1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Water constraint is a global problem that afflicts both developing

and developed countries. More than a fourth, 2.1 out of 7.5 billion people

worldwide still lack safely managed drinking water. This water shortage is

the result of rapid population growth and poor governance that led to

failure to put up the necessary water supply infrastructure and systems

to meet the growing demand for water of a rapidly increasing population

(Palanca-Tan, 2020). Everyone, everywhere has the right to water.

Unfortunately, billions of people around the world have no access to

safely managed drinking water, defined as water that is accessible on

premises, available when needed and free from contamination. In the

Philippines, around 1 in 10 people still do not have access to improved

water sources (World Health Organization, 2019). The Philippines has a

humid equatorial climate characterized by high temperatures and heavy

rainfall. Average annual rainfall is approximately 2,348 millimeters (mm),

but this varies geographically, from 960 mm in southeast Mindanao to

over 4,050 mm in central Luzon. Temperatures are generally high,

particularly in the valleys and plains, averaging 27°C throughout the year.

Humidity levels are high, averaging around 82% due to the warm moist

trade winds that flow through the archipelago, as well as sea surface

temperatures, a rich and vibrant vegetative cover and abundant rainfall

(World Bank Organization, 2021). Because of this, rainwater collection is

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a common practice worldwide. However, rainwater is not yet ready and

safe for human consumption due to its high acidity. It may also contain

contaminants from the rooftop gutters and storage tank. This study aims

to create and utilize rainwater filtration system to help reduce the

contamination of rainwater and the possibility of filtered water to use as

potable water.

Rainwater collection and filtration systems have gained popularity

as a sustainable alternative to conventional water sources and producing

clean water. A study from Malaysia proposed a suitable media filter for

the installed water filtration system at Faculty of Civil Engineering and

Built Environment (FKAAB) building. Results showed that RWHS in

FKAAB building utilized a mineral tank for water filtration system which

required various layers of media filter. 2 parameters which were pH and

temperature harvested rainwater were classified under Water Class 3.

Therefore, five layers of filter media were proposed consisting of natural

material such as gravel, sand, charcoal, clam shell and peat soil that able

to filtrate any large and small debris, remove odor and taste, filtrate heavy

metal and decompose any organic compound content in water (Ashri et

al., 2020).

Based on recent study, coconut husk fiber was used as a filter

media for wastewater treatment. The fiber of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is

rich in hard organic matters with high specific surface area and wetting

ability, it seems suitable for microorganisms adhesion and biofilm

formation (Dharmarathne et al., 2013). It has been observed that coconut

fiber can be used as an alternative filter media for the removal of

 3

pollutants as well as fungus as there are huge amount of micro-pores

with standard surface area are existing in coconut fibers (Ahmed et al.,

2017).

The researchers adopted the usual components of filtration system

that has been utilized in previous studies which are sand, gravel and

activated charcoal. In this study, the usual components of filter media will

be integrated with coconut husk fiber to develop and design a rainwater

filtration system.

Objectives of the Study

The general objective of this study is to design and develop a

rainwater filtration system.

Specifically, it aims to:

1. Evaluate the filtration system integrated with coconut husk fiber in

terms of:

a. Storage Efficiency

b. Discharge Rate

c. Filter Efficiency

2. Assess the water quality in terms of:

a. Physical and Chemical Test

b. Bacteriological test

3. Calculate the Cost- Benefit Ratio

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Significance of the Study

The study's main focus is on developing a filtration system that will

effectively remove contaminants in rainwater and transform it into a

potable water supply. Rainwater is a free and abundant source of water,

and filtering it can remove any impurities or contaminants that may be

present. By developing a rainwater filtration system, this will increase the

availability of clean water in household or community. This can also help,

particularly in areas that experience limited access to clean water.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study will mainly focus on the development of a rainwater

filtration system that would include the design, fabrication, and testing of

the system to ensure it effectively filters and cleans rainwater for potable

use.

The delimitations would include the specific parameters the system

is designed to filter. The parameters that will be used to assess water

quality are pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), color, fecal coliform,

e. coli, lead, cadmium, arsenic, and nitrate.

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Time and Place of the Study

The fabrication of the developed rainwater filtration system will be

conducted at Bunawan, Agusan del Sur. Testing of unfiltered and filtered

rainwater samples will be conducted at San Francisco Water District, San

Francisco, Agusan del Sur and Davao Analytical Laboratories, Inc., Davao

City during the Second Semester of A. Y. 2022-2023.

Operational Definition of Terms

Activated Charcoal refers to a filtering material that is used to trap

impurities.

Bacteriological analysis refers to a process of analyzing the samples to

estimate the numbers of bacteria present and determine whether

disease-causing bacteria, in particular fecal coliforms, are present

in rainwater.

Chemical analysis refers to a process of determining the amounts of

mineral and organic substances that affect water quality.

