BS 8102 2022 Protection of Below Ground Structures Against Water

BS 8102:2022
BSI Standards Publication
Protection of below ground structures

against water ingress — Code of practice
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BS 8102:2022 BRITISH STANDARD
Publishing and copyright information
The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued.
© The British Standards Institution 2022
Published by BSI Standards Limited 2022
ISBN 978 0 539 15836 6
ICS 91.120.30
The following BSI references relate to the work on this document:

Committee reference B/526
Draft for comment 21/30428737 DC
Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication
Date Text affected
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© THE BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION 2022 – ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
BRITISH STANDARD BS 8102:2022
Contents Page
Foreword iii
1 Scope 1
2 Normative references 1
3 Terms and definitions 2
4 Design philosophy 4
4.1 General 4
4.2 Design team 5
4.3 Principal considerations 5
Figure 1 — Design flowchart 8
5 Site evaluation 9
5.1 General 9
5.2 Inspection and survey for existing structures 10
6 Water resisting design 12
6.1 Groundwater 12
6.2 Waterproofing protection 13
Figure 2 — Schematic illustrations of Type A, Type B and Type C waterproofing protection – Type
A (barrier) protection 15
B (structurally integral) protection 15
C (drained) protection 16
Table 1 — Use of different protection types based on water table classification 17
Table 2 — Waterproofing protection – Grades of performance for below ground spaces 19
6.3 Exclusion of surface water 20
6.4 External sub‑surface drainage 20
Figure 5 — Sub‑surface drainage positioning 21
6.5 Buried decks below ground level 22
Figure 6 — Typical details of a buried deck with drainage 23
6.6 Ground gases 24
7 General construction issues 24
7.1 Site dewatering 24
7.2 Unexpected hazards 25
7.3 Structural elements 26
7.4 Continuity in construction 26
7.5 Protecting waterproofing 26
8 Type A (barrier) protection 27
8.1 Structural aspects 27
Figure 7 — Effect of structure on applied waterproofing barrier 28
Figure 8 — Examples of pile to floor slab junction 29
8.2 Waterproofing barrier materials 30
Table 3 — Waterproofing barriers 31
Figure 9 — Effect of bonded or partially bonded barriers 33
9 Type B (structurally integral) protection 36
9.1 General 36
9.2 Materials for structurally integral protection 36
9.3 Embedded retaining walls 39
10 Type C (drained) protection 41
10.1 Structural aspects 41
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10.2 Cavity drain systems 41

Figure 10 — Example of a multi‑level system 44
Figure 11 — Example of a flood loop discharge 46
10.3 Servicing and maintenance 47
11 Remedial measures 48
11.1 General 48
11.2 External grouting or injection 49
11.3 Repair with cementitious or polymeric systems 50
11.4 Replacement of locally defective material 50
11.5 Masonry structures 51
Bibliography 52
Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages I to IV, pages 1 to 53, an inside back cover and a
back cover.
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ii © THE BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION 2022 – ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Foreword
Publishing information
This British Standard is published by BSI Standards Limited, under licence from The British
Standards Institution, and came into effect on 31 March 2022. It was prepared by Technical
Committee B/526, Geotechnics. A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained
on request to its committee manager.
Supersession
This British Standard supersedes BS 8102:2009, which is withdrawn.
Information about this document

This British Standard was originally published in 1990, superseding the earlier CP102 (1973). This is
a full revision of the standard, and introduces the following principal changes:
a) a number of recent developments are addressed, which are important when specifying,
designing and constructing below ground structures, including:
1) more deep construction in congested urban areas;
2) an increase in the provision of residential basements;
3) development and use of new materials for waterproofing;
b) a more detailed assessment is provided of the risks inherent in below ground construction and
how these might best be addressed.
It is noted that the figures used in this document are only representative of different installation
methods, and are not to be translated directly into practice without first checking all the parameters
specific to the installation.
This publication can be withdrawn, revised, partially superseded or superseded. Information
regarding the status of this publication can be found in the Standards Catalogue on the BSI website at
bsigroup.com/standards, or by contacting the Customer Services team.
Where websites and webpages have been cited, they are provided for ease of reference and are
correct at the time of publication. The location of a webpage or website, or its contents, cannot
be guaranteed.
Use of this document

As a code of practice, this British Standard takes the form of recommendations and guidance. It is not
to be quoted as if it were a specification. Users are expected to ensure that claims of compliance are
not misleading.
Users may substitute any of the recommendations in this British Standard with practices of
equivalent or better outcome. Any user claiming compliance with this British Standard is expected to
be able to justify any course of action that deviates from its recommendations.
It has been assumed in the preparation of this British Standard that the execution of its provisions
will be entrusted to appropriately qualified and experienced people, for whose use it has
been produced.
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© THE BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION 2022 – ALL RIGHTS RESERVED iii
Presentational conventions
The provisions of this standard are presented in roman (i.e. upright) type. Its requirements are
expressed in sentences in which the principal auxiliary verb is “should”.
Commentary, explanation and general informative material is presented in smaller italic type, and does
not constitute a normative element.
Where words have alternative spellings, the preferred spelling of the Shorter Oxford English
Dictionary is used (e.g. “organization” rather than “organisation”).
Contractual and legal considerations

This publication has been prepared in good faith, however no representation, warranty, assurance
or undertaking (express or implied) is or will be made, and no responsibility or liability is or will
be accepted by BSI in relation to the adequacy, accuracy, completeness or reasonableness of this
publication. All and any such responsibility and liability is expressly disclaimed to the full extent
permitted by the law.
This publication is provided as is, and is to be used at the recipient’s own risk.
The recipient is advised to consider seeking professional guidance with respect to its use of this
publication.
This publication is not intended to constitute a contract. Users are responsible for its correct
application.
Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.
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iv © THE BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION 2022 – ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
1 Scope
This British Standard gives recommendations and provides guidance on methods of dealing with
and preventing the entry of water from external sources into structures that are partly or wholly
below ground.
It covers the use of:
a) waterproofing barrier materials applied to the structure;
b) structurally integral watertight construction; and
c) drained cavity construction.
It refers to the evaluation of groundwater conditions and consideration of harmful ground gases, risk
assessment and how to manage these risks in below ground structures.
This British Standard includes guidance on the drainage outside the structure and recognizes the risk
of water entering a structure through openings.
NOTE 1 Structures that are partly or wholly below ground can include occupied rooms, tunnels, plantrooms, car
parks, residential or commercial spaces, and service ducts. These structures can consist of any combination of
solid masonry, concrete and steel as the primary ground retaining structures. This British Standard is relevant to
structures below buildings or that are fully underground and covered by buried roofs, podium decks, or tunnel roofs.
Structures are generally characterized as “deep” if they have more than one storey below ground
level, or “shallow” if they have only a single storey below ground. This British Standard is
applicable to both.
NOTE 2 The principles for achieving waterproof underground spaces in this standard are relevant to most forms
of underground space. However, it is recognized that deep tunnels, rock caverns, mines, pipelines and some water
containment structures might follow design principles that are different to the approach set out in this British
Standard. In these types of structures, the acceptable levels of water ingress can be very different to those defined in
this standard.
NOTE 3 Standards and guidance for the protection of buildings against flooding by means of property level flood
resistance and resilience measures are given in BS 85500.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their
content constitutes provisions of this document1). For dated references, only the edition cited
applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
BS 5930, Code of practice for ground investigations
BS 6100‑3, Building and civil engineering — Vocabulary — Part 3: Civil engineering — General
BS 8000‑2 (all sections), Workmanship on building sites — Part 2: Code of practice for concrete work
BS 8204‑1, Screeds, bases and in situ floorings — Part 1: Concrete bases and cement sand levelling
screeds to receive floorings — Code of practice
BS EN 1504 (all parts), Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete structures —
Definitions, requirements, quality control and evaluation of conformity
BS EN 1542, Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete structures — Test
methods — Measurement of bond strength by pull-off
1)
Documents that are referred to solely in an informative manner are listed in the Bibliography.
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© THE BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION 2022 – ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
BS EN 1992 (all parts), Eurocode 2 — Design of concrete structures

