn coincides with mn, and
is parallel to the line joining the eyes of the observer, we shall
perceive a perfect raised pyramid of a given height, the reflected
image of cd, Fig. 36, being combined with af, seen directly. If we
now turn the figure round 30°, cd will come into the position ab, and
unite with ab, and we shall still perceive a raised pyramid, with less
height and less symmetry. If we turn it round 30° more, cd will be
combined with bc, and we shall still perceive a raised pyramid with
still less height and still less symmetry. When the figure is turned
round other 30°, or 90° degrees from its first position, cd will
coincide with cd seen directly, and the combined figures will be
perfectly flat. If we continue the rotation through other 30°, cd will
coincide with de, and a slightly hollow, but not very symmetrical
figure, will be seen. A rotation of other 30° will bring cd into
coalesence with ef, and we shall see a still more hollow and more
symmetrical pyramid. A further rotation of other 30°, making 180°
from the commencement, will bring cd into union with af; and we
shall have a perfectly symmetrical hollow pyramid of still greater
depth, and the exact counterpart of the raised pyramid which was
seen before the rotation of the figure commenced. If the pyramid had
been square, the raised would have passed into the hollow pyramid
by rotations of 45° each. If it had been rectangular, the change would
have been effected by rotations of 90°. If the space between the two
circular sections of the cone in Fig. 31 had been uniformly shaded,
or if lines had been drawn from every degree of the one circle to
every corresponding degree in the other, in place of from every 90th
degree, as in the Figure, the raised cone would have gradually
diminished in height, by the rotation of the figure, till it became flat,
after a rotation of 90°; and by continuing the rotation it would have
become hollow, and gradually reached its maximum depth after a
revolution of 180°.
Fig. 40.
In Fig. 39, mn is a small inverting telescope, consisting of two
convex lenses m, n, placed at the sum of their focal distances, and
op another of the same kind. When the two eyes, r, l, look through
the two telescopes directly at the dissimilar pictures a, b, they will
see them with perfect distinctness; but, by the slightest inclination of
the axes of the telescopes, the two images can be combined, and
the stereoscopic effect immediately produced. With the dissimilar
pictures in the diagram a hollow cone is produced; but if we look at b
with the telescope m′n′, as in Fig. 40, and at a′ with o′p′, a raised
cone will be seen. With the usual binocular slides containing portraits
or landscapes, the pictures are seen in relief by combining the right-
eye one with the left-eye one.
The instrument now described is nothing more than a double
opera-glass, which itself forms a good stereoscope. Owing, however,
to the use of a concave eye-glass, the field of view is very small, and
therefore a convex glass, which gives a larger field, is greatly to be
preferred.
The little telescopes, mn, op, may be made one and a half or
even one inch long, and fitted up, either at a fixed or with a variable
inclination, in a pyramidal box, like the lenticular stereoscope, and
made equally portable. One of these instruments was made for me
some years ago by Messrs. Horne and Thornthwaite, and I have
described it in the North British Review[42] as having the properties
of a Binocular Cameoscope, and of what has been absurdly called a
Pseudoscope, seeing that every inverting eye-piece and every
stereoscope is entitled to the very same name.
The little telescope may be made of one piece of glass, convex at
each end, or concave at the eye-end if a small field is not
objectionable,—the length of the piece of glass, in the first case,
being equal to the sum, and, in the second case, to the difference of
the focal lengths of the virtual lenses at each end.[43]
Fig. 41.
By employing two of these variable prisms, we have an Universal
Stereoscope for uniting pictures of various sizes and at various
distances from each other, and the prisms may be placed in a
pyramidal box, like the lenticular stereoscope.
Fig. 42.
Let us suppose the rays to be red and violet, those which differ
most in refrangibility. If the red rays radiate from the anterior focus r,
or red rays of the lens ll, they will emerge parallel, and enter the eye