Coconut husk fiber refers to a filtering material that filter microorganism

and pollutant.

Filter media refers to the portion of a filtering system that separates

unwanted particles from the substance being filtered.

Percentage refers to the calculation used by taking the frequency in the

category divided by the total number of sample and multiplying by

100%.

pH refers to a process that measure of acidity or alkalinity of rainwater.

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Physical analysis refers to a process of analyzing the properties of

physical parameters include color, turbidity, and total dissolved

solids.

Total Dissolved Solids refers to the total concentration of dissolved

substances in rainwater.

Turbidity refers to a process that measure of relative clarity of the

rainwater.

Water quality a term refers to the physical, chemical and

bacteriological characteristics of water used to assess the quality

standard of rainwater.
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Conceptual Framework of the Study

Input Process Output

 Filter Media  Developed  Potable water

 Filtered and Rainwater  Comparative
Unfiltered Filtration Analysis of the
 Physical, results.
Rainwater
Chemical and
Bacteriological
Test

a. Phase 1

 Filter Materials  Cost estimation  Benefit

of the filtration
system economically

b. Phase 2

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study

Figure 1 shows the conceptual framework of the study. The study

will use two (2) phases. This will show the connection between the input

and the output variable with the corresponding processes.

Phase 1 shows the filter media as input, which include the sand,

gravel, activated charcoal, integrated with coconut husk fiber in order to

design and developed a rainwater filtration system. It is a way of removing

the contaminants and bacteria from the collected rainwater. The

researchers will collect the sample of filtered and unfiltered rainwater that
 8

is filtered using the developed rainwater filtration system designed by the

researchers. Then, the sample will be transported at San Francisco Water

District Laboratory for the physical test while chemical and bacteriological

test will be conducted at Davao Analytical Laboratories, INC. Result will

be gathered and tabulated for comparative analysis of the filtered and

unfiltered rainwater. Filtered rainwater will also be checked to see if it

meets the standard for drinking water quality.

In Phase 2, all the materials that will be used in fabricating the

developed rainwater filtration system will be estimated. Then, conduct a

market study to determine if it will benefit economically.

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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Rainwater as a Source of Drinking Water: Health Impacts and

Rainwater Treatment

Rainwater is the main source of drinking water in tropical

communities, especially in West Kalimantan. Air contamination causes

rainwater to become acidic and cloudy and adds heavy metals such as Pb

into rainwater. In addition to pollution, the way in which the rainwater is

collected such as through zinc roofing also exposes the rainwater to heavy

metals. The presence of Pb in rainwater will have an impact on the health

of the community in the long run. The model of simple water treatment

using filtration is needed to overcome this problem with the use of media

available in the region. The media used are in the form of mollusk sand

and activated carbon. In the end, the mollusk sand filtration model and

activated carbon sorption were effectively used to filter polluted rainwater

to be safe for consumption (Khayan et al., 2019).

Green Filtration of Total Solids from Various Water Sources Using

Coconut Coir and Loofah

In this study, environmentally benign and readily available organic

waste materials (coconut coir and loofah) were used as biofilters to remove

total solids (TS) in water samples from various sources in Araromi Coastal

Region of Ilaje Local Government, Nigeria. The TS levels observed in the

river, pond, well, borehole, and seawater samples were 4,000, 1,610,

3,980, 2,600, and 34,800 mg/L, respectively. Generally, the organic filters
 10

reduced the TS in the water samples. Also, the sorption efficiency

increased with the filter mass-to-water volume ratio. The overall

performance of coconut coir was better than loofah, probably because the

former has a more closely packed fibrous mesh. The optimum sorption

efficiency of 60 g of the coconut coir filter for river, pond, well, borehole,

and sea water was 50%, 78%, 80%, 92.3%, and 48.8%, while those for

loofah were 42.5%, 56.3%, 70%, 84.6%, and 40.2%, respectively. This

work showed that pretreated coconut coir is an efficient green filter for TS

in water sources, especially boreholes, wells, and ponds (Adelodun, 2021).

Rainwater Treatment in Airports Using Slow Sand Filtration Followed

by Chlorination: Efficiency and Costs

Water scarcity is a reality worldwide, either by quantitative or

qualitative unavailability. The search for alternative water sources, water

reuse and other mechanisms for its rational use is a global trend.

Considering these facts, rainwater use is an interesting alternative to

complement non-potable demand in locations such as airport complexes.

These environments present large roof areas and support different

activities which consume non-potable water, making them potential sites

for the installation of rainwater use systems. The objectives of this

research were to assess rainwater quality in an airport environment,

study the performance of slow sand filtration followed by chlorination in

the treatment of rainwater and analyze treatment costs. The study was

carried out in a mid-size airport in Brazil. The proposed system provided

water with physical, chemical and microbiological quality consistent with

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recommendations for reuse and the price per treated cubic meter was

60% lower than the price paid to the current water supply company (Neto

et al., 2012).