BS EN 1992‑3:2006, Eurocode 2 — Design of concrete structures – Part 3: Liquid retaining and
containment structures
BS EN 1993 (all parts), Eurocode 3 — Design of steel structures
BS EN 1993‑5, Eurocode 3 — Design of steel structures — Part 5: Piling
BS EN 1997 (all parts), Eurocode 7 — Geotechnical design
BS EN 1997‑2, Eurocode 7 — Geotechnical design — Ground investigation and testing
BS EN 10210 (all parts), Hot finished steel structural hollow sections
BS EN 10219 (all parts), Cold formed welded steel structural hollow sections
BS EN 10248 (all parts), Hot rolled sheet piling of non‑alloy steels
BS EN 10249 (all parts), Cold formed sheet piling of non‑alloy steels
BS EN 12063, Execution of special geotechnical work — Sheet pile walls
BS EN 13670, Execution of concrete structures
DIN 1048, Testing concrete
3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in BS 6100‑3 and the
following apply.
3.1 buried deck

any roof structure which is at or below ground level
3.2 cavity drain membrane

cuspated (also known as dimpled or studded), flexible, high‑density polymer sheet, which can be
placed against the internal face of a structure after construction and is designed to intercept water
penetrating the structure and direct it to a drainage system
3.3 cut‑off wall

embedded retaining wall (see 3.5) designed to surround and seal off an area, to inhibit water inflow
from the surrounding area
3.4 damp area

area which is slightly wet but no seepage (see 3.15)
3.5 embedded retaining wall

wall used to support the sides of an excavation, installed in advance and penetrating below the lowest
level of the below ground construction
NOTE Within this British Standard, the principal forms considered constitute the primary permanent wall for the
below ground construction, and are taken as diaphragm walls, contiguous or secant piles (which may be installed in
different configurations) or steel sheet piles.
3.6 free lime

salt deposits caused by water moving over/through concrete and dissolving calcium hydroxide
from the matrix
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NOTE On contact with the atmosphere, calcium hydroxide reacts with carbon dioxide to form calcium carbonate,
which is precipitated as a solid deposit when the water evaporates.
3.7 fully bonded

bonded, preventing water from tracking from a defect in the membrane to a crack/joint in
the structure
NOTE This can provide enhanced protection where applied to a suitably impermeable structure because for
ingress to occur, a defect in the membrane has to align with a pathway through the structure.
3.8 ground gas barrier

barrier between the structure and the ground intended to prevent or impede the ingress of radon,
methane and other ground gases and contaminants
3.9 groundwater
water in the ground outside the structure from any source
3.10 hydraulic gradient

ratio of the hydrostatic pressure (expressed as head of water) to wall thickness
3.11 hydrostatic pressure

pressure exerted by depth of water
3.12 loading coat

layer of material designed to hold a Type A waterproofing material in place when resisting
water pressure
3.13 perched water table

reservoir of water in the ground maintained permanently or temporarily above the standing water
level in the ground below it, caused by the presence of an impervious soil or a stratum of low
permeability
3.14 product information

manufacturers' data sheets, installation guides, accredited performance, test data and any regulatory
compliance data
3.15 seepage
slow transmission of water through discrete pathways of a structure
NOTE This can also be known as weeping, as defined in ICE publication, Specification for piling and embedded
retaining walls [1].
3.16 tanking
application of an appropriate waterproofing barrier to the walls, the base slab and, where relevant,
the buried deck of a below ground structure, such that the entire envelope of the structure below
ground is protected against water ingress
NOTE A cavity drain membrane is not considered to constitute tanking.
3.17 Type A (barrier) protection

protection against water ingress which is dependent on a separate barrier system applied to
the structure
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3.18 Type B (structurally integral) protection

protection against water ingress which is provided by the structure
3.19 Type C (drained) protection

protection against water ingress into usable spaces which is provided by the incorporation of an
appropriate internal water management system
3.20 waterproof
impervious to free water
NOTE This can also be known as “watertight”.
3.21 waterproofing
application of waterproof/water resisting materials
3.22 waterproofing barrier

material that does not permit the transmission of free water, but might allow some water vapour
permeability
3.23 waterproofing system

materials and methods used to protect a structure from water ingress, and which might also provide
resistance to the diffusion of water vapour
3.24 water resistance

ability of a material to resist water penetration
3.25 water resisting admixture

admixture which reduces the capillary absorption of hardened concrete
NOTE Water resisting admixtures are often referred to as waterproofing admixtures by manufacturers.
3.26 waterstop
material designed to inhibit the transmission of water through joints in the structure
3.27 water vapour

water in its gaseous state
3.28 water vapour resistance

ability of a material to resist water vapour penetration
4 Design philosophy
4.1 General
Strategies for dealing with all external sources of groundwater, surface/flood water, soil gases
and contaminants should be determined from the very earliest stages of the planning and design
processes for any project involving below ground structures.
For new structures, the structural design, overall weatherproofing design, waterproofing design and
construction processes sequencing, and buildability of the structure should be reviewed together, as
they generally interact.
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In addition, during the design process and at all stages of the construction process, the designers,
specialists, manufacturers and installing contractors should establish and maintain effective channels
of communication.
NOTE Regular and clear communication coupled with good site supervision allows variations and amendments
to the design to be planned and executed without compromising the performance of the waterproofed structure
(see also 4.2 and Clause 7).
4.2 Design team

The advice of a geotechnical specialist should be sought on the geology and hydrogeology, the
external drainage options and groundwater conditions (see Clause 5).
A waterproofing specialist should be appointed as part of the design team so that an integrated
waterproofing solution is created. The waterproofing specialist should:
a) be suitably qualified and experienced, commensurate with the type and size of the
proposed project;
b) be capable of devising solutions that accommodate the various project constraints and needs
with an understanding of construction forms and sequencing; and
c) provide the design team with information and guidance that assists with and influences the
design, installation and future maintenance of the waterproofed structure.
If the RIBA stages are used, a waterproofing specialist should be appointed before the technical
design stage at the latest.
Those responsible for the overall waterproofing design should be identified at the planning stage or
as early as possible. All decisions made by others that might have an impact on the waterproofing
design should be brought to the attention of the waterproofing specialist, design team and installing
contractors. Final decisions and any recommendations should be approved by those taking overall
responsibility for the design of the waterproofing.
Where waterproofing design responsibility is imparted as part of a contractual process, for example,
as a Contractor’s Designed Portion, the waterproofing specialist should be appointed as early as
possible. Alternatively, a waterproofing specialist may develop an outline design, which is later
adopted as part of a client’s requirements and developed by a suitably experienced and qualified
waterproofing specialist as a Contractor’s Designed Portion.
4.3 Principal considerations

4.3.1 General
In order to develop a robust design for protecting a structure from entry of water from external
sources, the following factors should be assessed:
a) the likely highest level of the water table, the drainage characteristics of the soil and other
site‑specific properties (see Clause 5);
b) the appropriate waterproofing measures (see Clause 6), i.e. Type A, B or C protection and, where
necessary, external drainage based on:
1) the results of the site evaluation, including the risk classification of the water table
(see 6.2.4); and
2) the intended use and finishes of the structure, with consideration given to any requirement
for future flexibility of use. This should be undertaken in consultation with the client
(see 6.2.4);
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c) the appropriate performance characteristics of the waterproofing system(s) selected

(see Clause 8, Clause 9 and Clause 10); and
d) the anticipated design service life of the building, and any required ongoing maintenance
requirements.
NOTE 1 The general principle is to assess the risk of water reaching the structure during the anticipated design
service life and then to select a form of construction and waterproofing system(s) capable of achieving the required
internal environment.
NOTE 2 Mechanical heating and ventilation often play an important role in creating the internal environment and
controlling condensation, particularly where higher grades are required. The design of such systems is a specialist
activity, outside the scope of this British Standard.
A three‑dimensional review of structure and waterproofing should be undertaken to

assist in identifying any complex geometries, which are not readily identified from normal
two‑dimensional details.
Service entries are particularly vulnerable to water penetration. Where they cannot be avoided or
are introduced post‑construction or waterproofing, they should be carefully detailed, incorporating
sealing of the adopted form(s) of waterproofing to minimize the risk of water ingress (see also 8.1.3).
The practicality of terminations above ground level should be assessed at an early stage within
the design to ensure full integrity of the waterproofing system, compatibility with superstructure
construction and continuity with the damp and/or ground gas protection system.
NOTE 3 The three‑dimensional review includes detailed information on the proposed waterproofing system
(e.g. the effect that this has on wall base details, laps in membranes and waterstops). Examples of complex
geometries are corner details and where the wall adjoins the base slab/foundation; the superstructure; differing
floor levels; and windows below ground.
4.3.2 Defects and remedial measures

An ideal waterproofing solution would be defect‑free. However, it should be taken into account that
defects might occur in the waterproofing, which then, if subjected to water pressure, could result in
the required internal environment not being achieved.
NOTE 1 These defects include the following:
a) defects owing to design;
b) defects owing to poor workmanship;
c) inappropriate use of the materials being used and defects owing to the specific properties of the materials
being used; and
d) defects caused by follow‑on trades and site operations.
NOTE 2 Reference to "defects" does not apply to normal designed flexural cracks or surface crazing in concrete
elements but only to cracking, which might need to be locally sealed.
The construction methods, installation personnel, materials and protection thereof, used to realize
the design, should be such that the defects in all of the above are avoided.
Materials should be used in accordance with the conditions and requirements set out in the relevant
technical product information and in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations by
personnel trained in their use and application (see also Clause 11).
The potential for defects should be recognized and catered for in the design. Contingency planning for
dealing with any localized defects or system failure that arise should be included as part of the overall
waterproofing design for the structure (see also Clause 11).
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In either case, the issue of repairability should be taken into account and the form and feasibility of
remedial measures after completion of the project with finishes in place assessed.
Figure 1 outlines the principal factors and stages that should be addressed in order to produce a
robust waterproofing solution for a below ground structure. The principal issues (shown in boxes) do
not necessarily need to be addressed in the order shown but all should be understood and evaluated.
NOTE 3 Figure 1 demonstrates that some matters are interrelated and that a degree of iteration might result from
a need to address buildability and repairability.
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Figure 1 — Design flowchart
NOTE Figure 1 outlines the principal factors and stages that need to be addressed in order to produce a
robust waterproofing solution for a below ground structure. The principal issues (boxes) do not necessarily
need to be addressed in the order shown but all need to be understood and evaluated.
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5 Site evaluation
COMMENTARY ON CLAUSE 5
Attention is drawn to the fact that many of the issues addressed in this Clause are also relevant to the
design of the structure itself. For further guidance, see the relevant Eurocodes, e.g. BS EN 1992 (all parts)
or BS EN 1997 (all parts).
5.1 General
5.1.1 Desk study
The design team should carry out a desk study in accordance with BS 5930 and BS EN 1997‑2 to:
a) assess the geology and hydrogeology, including soil permeabilities, flood risk, radon, methane
and other ground gases and contaminants (e.g. hydrocarbons, chlorides and acids);
b) assess the topography of the surrounding ground in relation to the below ground structure;
c) establish the likely highest level of the water table and the potential for the occurrence of a
perched water table;
d) establish the impact of flooding; and
e) identify any missing ground and groundwater information, which should then be obtained by
undertaking a site investigation in accordance with BS 5930 and BS EN 1997 (all parts).
NOTE 1 Guidance on best practice in ground investigation, laboratory and field‑testing for embedded retaining
walls is given in CIRIA publication C760 [2].
NOTE 2 For guidance on good practice for assessment on impact of flooding, see BS 8533.
The drainage characteristics from analysis of the soil should be determined in accordance
with BS 5930.
5.1.2 Risk assessment

NOTE 1 The principal risks with respect to water ingress into structures are the external environmental conditions.
A risk assessment should be carried out which determines the long‑term water pressures, the effects
of surface water infiltration and the use of external drainage and cut‑off walls.
The risk assessment should also take into account:
a) the potential effects of climate change, burst water mains, flooding, defects in underground
sustainable urban drainage (SUD) systems and defective soakaways and sewers, adjacent trees,
sulfates, radon, methane and other ground gases and contaminants; and
b) where external drainage is proposed, the effects of drawdown on adjacent structures, the
potential silting of drainage and biofouling issues.
Even when the site investigation indicates dry conditions, the risk of some waterlogging (see Note 2)
in the future should be assumed.
NOTE 2 Even in a permeable subsoil, groundwater requires time to drain away and this can result in limited
pressure periodically coming to bear against the structure.
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5.1.3 Water table classification in relation to the structure

Where assessment of the water table is undertaken, this should be classed into the following three
categories, which can then be used to determine the suitability of different types of waterproofing
protection (see 6.1 and 6.2).
a) High – where the water table or perched water table is assessed to be permanently above the
underside of the base slab.
b) Low – where the water table or perched water table is assessed to be permanently below the
underside of the base slab. This only applies to free‑draining strata.
c) Variable – where the water table fluctuates.
NOTE 1 In certain ground conditions, external drainage systems can be used to convert the “high” and “variable”
water tables to the “low” condition (see also 6.4) as part of waterproofing strategy.
NOTE 2 The type of structure can inherently raise the risk, e.g. block work construction below ground level, due to
number of joints within these forms of construction.
Modular systems, such as twin wall and insulated concrete formwork (ICF) construction should be
deemed inherently high risk. See 4.3.2 on defects and remedial viability.
5.2 Inspection and survey for existing structures