Real Time Rainwater Harvesting System with Built-in Filtration

Chamber for Households

In this study, the researchers have developed a system that

transformed rainwater into safe and usable household water. To achieve

the objectives of this study, the researchers reviewed and learned their

previous lessons in hydrology and fluid mechanics and also learned a few

and basic concepts in water chemistry. The researchers introduced three

analyses for the evaluation of the filtered rainwater, these are:

physicochemical analysis, physical analysis, and bacteriological analysis.

Physicochemical involves the pH level measurement. Under physical

analysis is the color, smell, and taste of the rainwater after the filtration.

The researchers conducted total coliforms count for bacteriological

analysis. The researchers measured the pH level of rainwater in various

locales few times a week as part of the physicochemical analysis. The

researchers gathered the data in Koronadal city and Tantangan in South

Cotabato, and in Isulan, Sultan Kudarat. The researchers used the pH

meter apparatus to measure the pH level of the rainwater. The obtained

results from the data were the basis of the researchers in order to create

the prototype, specifically the filtration chamber. After the design and

development of the prototype, the researchers conducted a test on the

prototype using actual rainwater. The filtered water from the prototype
 12

has undergone bacteriological analysis conducted in the Analytic

Solutions Testing and Services (ASTS) in General Santos city. The actual

estimated cost of the system for general design was also made by the

researchers. An amount of Php17441.50 was attained for the installment

of the entire system (Del Pilar et al., 2018).

Enhanced Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting Quality Through Filtration

Using Zeolite and Activated Carbon

This study aimed to investigate the quality of the rooftop rainwater

harvesting (RRWH) and to treat it for clean water supply alternative of

Graha Rektorat building at State University of Malang, Indonesia.

Different combinations of zeolite and activated carbon were used as filter

media to treat the RRWH. Several parameters have tested to investigate

the quality of RRWH based on Permenkes RI No. 416 / MENKES / PER /

IX / 1990. Most of the quality of the RRWH met clean water and drinking

water standard. However, there were three parameters have to be reduced

and required further treatment. The results showed T4 reduced TDS and

coliform bacteria by 37% and 36%, while T5 eliminated organic

substances (KMnO4) for 35% (Yulistyorini et al., 2018).

Water Filter Production Using Coconut Husk Fiber, Zeolite, Charcoal

and, Membrane for Rainwater Harvesting

Rainwater harvesting has been applied in several countries in the

world. This filter is designed for overcoming some physical and chemical

contamination that occurs in the collected rainwater from the roof of a

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premise. The designed water filters are made of PVC pipes that have been

modified, while the filter media was made from coconut husk, coal, zeolite

and membrane. The water filter can be commercialized and affordable by

all segments of society in ensuring the cleanliness of the water harvested

from the roof of the premises. This water filter has also received the award

and recognition from the State Government of Selangor and Universiti

Teknologi Petronas (Emm, 2018).

Suitability of Recycled Coconut Fiber as Filter Media for the

Treatment of Wastewater

Water is the most vigorously tremendous element required for the

existence of all living beings on earth. As the population is increasing, the

discharge of wastewater is being increased rapidly all over the world.

Therefore, wastewater treatment is a feasible alternative to consider for

new water demands. The research focuses the investigation of pollutants

present in wastewater as well as determination of the effectiveness of

using coconut fibers for the filtration of collected wastewater. In this

research, domestic wastewater was collected from KUET, Khulna,

Bangladesh. Different wastewater parameters were measured for collected

samples with inflow water as well as outflow water through filter media.

The important tested wastewater quality parameters in this research

include Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD),

phosphate, chloride, nitrate, pH, turbidity, total coliform and faecal

coliform. It has been observed that coconut fiber can be used as an

alternative filter media for the removal of pollutants as well as fungus as

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there are huge amount of micro-pores with standard surface area are

existing in coconut fibers (Ahmed et al., 2017).

Activated Carbon and Coconut Coir with the Incorporation of ABR

System as Greywater Filter: The Implications
for Wastewater Treatment

Greywater refers to wastewater generated from domestic activities,

which do not contain fecal contamination. Therefore, this study aims to

treat greywater in Makassar city to speed up the water cycle and enable

reuse, as an environmental conservation strategy. The water parameters

measured were pH, Turbidity, Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Biological

Oxygen Demand (BOD), and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). According

to the results, the greywater’s BOD, COD, and TTS contents were 49.98 to

54.88 mg/L, 509 to 655 mg/L, and 404.40 to 464.65 mg/L, respectively,

all of which exceed WHO wastewater quality standards. The use of a

wastewater treatment installation comprising a combination of Activated

Carbon (AC) and Coconut Coir (CC) with the incorporation of the

Anaerobic Baffle Reactor (ABR) system as a greywater filter successfully

reduced the city’s greywater pollution. In addition, the new BOD content

fulfills the environmentally safe wastewater standards, while the new

COD and TSS contents were 152 mg/L to 184 mg/L and 59.68 mg/L to

77.42 mg/L, respectively, which are close to the WHO domestic

wastewater quality standards (Sabara et al., 2022).