5.2.1 General
Following an assessment of the external risk (see 5.1.2), and off‑site desk study (review of historic
information), a comprehensive survey should be undertaken of any existing waterproofing
arrangements, which may include:
a) the extents of retained earth – semi or full basement, stepped levels, multi‑storey, etc.;
b) internal mains drainage connections and presence or otherwise of non‑return valves
(surcharge risk);
c) external mains drainage connections serving external wells adjoining the basement
(surcharge risk);
d) abutting structures and/or party properties;
e) presence of podium decks/buried roofs/pavement lights – any areas projecting beyond the line
of the external walls above ground;
f) ancillary details such as damp‑proof courses (DPCs) (see 6.2.5) and cavity trays, including above
ground wall construction and condition where decks over ground are present (see Clause 6.5);
g) existing ventilation measures and the influence of any condensation;
h) finishes of external surfaces in relation to rate of surface water infiltration;
i) rainwater goods condition including interface of down pipes and gullies;
j) arrangement and condition of drainage systems serving the property (condition of drains, use
of soakaways);
k) presence, level and condition of land drain systems around basement, facility for maintenance
and means of discharge;
l) service penetrations detailing;
m) continuity/discontinuity – presence of holes within a structure which might allow free ingress;
n) presence of materials which can mask conditions present, such as damp‑proof membranes
(DPMs), insulation boards, impermeable finishes;
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o) potential for and influence of plumbing leaks (historic and active);

p) present conditions in relation to patterns of dampness, for example extent and severity of
efflorescent salts and/or water staining;
q) condition and presence of organic structural components such as timber which might be
influenced by waterproofing proposals;
r) similarly, corrosion in steel structural members;
s) evidence regarding history of issues and conditions if available through stakeholders; and
t) presence of any ground gas protection measures.
It might be necessary to undertake intrusive works to establish detailing present, in which case,
relevant justifications and proposals should be provided. The need for an asbestos survey in
structures which pre‑date 2000 should be taken into account.
The structure should also be examined in order to determine any potential movement that might
occur between the walls and floor.
NOTE 1 The base slab of many older structures is likely to abut the external walls. This can give rise to movement
between the walls and floor. Special flexible joint details might be required so that strains in the waterproofing
materials are controlled within acceptable limits where bonded or surface‑applied barrier materials are used in
such situations. Similar details might also be required at other locations where structural movement can occur.
NOTE 2 Less movement would be expected in cases where the floor is set into the wall, although horizontal
movement can occur unless the floor is reinforced, such as to achieve the necessary fixity.
NOTE 3 Existing waterproofing might have to be removed completely and replaced with an entirely new system,
although in some instances it might be possible to apply a Type A barrier or a Type C drained cavity system directly.
These systems can be considered where there is no existing waterproofing, but the suitability of barrier materials
depends on the characteristics of the surface of the wall or floor, and any preparatory works that might be required.
5.2.2 External walls and floor

The structural permeability of walls and floors should be assessed in relation to the external risk
(see 5.1.2) and the intended use.
Variation in composition should be taken into account, for example:
a) details, such as the use of comparatively permeable cavity masonry walls nominally below
ground level, above a less permeable solid wall retaining structure;
b) the presence of inner block leaf walls with cavities behind, with limited ability to absorb lateral
loading applied by hydrostatic pressure, with scope for movement; and
c) the presence of external drained voids and the efficacy of drainage details within these.
The form of floor structure, and particularly the interface with external and internal walls, should be
taken into account.
Slabs abutting external walls could give rise to movement via floatation when subjected to hydrostatic
pressure. Where practicable, waterproofing systems and details should be selected to accommodate
this, or the floor structure designed and renewed to accommodate loadings.
Other factors that should be assessed include:
1) the strength of substrates and their ability to resist loading applied by hydrostatic pressure;
2) footing arrangements and the scope for conflict with perimeter drainage channels;
3) the requirement to remove any existing coatings and systems, to facilitate appropriate remedial
measures; and
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4) the presence, strength and efficacy of concealed drainage, such as drainage tiles, no fines
concrete and historic floor channels.
The survey should include any constructions which abut the main structure, such as garden walls and
arches under steps, as these are a potential source of moisture transfer.
5.2.3 Buildings of historic significance or protected by legislation

A pragmatic approach should be taken when dealing with buildings of historical or architectural
significance. Efforts should be made to limit or prevent actions that could reduce the value of such
buildings for future generations.
Maintaining exposed features can have implications on the environmental grade that can be achieved
(see Table 2), and the implications of this upon the proposed usage should be discussed with the
client [see 6.2.4, 1)].
Where buildings are recognized or listed by heritage bodies (e.g. Historic England, CADW, Historic
Environment Scotland, DfC Historic Environment Division NI), listed building consent might be
required before any works or disturbance to the buildings, fabrics or environments take place. The
local conservation officer should be consulted at the design stage and before any works (including
ground investigations or exposure work) begin.
NOTE 1 It might become a condition of any works that a record of conditions present is made and recorded at the
inspection and survey phase. Similarly, conditions might be placed on the designer of the waterproofing system to
ensure the impact on the building is fully or partly reversible.
An assessment of the building’s drainage should always form part of any evaluation of the building
before the final design and waterproofing measures are finalized.
All reasonable steps should be taken to ensure that drainage is optimized and that any existing
drainage systems are functioning correctly. Drainage surveys and careful considerations of other
factors, such as rainwater goods, gullies, ditches, culverts and watercourses, should form part of the
site evaluation process.
NOTE 2 Addressing any drainage defects could reduce the rate of water into the ground and in doing so could assist
with conservation of the existing structures above and below ground.
Extreme caution should be taken if dewatering is to be considered within or adjacent to any old
building (see Clause 7). In addition, the use of waterproofing systems that could significantly increase
the hydrostatic load on existing structures should be undertaken only after it is proved that this will
not compromise the integrity of the building.
Where Type C waterproofing systems are considered, the location and impact of any water discharge
points should be carefully assessed and mitigated.
6 Water resisting design