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Reduction of Contamination from Water Using Rainwater

Filtration System in NCR, Philippines

Water shortage and the rising cost of water services have been a

problem of communities around the world for centuries. In 2019, the

World Health Organization (WHO) had reported that around one out of

ten, approximately eleven million people in the Philippines do not have

access to improved water sources. Climate change is one of the main

contributing factors to this problem. UNICEF stated that climate change

disrupts weather patterns, leading to extreme weather events,

unpredictable water availability, exacerbating water scarcity, and

contaminating water supplies. Such impacts can drastically affect the

quantity and quality of water needed to survive. Considering the

occurrence of such abnormal phenomena, the aim of the study was to

assess the quality of water sources in Metro Manila (NCR) and create an

effective water filtration system that can be used to help reduce the

contamination of water that Filipino households can utilize. The

researchers gathered and analyzed data through comparative analysis,

together with the support of similar studies, to help determine the optimal

amount of components that will be used for the filter and establish if the

filter is indeed effective in reducing contamination. The obtained results

from the tests conducted for the seven water quality parameters tests

between the Filtered Rainwater and Unfiltered Rainwater found that there

was a reduction in the contaminants after the filtration of the rainwater

using the filter prototype (Dalawampu et al., 2022).

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Development of Innovative Filtration System for Natural Water

Treatment in the Chechen Republic

There is a pressing need for high-quality water supply to the

population of Grozny. This is due to a specific mixture of salts of heavy

metals and lithium, and microbial contamination in the surface water

reservoirs. To ensure effective purification of severely polluted surface

water, it is necessary to improve filtration systems with a disinfecting

effect. The paper describes a method for producing bentonite- and

brucite-based sorbent with improved adsorption properties to provide

effective water treatment in the Chechen Republic. The authors propose

some solutions for combined multilayer filtration systems. The paper

presents a method for adsorption water treatment, which implies

adsorbing chemical contaminants on mineral granules of high absorption

capacity, with a disinfectant to provide an antimicrobial effect. The

treatment effectiveness of water from the surface water reservoirs in the

city of Grozny, particularly Chernorechensky, Goyta and Sunzha, is

assessed in the laboratory with the developed filtration systems. The

paper justifies a decrease in color by 96%, turbidity by 99% and 100%

iron absorption as well as microbial pollutant extraction using the

developed filtration system with improved adsorption properties (Ataeva et

al., 2019).
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Ensuring Water Security by Utilizing Roof-Harvested Rainwater and

Lake Water Treated with a Low-Cost Integrated
Adsorption-Filtration System

Drinking water is supplied through a centralized water supply

system and may not be accessed by communities in rural areas of

Malaysia. This study investigated the performance of a low-cost, self-

prepared combined activated carbon and sand filtration (CACSF) system

for roof-harvested rainwater and lake water for potable use. Activated

carbon was self-prepared using locally sourced coconut shell and was

activated using commonly available salt rather than a high-tech

procedure that requires a chemical reagent. The filtration chamber was

comprised of local, readily available sand. The experiments were

conducted with varying antecedent dry intervals (ADIs) of up to 15 d and

lake water with varying initial chemical oxygen demand (COD)

concentration. The CACSF system managed to produce effluents

complying with the drinking water standards for the parameters pH,

dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD 5), COD, total

suspended solids (TSS), and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N). The CACSF

system successfully decreased the population of Escherichia coli (E. coli)

in the influents to less than 30 CFU/mL. Samples with a higher

population of E. coli (that is, greater than 30 CFU/mL) did not show 100%

removal. The system also showed high potential as an alternative for

treated drinking water for roof-harvested rainwater and class II lake water

(Shaheed et al., 2017).

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METHODOLOGY

Methods to be Used

In this study, descriptive research will be used by the researchers

using the developed rainwater filtration system. Descriptive statistic is

applicable in this study to summarize and describe the characteristics of

a data set. Results will be analyzed and tabulated for comparative

analysis.

Sources of Data

Both primary and secondary data will be used by the researchers

throughout the study. Primary data is the data that the researchers has

collected directly from primary sources by comprehending and resolving

the study problem. In this study, the primary data will be obtained

through laboratory tests of unfiltered and filtered rainwater. Secondary

data is information that comes from the existing data and is made

available for the researchers to use in their own studies, such as books,

journals and websites.

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Data Gathering Instrument

The following materials and instruments will be used in the conduct

of the study:

1. Turbidity Meter will be used for measuring the turbidity (or

cloudiness) of the water.