6.1 Groundwater
Waterproofing measures should be designed on the basis that during the life of the structure water
might come against any part of the structure that is at or below ground level, or is earth‑retaining.
Waterproofing should therefore, whenever practicable, be taken above ground level by a minimum
of 150 mm and/or be continuous around or over the top of the structure (see 6.2.5), where the
following are applicable:
a) no detailed geological or hydrogeological assessment has been undertaken;
b) the results of the soil investigations indicate this is necessary, or are inconclusive with respect to
groundwater;
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c) the ground drainage characteristics are unreliable; and

d) the drainage measures (either internal or external) are unreliable or unmaintainable and
infiltration cannot be controlled.
NOTE The above is the recommended design approach. However, in exceptional circumstances and where none of
the above apply, an alternative approach may be considered.
Protection against water ingress from the following three sources should also be taken into account:
1) the inflow of surface water, including percolation of rain, inundation of water during storm
events and from burst water mains (see 6.3);
2) the water pressures acting on the external structure; and
3) flooding from surface pluvial, fluvial, groundwater, or coastal or drainage/other sources.
The risk of flooding from surcharge of sewers should be taken into account (see BS EN 752).
The waterproofing specialist, together with the design team, should agree a head of water which the
system is designed to accommodate. This head of pressure should be informed by the risk assessment
covered in Clause 5.
One or both of the following methods may be used in conjunction with the waterproofing protection
(see 6.2) to reduce water penetration, depending on the conditions of the site and the required
internal environment:
i) exclusion of surface water (see 6.3); and
ii) sub‑surface drainage (see 6.4).
6.2 Waterproofing protection

6.2.1 General
One, or a combination, of the following types of waterproofing protection should be selected:
a) Type A (barrier) protection;
b) Type B (structurally integral) protection; and/or
c) Type C (drained) protection.
When making this selection, the following should be taken into account:
1) the need for combined protection (see 6.2.3);
2) the water table classification and required performance grade (see 6.2.4);
3) the need for continuity in the protection (see 6.2.5);
4) the form and feasibility of repair of the system;
5) buildability and the need for protection from site activities and follow‑on trades;
6) the need for protection against water vapour transmission;
7) the weather/environment effect on programme for weather dependent systems;
8) the durability of the system and performance over time with any ongoing maintenance
considerations; and
9) minimizing the embodied carbon over the whole life cycle of the structure when designing below
ground structures.
NOTE 1 Examples of the three types of waterproofing protection are given in Figure 2.
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There are a range of waterproofing systems that can be incorporated in each type of waterproofing
protection and these should be assessed in accordance with Clause 8, Clause 9 and Clause 10, as
appropriate. Relevant manufacturers’ product information should be checked to confirm that the
system selected is suitable for the structure to which it is to be applied.
The manufacturer’s recommendations for installation, including provision of protection, should
always be followed.
Similarly, recommendations for fixings and penetrations where proprietary products are used should
be followed.
NOTE 2 See 6.6 for recommendations on ground gases.
6.2.2 Waterproofing design for existing structures

NOTE 1 See 5.2 on survey for risk assessment considerations.
The types of waterproofing systems given in 6.2.1 should be used, subject to their suitability for
application and their ability to be repaired (see Figures 2, 3, 4).
Where Type A protection is used, it should be an internal waterproofing barrier on a structure of
suitable strength and stiffness, built of concrete or masonry (subject to the condition of the surface)
see (Figure 2).
The full design team should take into account the following:
a) the impact on floatation forces; and
b) the impact on the existing structure on elements such as embedded timbers.
NOTE 2 Other interested parties, such as local conservation officers, might need to be consulted in regard to the
waterproofing design adopted.
6.2.3 Combined protection

The use of combined protection in various forms (e.g. Type A + B, Type A + C, Type B + C, Type A + B +
C, Type A + A) should be determined where in a single system:
a) the assessed risks are deemed to be high (see Clause 5); or
b) the consequences of failure to achieve the required internal environment are deemed too high.
Where a combination is being considered, systems should have different performance characteristics
to mitigate the risk of failure due to a common cause. For example, flexible external membranes may
be used with rigid internal coatings as they perform independently.
Although structures with Type B protection are designed to be water‑resistant, additional
waterproofing systems may be applied internally or externally to control water vapour movement
where appropriate.
Although structures with Type C protection are designed to control and manage seepage into a
structure, where this is deemed unacceptably high, the water resistance of the structure should be
improved prior to the installation of the Type C protection (see Clause 10 for more information on
Type C protection).
NOTE Suitable approaches include the application of Type A or Type B protection or the use of resin injection
(see Clause 11).
When combining types of protection, the compatibility of the different protection types should be
assessed in order to minimize the risks and negate the need for remedial measures. When combining
Type A and Type B, these systems should be bonded (see 8.2.2 and Figure 7).
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Figure 2 — Schematic illustrations of Type A, Type B and Type C waterproofing protection – Type A (barrier)
protection
Key
1 External waterproofing
2 Masonry or concrete wall, as appropriate (see Table 1)
3 Concrete floor slab
4 Internal waterproofing
Figure 3 — Schematic illustrations of Type A, Type B and Type C waterproofing protection – Type B (structurally
integral) protection
NOTE Seek the manufacturer’s advice with respect to waterstops to suit the specific construction.
Key
1 Watertight reinforced concrete wall and slab
2 Appropriate joint protection to be employed (see 9.2.1.4 for waterstops)
3 Concrete/steel piled wall
4 Watertight reinforced concrete floor slab or slab with added barrier
5 Possible liner wall to achieve desired water resistance (see Table 1)
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Figure 4 — Schematic illustrations of Type A, Type B and Type C waterproofing protection – Type C (drained)
protection
NOTE For pumps, see 10.2.7.

Key
1 Cavity drain membrane 7 Reinforced concrete/steel pile or diaphragm
wall
2 Inner skin (render, dry lining or walling, 8 Waterstop at junction to follow wall profile
depending on system)
3 Maintainable drainage channel to suitable 9 Internal block wall
discharge point
4 Sump formed in situ or pre‑formed 10 Access point(s) to drainage
5 Pumps 11 Floor slab with integral protection and/or
added membrane (internal or external)
6 Wall cavity
6.2.4 Water table classification and required levels of waterproofing performance

When selecting a type of waterproofing protection, Table 1 and Table 2 should be taken into account
in conjunction with the following points.
a) The internal finishes might dictate the required grade of waterproofing performance.
b) During the life of the structure, some degree of groundwater pressure is likely to build up against
the structure and Type A and B waterproofing system.
c) Cracking or defective construction joints can provide a potential path for water ingress.
d) Water ingress can occur where there is groundwater pressure and/or other water sources. If this
is not consistent with the required performance grade (see Table 2):
1) the form and feasibility of remedial work after completion should be taken into account; and
2) if remedial work is not possible, the design should be altered.
e) There are a number of risks associated with not carrying out planned maintenance for structures
with Type C protection (see 10.3).
The designer should discuss these points with the client prior to deciding on which type(s) of
waterproofing protection to use. The following should also be taken into account:
1) initial capital costs of waterproofing compared with the potential consequences should
waterproofing fail to provide the required environment;
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2) initial capital costs compared with costs for future maintenance and any necessary upgrades;
3) the scope for testing and/or quality assurance during installation;
4) the risks associated with aggressive groundwater and other ground contaminants, which might
require the use of a specific protection barrier; and
5) the need or ability to provide heating and/or ventilation conditional of use and the consequences
arising in terms of water vapour.
NOTE 1 This might call for the adoption of an improved grade of waterproofing protection (see Table 1
and 6.2.2) or active environmental control in order to manage water vapour (see Table 2).
Table 1 — Use of different protection types based on water table classification

Risk associated Water table Waterproofing protection
with water table classification (see
Note)
Type A Type B Type C
Piled wall Reinforced
(see 9.2.2) concrete wall
(see 9.2.1)
Low Acceptable Acceptable where: Acceptable Acceptable where
appropriate
a) the piled wall is
discharge measures
directly accessible
are in place
for repair and
(see 10.1)
maintenance
from inside the
structure;
b) the piled wall

is combined with
a fully bonded
waterproofing
barrier; or
c) the piled wall

is faced internally
with a concrete wall
to 9.2.1
Variable Acceptable
if the “variable”
classification is due
to surface water.
The manufacturer’s
advice should be
sought.
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Table 1 — Use of different protection types based on water table classification (continued)
Risk associated Water table Waterproofing protection

with water table classification (see
Note)
Type A Type B Type C
Piled wall Reinforced
(see 9.2.2) concrete wall
(see 9.2.1)
High Acceptable where:
a) an appropriate
cementitious
multi‑coat render
or cementitious
coatings are used;
b) the wall is of
concrete to 9.2.1;
or
c) a fully bonded
Type A system is
used (see Figure 9)
Measures to reduce risk • Use combined protection (see 6.2.2).
• Incorporate appropriately designed sub‑surface drainage and ensure that this is

maintained (see 6.4).
• Use a fully bonded waterproofing barrier (see Figure 8).
• Lower the permeability of the main structural wall.
• Use concrete with a water resisting admixture, e.g. to BS EN 934‑2:2009+A1:2012

(see 9.2.1.3).
• Ensure that drainage and discharge systems, e.g. pumps, are maintained so that the
system remains effective (see 10.3.1).
NOTE The water table classifications are defined as follows (see also 5.1.3).
• High – where the water table or perched water table is assessed to be permanently above the underside of the base slab. Ground
permeability might affect risk under a low or variable water table (see 5.1).
• Low – where the water table or perched water table is assessed to be permanently below the underside of the base slab. This only
applies to free‑draining strata.
• Variable – where the water table fluctuates.
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Table 2 — Waterproofing protection – Grades of performance for below ground spaces
GradeA) Performance definition

1a SeepageB) and damp areasC) from internal and external sources are tolerable, where this does
not impact on the proposed use of below ground structure.
Internal drainage might be necessary to deal with seepage.

1b No seepageB). Damp areasC) from internal and external sources are tolerable.
2 No seepageB) is acceptable. Damp areasC) as a result of internal air moisture/condensation are
tolerable; measures might be required to manage water vapour/condensationD).
3 No water ingress or damp areasC) is acceptable.
Ventilation, dehumidification or air conditioning necessary; appropriate to the intended useD), E).
A)
The agreed grade should meet with the client’s expectations for the intended use of the below ground
space. Reducing the grade could increase the risk of not meeting the expectations of the client for the
intended use of the below ground space.
B)
Seepage (sometimes referred to as weeping) is defined in 3.15. If there is seepage, there is a possibility
of mineral deposits forming.
C)
Damp area is defined in 3.4.
D)
The scope of this document is limited to detailing the process and best practices that can be followed
when creating a waterproof or water‑resistant structure below ground. The additional considerations
that are required to achieve the required environment are beyond the scope of this document.
E)
See BS 5454 for recommendations for the storage and exhibition of archival documents.
The performance grades should be agreed at the earliest stage in the process; see Figure 1.
Different areas or aspects of the below ground structure might have different performance grade
requirements; these should be clearly identified within the waterproofing design.
NOTE 2 Changes to performance grades during construction may, subject to the waterproofing specialist’s
agreement, be addressed with either remedial measures ( Clause 11) or introducing a secondary waterproofing
system (6.2.2), combined systems (6.2.3) or introduction of ventilation, dehumidification or air conditioning.
6.2.5 Continuity of waterproofing protection

The need for continuity in the waterproofing protection should also be determined when selecting a
type of protection. In most circumstances, the protection should be continuous (typically from DPC
level or 150 mm above ground throughout the below ground structure).
NOTE 1 In certain situations, for example, where a drained cavity is combined with an underslab membrane,
discontinuity with respect to waterproofing might be acceptable subject to careful detailing and an appropriate
assessment of risk (see 5.1.2 and Note 3).
Any build‑up of water should be permanently controlled by a water management system

(e.g. subsoil drainage).
The proposed type of foundation and its suitability for providing continuity of waterproofing (where
so required) should be assessed.
NOTE 2 Continuity can be provided in situations where the surface or structure of the wall and foundation provides
uninterrupted positioning of the waterproofing measures.
In existing structures, assessment of any actual or potential discontinuity should be undertaken

in order to determine the need for special waterproofing details, e.g. to overcome the effects of
future movement.
NOTE 3 Discontinuity of waterproofing protection might not be acceptable if there is a need to manage radon,
methane and other ground gases and contaminants (see 6.6).
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NOTE 4 Once above ground level, attention is drawn to national regulations related to fire protection.
6.3 Exclusion of surface water

Where practicable, provision should be made to prevent or reduce percolation of rainwater
into the ground.
NOTE 1 BS EN 752 gives guidance on collecting and disposing of surface and sub‑surface water.
NOTE 2 Burst water mains and surcharged sewers can provide additional sources of surface water. These can affect
perched water tables. The drainage behind the wall needs to be able to cope with the highest inflow rates, e.g. the
burst water main, which might not be practicable in coarse‑grained soils.
6.4 External sub‑surface drainage