2. PH Meter will be used for measuring acidity/alkalinity of the water.

3. Conductivity Meter will be used for measuring the total dissolved

solids (TDS).

4. Spectrophotometer will be used for measuring the color of water.

5. Measuring Tape will be used to measure the dimension of each

filter media and PVC pipe.

Materials Preparation

1. Gather all the materials needed: One (1) 4" PVC pipe, two (2) 4" PVC

cap, one (1) ½" PVC pipe, two (2) ½" PVC tee, three (3) ½" PVC ball

valve, one (1) ½" PVC elbow, PVC cement, 4" plastic strainer,

mosquito net, sand, gravel, activated carbon, coconut husk fiber.

2. For disinfection process of each filter media: sand, gravel, activated

charcoal and coconut husk fiber.

Sand and Gravel:

 Thoroughly wash the filter media until the water is clear.

 Boil for 30 minutes and roast in a pan at high temperature

until it dries out.

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Activated Charcoal:

 Thoroughly wash the activated charcoal.

 Roast in a pan at high temperature until it dries out.

Coconut Husk Fiber:

 Separate the coconut husk fiber from the husk.

 Thoroughly wash the coconut husk fiber.

 Boil the coconut husk fiber for 30 minutes and roast in a pan

at high temperature until it dries out.

3. To create the inlet and outlet, make a ½" hole at the top (right side)

and bottom (left side) of the 4" PVC pipe that serves as the body of

the filter media, as well as another ½" hole in the middle of PVC

cap, serve as the inlet for drain wash.

4. Trim the ½" PVC pipe in 60 cm, five (5) 5 cm, 10 cm and two (2) 20

cm, and install all the PVC tee, PVC ball valve, PVC elbow with a

PVC cement, place it in the hole at top of PVC cover and bottom

(right side) of 4" PVC pipe.11.

5. Place the plastic strainer 10 cm from the bottom of 4" PVC pipe,

serves as the bearer of all weight of the filter media, place the gravel

with a height of 15 cm and cover with mosquito net, then place the

coconut husk at 5 cm cover it with mosquito net, place the sand at

height of 20 cm and cover with net and lastly place the 10 cm

charcoal and cover the top and bottom with PVC cap.

6. After the fabrication of the filter, materials will be gathered to the

sampling location.
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7. The researchers will use storage tank to store the rainwater that

will be collected from the rooftop.

8. The collected samples will be kept in the ice bucket during

transportation.

Water Sampling

The following standard procedure from San Francisco Water District

on sampling will be considered in the study.

Physical Testing

Before

 The sampling location will be in Bunawan Brook, Bunawan, Agusan

del Sur.

 Prepare two (2) Liters of PET Bottle.

 Collect rainwater samples from the developed filtration system only

after thorough flushing.

 Keep the bottles tightly covered.

After

 Label the two (2) sample container with unfiltered or filtered

rainwater, date, time, location, and names of researchers.

 Submit the samples immediately. If not, the use of ice cooler is

needed.
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The following standard procedure from Davao Analytical Laboratories,

Inc. (DALINC) on sampling will be considered in the study.

Chemical Testing

Before

 The sampling location will be in Bunawan Brook, Bunawan, Agusan

del Sur.

 Prepare two (2) Liters of PET Bottle.

 Collect rainwater samples from the developed filtration system only

after thorough flushing.

 Keep the bottles tightly covered.

After

 Label the two (2) sample container with unfiltered or filtered

rainwater, date, time, location, and names of researchers.

 Rainwater sample should be sent at once immediately from the

time of collection. If not possible, the use of the ice coolers for

storage of samples during the transport is needed.

Bacteriological Testing

Before

 The sampling location will be in Bunawan Brook, Bunawan, Agusan

del Sur.

 Use the two (2) 250ml sterilized bottle provided by Davao Analytical

Laboratories, Inc.
 23

 Remove from tap any attachments that may cause splashing.

 Wipe the outlet to remove any adhering dirt using a clean cloth.

 Turn on the tap at maximum flow rate and let the water flow for

(two) 2 min.

 Carefully turn on the tap and allow water to flow for 2 minutes at

medium rate.

 Remove the aluminum foil/ paper cover of the sampling bottle and

pull out or unscrew cap.

 Hold the bottle under the water jet and fill leaving ample air space

(about 2.5 cm) in the bottle.

 Fill the bottle immediately after opening leaving ample air space

(about 2.5 cm from mouth) to allow mixing and cover.

After

 Label the two (2) sample container with unfiltered or filtered

rainwater, date, time, location, and names of researchers.

 Put the samples in coolers with ice during the transport to preserve

the samples.
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Operational Procedure of the Study

The following procedures will be considered in the conduct of the

study.

Design of Developed
Rainwater Filtration System

Materials Preparation

Fabrication of the Developed

Rainwater Filtration System

Testing of the Filter

Water Sampling

Physical, Chemical and

Bacteriological Analysis

Figure 2. Operational Procedure of the Study

Figure 2 shows the operational procedure of the study. The first

step is to design the rainwater filtration system. This involves determining

the necessary components, dimensions, and materials needed to create

the filtration system. Once the design is complete, the necessary

materials will be gathered and prepared. This includes purchasing

 25

materials and preparing the filter media that will be used. The next step is

to construct the rainwater filtration system. This involves assembling the

materials and the components of the filtration system. After the rainwater

filtration system is constructed, it needs to be tested to ensure it is

working correctly. This involves running water through the system to

check for leaks or flow issues. Once the system is tested and confirmed to

be working, water samples will be collected from the filtration system for

analysis. The final step is to conduct physical, chemical, and

bacteriological analyses on the filtered and unfiltered rainwater samples.

Evaluation Parameters

Storage Efficiency

This concept pertains to how efficiently the water needed prior to

filtration and stored in the tank after the filtration (Mohd, 2014).

E = (Ws/Wn) x 100

Where:

E = water storage efficiency percent

Ws = water stored after filtration

Wn = water needed prior to filtration

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Discharge Rate

The discharge rate is the volume of fluid that moves through a

stream in a given amount of time. The discharge Q is defined by Q = vA,

or volume flow rate, if v is the mean velocity and A is the cross-sectional

area (Chalk, 2019).

Q = vA

Where:

Q = volumetric flow rate

v = flow velocity v

A = cross-sectional vector area

Filter Efficiency

The filter efficiency calculation is designed to compute the turbidity

(NTU) removed by filtration (Ramavandi, 2014).

%Turbidity Removed = [(Turbidityinitial – Turbidityfinal / Turbidityinitial)] x 100

Filter Efficiency = Volume(ml) x %Turbidity Removed

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The parameters below are based on Mandatory Drinking: Water

Quality Parameters from The Philippine National Standards for Drinking

Water of 2017. This will be used to determine the quality of water

samples.

Physical Test

The physical test will be conducted at San Francisco Water District.

The physical tests are the following:

 Turbidity

 pH

 Color

 Total Dissolved Solid

Chemical Test and Bacteriological Test

The chemical test and bacteriological test will be conducted at

Davao Analytical Laboratories, Inc.

Chemical Test:

 Arsenic

 Cadmium

 Lead

 Nitrate

Bacteriological test:

 Fecal Coliform
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 E. coli

Benefit Cost Ratio

Determine the unit cost of every single quantity of the filter

materials and filter media used in the study, the conduct of the market

study and cost analysis is necessary to have the total estimated cost of

the project to be economically benefited (Mishan, 1972).

expected benefits
Benefit Cost Ratio =
total cost

Description of the Filter

Table 1 shows the layer of filter media, the researchers consider to

put gravel as the first layer in the filtration process because it is the most

course compared to other filter media. It serves to remove large debris and

sediment from the water, preventing clogging of the subsequent layers.

Coconut husk fiber is the next layer, and it serves to filter out smaller

particles that are not removed by the gravel layer. The fibers are able to

trap and hold impurities, allowing the water to pass through. Sand is the

third layer in the filtration process, and it serves as a finer filter than

coconut husk fiber. It is able to remove even smaller particles that were

not removed by the previous layer. Finally, activated charcoal is the last

layer in the filtration process. It is a highly porous material with a large

 29

surface area, which makes it effective in removing taste and odors from

the water.

Table 1. Filter Media for Rainwater Filtration System

Layer Filter Material Function

1 Activated Charcoal Adsorb organic
(granulated) compound, remove
taste and odor.

2 1mm particle size of Remove inorganic

Fine sand substances and small
particle of
contaminant.

3 Coco Husk Fiber Absorb microorganism

during the treatment
process.

4 4mm particle size of Remove large particle

Gravel of contaminant.

Design Consideration

1. Filter Media - Choosing the right filter media is important in

ensuring effective removal of contaminants. The filter media must

be able to effectively remove pollutants such as sediment, debris,

bacteria, viruses, and chemicals.

2. Flow Rate - The filter's flow rate is another important factor to

consider. The flow rate should be sufficient to provide enough water

for the intended use, but not so high that the filter is overwhelmed

and unable to effectively remove impurities.

3. Maintenance - The filter should be easy to maintain and clean. It is

important to ensure that the filter is cleaned regularly to prevent

clogging and ensure optimal performance.

 30

4. Cost - The cost of the filter should be considered in relation to the

benefits of the filtration system.

Statistical Analysis

All the data that will be gathered, arranged, and tabulated will be

subjected to statistical analysis using descriptive statistics. The statistical

techniques that will be used in the descriptive analysis will be the

frequency count, mean, and percentage count.

1. Frequency: The number of occurrences of a particular time

consumed in a row.