COMMENTARY ON 6.4
See 5.1.1, 5.1.2b) and 5.1.3.
NOTE 1 Sub‑surface is sometimes referred to as subsoil.
Where feasible, external sub‑surface drainage can be used to lower the potential for hydrostatic
pressure on the waterproofing system and reduce the risk of water ingress through defects. It should
be provided by one of the following methods:
a) perimeter drainage;
b) permeable granular fill;
c) geosynthetic drainage composite;
d) underslab drainage;
e) vertical drainage conduits; or
f) a combination of the above.
NOTE 2 Vertical drainage conduits are high‑density polymer extrusions inserted vertically into the ground to
improve infiltration and percolation of surface water into unsaturated sub soil strata around and below a structure.
NOTE 3 Figure 5 gives examples of the positioning of land drains, drainage channels and sub‑surface drainage.
NOTE 4 The inclusion of external sumps and pumps to facilitate the management of external groundwater can be
considered where required and achievable.
Such provisions should be made maintainable with reference to a suitably qualified drainage
engineer and any relevant standards.
Where practicable, water should be kept from prolonged contact with perimeter structure walls or
base slabs by porous or open‑jointed land drains, combined with a geosynthetic drainage composite
installed to the full height of the earth‑retaining wall and laid to proper falls around the perimeter of
the structure, adjacent to the wall footing and, where appropriate, beneath the slab itself.
The sub‑surface system should be graded to an open outlet below the level of the lowest slab, such as
to a stormwater drain protected by a pumped surcharge device or to a pumped sump. The need for
the use of non‑return valves to protect against surcharge should be determined.
Perimeter drainage at floor level is likely to lower the groundwater table to a degree that varies with
the permeability of the subsoil, and the possible consequences of this (such as permanent lowering of
the water table in the surrounding area) should be taken into account.
Any existing system of land drains should be tested, checked and only retained if both appropriate
and maintainable. Any local diversions necessary should retain the existing geometry so far as
practicable with new and easily maintainable pipework.
Care should be taken so that no damage is caused in nearby structures.
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NOTE 5 Where sub‑surface drainage is considered/proposed at least within 3 m (and sometimes within 6 m)
of a nearby structure, attention is drawn to the Party Wall etc. Act 1996 [3]. Often this can be established at the
conceptual design stage of such a project by a suitably qualified building professional.
Where structures are contemplated in built‑up areas, groundwater lowering should not be
undertaken without careful investigation in conjunction with a groundwater specialist (see 4.2).
Perimeter walls providing a cut‑off into an impervious layer or stabilization of granular subsoils by
grout injection or similar alternative treatments may be used instead.
NOTE 6 For structures in coarse‑grained soil, with variable and high water tables (see 5.1.3), the flow rates are
likely to make it impracticable to pump for the design life of the structure. In these cases, a hydraulic cut‑off wall
into fine‑grained soils is required to isolate the ground below the base slab. This enables an underslab drainage
system to relieve the water pressure below the base slab.
NOTE 7 For structures in fine‑grained soil, with variable and high water tables (see 5.1.3), the flow rates are more
likely to make it practical to pump for the design life of the structure. A drainage system may be provided outside
the retaining wall to control the water pressures. An underslab drainage system may also be provided below the
base slab to control the water pressures.
Specified tolerances should be such that there is adequate intersection between piles or provision
of continuous water bars at diaphragm wall panel joints, and particular attention should be given
to workmanship. Drainage below basement slabs within a zone protected by cut‑off walls should be
designed by a suitably qualified and experienced professional.
NOTE 8 Cut‑off walls are formed from diaphragm walls, secant piles or steel piles. Over the excavated wall depth,
remedial works can be carried out on leaky walls. This is not feasible for the length of wall below formation.
In interbedded soils, relief wells may be used below formation level. The cut‑off wall may also be used
to reduce the flow rate and control the drawdown outside the site.
Figure 5 — Sub‑surface drainage positioning
a) Construction without a toe b) Construction with a toe
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Figure 5 — Sub‑surface drainage positioning (continued)
c) Construction without a toe and vertical drainage d) Construction with a toe and vertical drainage
Key
1&2 Maintainable land drain (see 6.4) not to be positioned closer than a line of 45° from the underside of
the slab/blinding or with an invert above the upper surface of the floor slab
3 Incorrect position of land drain, which can cause hydrostatic pressure on structure leading to water
ingress if defects are present
4 Sub‑surface drainage layer, where appropriate (see 6.4)
5 Structural wall and foundation slab
6 Continue to minimum 1.5 m below the base of the slab
7 Vertical Drainage system
6.5 Buried decks below ground level

Buried decks below ground level should be differentiated from roofs above ground level.
NOTE 1 See BS 6229 for recommendations on waterproofing flat roofs.
In cases where the below ground structure is fully buried or the substructure extends beyond the
superstructure, protection should be provided against water ingress through the roof slab.
Such decks should ideally be formed of in‑situ reinforced concrete, cast to achieve a fall of 1:80 such
that no additional screed is required to achieve falls. When using alternative methods of construction,
an unbonded screed should be provided to achieve a fall of 1:80.
The substrate movement and cracking and possible implications of damage to the waterproofing
layer should be taken into account.
Where waterproofing is applied directly to the structural deck, this waterproofing should be
fully bonded.
NOTE 2 Warm roof build‑ups and loose laid waterproofing systems are acceptable where permanent leak detection
systems are employed such that leak locations can be identified and repairability is achieved (see 4.3.2).
NOTE 3 Service entries are particularly vulnerable to water penetration. Where they cannot be avoided or are
introduced post‑construction or waterproofing, they should be carefully detailed, incorporating sealing of the
adopted form(s) of waterproofing to minimize the risk of water ingress (see also 8.1.3).
Waterproofing should be applied onto a surface with a gradient to falls leading to suitable
maintainable outlets. There should be no ponding or “backfalls”.
A drainage path should be provided directly above the waterproofing layer in order to promote
the drainage of water away from the waterproofing layer. Any drainage collectors/outlets that
are included should be designed to be maintainable and should be maintained at an appropriate
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frequency. Details should be provided within a maintenance schedule included in the building’s
operation manual.
NOTE 4 Alternative design approaches might be required when buried decks are below the water table.
Movement joints in buried decks should not be used unless unavoidable; where unavoidable, these
should be located in raised upstands.
NOTE 5 Figure 6 shows some typical details of a buried deck.
Figure 6 — Typical details of a buried deck with drainage
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Figure 6 — Typical details of a buried deck with drainage (continued)
Key
1 Deck to falls 4 Maintainable drainage for buried roof/deck
2 Waterproofing barrier 5 Continuous cavity tray
3 Drainage layer 6 Flashing
6.6 Ground gases

NOTE 1 Basements are at higher risk than above ground structures from some ground gases.
The inclusion of a ground gas barrier (see 3.8) for the prevention of migration of radon, methane and
other ground gases and contaminants from entering a structure should be taken into account in the
risk assessment, design, choice of the materials and installation of any waterproofing system.
NOTE 2 Further guidance on the characterization and remediation of ground gases is given in BS 8485 and TBIC
document, Basements: Ground gases and structural waterproofing [4].
NOTE 3 The BRE report BR211 [5] refers to basements in paragraph 6.12.
7 General construction issues