% = (F/N) x 100

Where:

% = Percentage

F = Frequency

N = number of rows

2. Mean: The average of all the observation (Broto, 2006).

X = ∑fx/N

Where:

X = mean

∑fx = sum of data

N = number of rows
 31

LITERATURE CITED

Adelodun, A. (2021). Green Filtration of Total Solids from Various Water

Sources Using Coconut Coir and Loofah. Environmental Protection
Research, 1(1), 14–19. https://doi.org/10.37256/epr.112021847

Ahmed, A., Islam, S., Saifullah, I., Datta, D., and Islam, M. T. (2017).
Suitability of Recycled Coconut Fiber as Filter Media for the
Treatment of Wastewater. Retrieved on April 14, 2023 from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322476959_SUITABILIT
Y_OF_RECYCLED_COCONUT_FIBER_AS_FILTER_MEDIA_FOR_THE
_TREATMENT_OF_WASTEWATER

Ashri, S., Ghazali, M., Khahro, S. H., Zainun, N. Y., & Mohammad, H.
(2020). Water Filtration Design for Rainwater Harvesting System in
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, UTHM. 1. 149-
156. Retrieved on April 14, 2023 from
https://doi.org/10.30880/rtcebe.2020.01.01.014

Ataeva, A. A., Abubakarova, J. S., Tikhomirova, E. I., & Koshelev, A. V.

(2019). Development of Innovative Filtration System for Natural
Water Treatment in the Chechen Republic. 10.2991/isees-
19.2019.5. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335291424_Developme
nt_of_Innovative_Filtration_System_for_Natural_Water_Treatment_i
n_the_Chechen_Republic

Broto (2006). PF 100 Weighted Mean it Refers to the Set of Data. Retrieved
on January 18, 2023 from https://www.coursehero.com /file
/p66e856/P-F-N100-Weighted-Mean-It-refers-to-the-set-of-data-
acoording-to-Broto-2006/

Chalk, S. J. (2019). IUPAC. Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd

ed. (the "Gold Book"). ISBN 0-9678550-9-8. Retrieved on April 14,
2023 from https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/V06642

Dalawampu, R. D., Mabeza, J. B., Pimentel, T. M., and Tolentino, C. T.

(2022). Reduction of Contamination from Water Using Rainwater
Filtration System in NCR, Philippines. Retrieved on April 15, 2023
from https://ieomsociety.org/proceedings/2022nigeria/204.pdf

Del Pilar, A. J., Moises, D. K., and Tuscano, R. (2018). Real Time
Rainwater Harvesting System with Built-in Filtration Chamber for
 32

Households. Retrieved on April 15, 2023 from

https://www.academia.edu/45680625/REAL_TIME_RAINWATER_
HARVESTING_SYSTEM_WITH_BUILT_IN_FILTRATION_CHAMBER_
FOR_HOUSEHOLDS

Dharmarathne, N., Sato, N., Kawamoto, K., Sato, H., & Tanaka, N. (2013).
Evaluation of Wastewater Treatment Efficiency Using Coconut Fiber
Biofilm Reactor System with Synthetic Leachate.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275976424_Evaluation
_of_Wastewater_Treatment_Efficiency_Using_Coconut_Fiber_Biofilm
_Reactor_System_With_Synthetic_Leachate

Emm, L. (2018). Water Filter Production Using Coconut Husk Fiber,

Zeolite, Charcoal and, Membrane for Rainwater Harvesting.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326682453_WATER_FI
LTER_PRODUCTION_USING_COCONUT_HUSK_FIBER_ZEOLITECH
ARCOAL_AND_MEMBRANE_FOR_RAINWATER_HARVESTING

Khayan, K., Al-Khatib, I., Heru Husodo, A., Astuti, I., Sudarmadji, S., and
Sugandawaty Djohan, T. (2019). Rainwater as a Source of Drinking
Water: Health Impacts and Rainwater Treatment. Journal of
Environmental and Public Health. Retrieved on April 15, 2023 from
https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1760950

Mishan, E. J. (1972). Review of Cost-Benefit Analysis. The Economic

Journal, 82(325), Pages 244–246. Retrieved on January 18, 2023 from
https://doi.org/10.2307/2230232

Mohd, D. (2014). Irrigation Engineering. Retrieved on January 18, 2023 from

https://www.slideshare.net/raoji111/irrigation-42859266

Neto, R., Calijuri, M., Carvalho, I., and Santiago, A. (2012). Rainwater
treatment in airports using slow sand filtration followed by
chlorination: Efficiency and costs, Resources, Conservation and
Recycling, Volume 65, Pages 124-129, ISSN 0921-3449. Retrieved
from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2012.06.001

Palanca-Tan, R. (2020). Global Water Shortages: A Philippines Case

Study. The Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies,
45(1/2), 46–62. Retrieved on January 18, 2023 from https://www.
proquest.com/docview/2395271609?
pqorigsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true

Ramavandi, B. (2014). Treatment of Water Turbidity and Bacteria by Using a

Coagulant Extracted from Plantago ovata, Water Resources and
Industry. Volume 6, Pages 36-50, ISSN 2212-3717. Retrieved on
January 18, 2023 from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wri.2014.07.001
 33

Sabara, Z., Anwar, A., Yani, S., Prianto, K., Junaidi, R., Umam, R., and
Prastowo, R. (2022). Activated Carbon and Coconut Coir with the
Incorporation of ABR System as Greywater Filter: The Implications
for Wastewater Treatment. Sustainability, 14, 1026. Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.3390/su14021026

Shaheed, R., Wan Mohtar, W. H. M., and El-Shafie, A. (2017). Ensuring

water security by utilizing roof-harvested rainwater and lake water
treated with a low-cost integrated adsorption-filtration system,
Water Science and Engineering, Volume 10, Issue 2, Pages 115-
124, ISSN 1674-2370. Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wse.2017.05.002

World Bank Organization (2021). Climate Change Knowledge Portal.

Retrieved on April 14, 2023 from
https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/philippines
/climate-data-historical

World Health Organization (2019). Water Shortage in the Philippines

Threatens Sustainable Development and Health. Retrieved from
https://www.who.int/philippines/news/feature-stories/detail/wa-
ter-shortage-in-the-philippines-threatens-sustainable-development-
and-health

Yulistyorini, A., Idfi, G., & Fahmi, E. (2018). Enhanced rooftop rainwater
harvesting quality through filtration using zeolite and activated
carbon. MATEC Web of Conferences. 204. 03016.
DOI:10.1051/matecconf/201820403016
 34

APPENDICES
35
 36

Appendix A

Design of Filtration System

FRONT VIEW

SHEET NO. TITLE: Prepared by: Checked by:

1 DEVELOPMENT OF Ritchelle M. Gardose and

Engr. Jessie Y. Labaso
RAINWATER FILTRATION Rolly O. Civil
Thesis Adviser
SYSTEM Researchers
 37

Appendix B

Components of Filter

FRONT VIEW

SHEET NO. TITLE: Prepared by: Checked by:

DEVELOPMENT OF Ritchelle M. Gardose and
2 Engr. Jessie Y. Labaso
RAINWATER FILTRATION Rolly O. Civil
Thesis Adviser
SYSTEM Researchers
 38

Appendix C

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Name : Ritchelle M. Gardose

Date of Birth : August 30, 1996

Sex : Female

Place of Birth : Dungos, Tulanan, North Cotabato

Home Address : P-3 Poblacion, Trento, Agusan del Sur

Citizenship : Filipino

Name of Father : Ricardo G. Gardose

Name of Mother : Shanny M. Gardose

Names of Brothers : Ariel M. Gardose

: Rin Vincent M. Gardose

Name of Sister : Rosalie M. Gardose

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Elementary : Trento Central Elementary School

Secondary : Trento National High School

Tertiary : Agusan del Sure State College of

Agriculture and Technology

Degree : Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

Major : Structural Engineering

 39

TRAINING AND SEMINARS ATTENDED

 On The Job Training at ASSCAT Planning Office (2021)

MEMBERSHIP TO ORGANIZATION

 Member, Association of Civil Engineering Students

 40

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Name : Rolly O. Civil

Date of Birth : August 28 1994

Sex : Male

Place of Birth : Bayugan 3, Rosario, Agusan del Sur

Home Address : P-6 Bayugan 3, Rosario, Agusan del Sur

Citizenship : Filipino

Name of Father : Rogelio A. Civil Sr.

Name of Mother : Marilyn O. Civil

Names of Brothers : Vanlee Civil, Romie Civil, Jopandre Civil,

: Claivan Civil, and Kirlvin Jhonbert Civil

Name of Sister : Rogeline Civil

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Elementary : Bonifacio Central Elementary School

Secondary : Bayugan 3 National High School

Tertiary : Agusan del Sure State College of

Agriculture and Technology

Degree : Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

Major : Structural Engineering

 41

TRAINING AND SEMINARS ATTENDED

 On The Job Training at ASSCAT Planning Office (2021)

MEMBERSHIP TO ORGANIZATION

 Member, Association of Civil Engineering Students

 42

Appendix D

GANTT CHART OF ACTIVITIES

The proposed plan of activities that will be systematically followed

during the conduct of the study.

Activities Mar. - July Jan. Feb. Mar. April

June 2023 2023 2023 2023 2023
2022
Research Title and
Data Gathering
Documentation
and Thesis
Outline Defense
Processing and
Submission of
Softbound
Conduct of Study
Final
Documentation
and Data
Consultation
Interpretation and
Analysis
Manuscript
Writing:
Finalization of
Thesis Paper and
Final Defense
Processing for
Hardbound Copy
for Final
Submission