7.1 Site dewatering
7.1.1 Prior to construction, and where appropriate, the site should be dewatered at least until such time
as the below ground structure and waterproofing are complete, watertight and the structure is
sufficiently complete to resist imposed hydrostatic forces (see 6.4 regarding the effects of dewatering
on nearby structures).
On open sites, where any adjacent structures are sufficiently remote to be unaffected by groundwater
lowering, dewatering or pumping from carefully arranged sumps with appropriate drainage, channels
should be continuous until the laying of any waterproofing barrier materials has been carried out
and structural elements or loading coats have developed sufficient strength to resist the full water
pressure and floatation forces.
7.1.2 Where adjacent structures and utility assets could be affected, measures should be adopted to ensure
that any dewatering cannot cause harm during construction and in the future.
7.1.3 During construction, below ground structures are at risk of water entry until the project is watertight
and all aspects of the waterproofing are complete; account should be taken of all likely sources and
entry points for water ingress affecting the works prior to completion.
7.1.4 The installation of plant, equipment, fixtures and fittings before the basement is fully waterproof
should be avoided whenever possible. If the delivery or installation of plant or equipment into the
basement is planned before the waterproofing is complete, then measures should be taken to ensure
the continuity of the waterproofing is not compromised and the equipment is protected from the risk
of uncontrolled water ingress.
7.1.5 A “Water Management Plan” should be produced by the main contractor recommending the
following, as a minimum:
a) the appointment of a responsible person to manage the risk of water damage during
construction;
b) a risk assessment process for mitigating exposures to water ingress during the works at
design stage;
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c) the selection of competent waterproofing contractors with appropriate insurance cover during
installation;
d) mitigation measures and emergency response plans;
e) comprehensive details of dewatering; and
f) a programme identifying when the structure below ground will be weathertight.
7.1.6 Water ingress during construction should be taken into account in the design.
NOTE Some examples include, but are not limited to:
a) water ingress through the structure prior to the installation and commissioning of pumps and water
management systems;
b) water ingress overtopping basement waterproofing systems in advance of building closure, waterproofing of
podium slabs or installation of ground level terminations;
c) water ingress through ducts and service entries prior to final sealing of entry points; and
d) water ingress from surface water flooding, rainstorms, burst or leaking water mains, incomplete drainage and
escape of water from services.
7.1.7 The construction work should be phased so as to mitigate the extent of damage if an escape of water
or flooding occurs. Examples of good practice are as follows:
a) All areas below ground should be made weathertight prior to the installation of elements
susceptible to moisture;
b) Permanent drainage should be installed early with full functionality or, alternatively, specific
measures put in place to temporarily manage the discharge of water from the building;
c) Sump pump alarms, flow detection, water management devices and monitoring systems
including the Building Management System should be commissioned early. Any alert system
should be routinely checked or remotely monitored; and
d) Rainwater goods should be temporarily routed until final connection to permanent
underground drainage.
Mitigation of water damage requires rapid detection and quick isolation measures. Emergency
response procedures should be detailed and include equipment, such as spill kits, wet vacs, sump
pumps, squeegees, etc; these should be provided and stored on site.
7.1.8 Any incidents of water ingress should be fully investigated and documented, and measures should be
put in place to prevent any recurrence.
NOTE In many situations where water has been discovered in a basement that is still under construction, it might
not be possible to properly assess the performance of a basement waterproofing system until the building is closed.
7.2 Unexpected hazards

NOTE 1 During the process of excavation or opening up unexpected anomalies in the ground, water tables or
existing structures can become apparent.
In the event that unexpected conditions are discovered that were not apparent during
the site assessment and planning stage, these should be reported to the design team and
waterproofing specialist.
NOTE 2 Features such as made ground, archaeological or geological anomalies, undetected water course or
perched water tables might need to be given special consideration as they could affect the waterproofing design and
work schedules.
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7.3 Structural elements

Forms of construction that are to receive below ground waterproofing protection should be
structurally appropriate and sufficiently durable.
NOTE 1 Examples include the following:
a) walls – constructed from:
1) masonry (plain or reinforced brick or block);
2) precast concrete;
3) in‑situ concrete, either cast in form (plain, reinforced or prestressed) or embedded walls; or
4) steel or concrete piles in embedded walls;
b) base slab – constructed from concrete cast in situ, plain or reinforced, raft or other form; and
c) buried deck, where applicable – constructed from reinforced in‑situ concrete, precast concrete with an in‑situ
topping, or a steel composite slab, as appropriate.
For structures cast entirely below ground, or where the substructure extends beyond the
superstructure, the roof slab should have protection against water ingress (see 6.5). In addition,
there should be continuity linking the waterproofing to the horizontal damp proof course above
ground (see 6.2.1). In most situations, below ground waterproofing should continue to a minimum of
150 mm above finished external ground.
NOTE 2 Further guidance on construction methods for each type of waterproofing protection is given in Clause 8,
Clause 9 and Clause 10.
7.4 Continuity in construction

NOTE Achieving continuity during the construction phase of any project that involves underground
waterproofing is critical to the success of the project. Obstructions and poor access to work areas can result in poor
continuity or compromises in detailing. These can largely be avoided where good planning, correct sequencing, site
management practices are in operation.
To avoid delays, additional costs and defects in the waterproofing systems, every effort should be
made at the planning and sequencing phase of the project to ensure that waterproofing works can be
carried out without obstruction or interruption.
7.5 Protecting waterproofing

NOTE All forms of structural underground waterproofing rely on their ability to resist or manage water. This is
achieved by introducing products and systems that are continuous, well‑sealed and correctly jointed.
Every effort should be made to prevent damage and maintain the integrity of structural underground
waterproofing during and after the construction phase.
Damage can occur accidentally or as a result of poor sequencing or inadequate planning; every effort
should be made to avoid damaging waterproofing elements.
If damage does occur to any waterproofing component or waterproofed structure, this should be
brought to the attention of the installing contractor and the waterproofing specialist immediately.
Any damage should then be assessed and properly documented. When necessary, rectification and
repair work should be designed, sequenced and undertaken to re‑establish the integrity of the
waterproofing system.
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8 Type A (barrier) protection

8.1 Structural aspects
COMMENTARY ON 8.1
Structures using Type A protection are normally constructed of concrete or masonry. Steel can also form
part of the construction as temporary sheet piling. Consideration might be given to employing the sheet
pile wall as an element of the waterproofing system (see Clause 9). Type A barrier protection is often
referred to as tanking.
Schematic illustrations of Type A protection are given in Figure 2).
8.1.1 General
Barrier protection design should be based on an evaluation of:
a) the nature of the substrate(s);
b) the likely overall and local movements that might cause distress in the waterproofing barrier;
c) the ability of the barrier system to accommodate these movements;
d) the essential characteristics of the waterproofing system, e.g. bonded/unbonded, pre‑applied/
post‑applied, liquid‑applied or pre‑formed;
e) the need for external or internal application;
f) the effects of environmental contaminants; and
g) achievable continuity of waterproofing system.
8.1.2 Differential movement and cracking

Barrier‑specific properties should be evaluated, allowing for likely cracking of the structure.
The waterproofing barrier should be capable of providing the appropriate protection against water
and water vapour without disruption or decay.
NOTE 1 Although some barrier materials accept local strains and can accommodate a crack opening in the
supporting structure, others might be damaged by differential movement or cracking (see Figure 7).
A load‑bearing substrate should be capable of supporting the barrier material, even under sustained
water pressure, particularly around openings or service penetrations. A levelling or smoothing layer
should be applied to masonry structures, as required.
NOTE 2 There are two issues in regard to the possible influence of cracks on barrier performance. One relates to
cracks pre‑existing at the time of application and the ability of the selected system to initially bridge the crack.
Decisions based on the specific properties of the barrier material would be needed before deciding whether any
such cracks require pre‑treatment. The second issue is the ability of the selected system to accommodate cracks that
might form after application.
Remedial measures to fill significant voids or openings should be undertaken as the effect of
sustained water pressure forcing the barrier material into them might create a risk of failure.
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Figure 7 — Effect of structure on applied waterproofing barrier
a) Reinforced (in‑situ concrete/masonry) wall b) Unreinforced or nominally reinforced (in‑situ

concrete/masonry) wall
Key
1 Stress and crack width reduced by reinforcement
2 Likely to be compatible with most waterproofing barriers
3 Stress and crack width increased by lack of reinforcement
4 Might exceed strain capacity of some waterproofing barriers if wall cracks
8.1.3 Continuity of waterproofing barrier

The waterproofing barrier should be continuous around the structure and provide continuity to DPC
level (see 6.2.5). However, instances might occur where a waterproofing barrier is used to locally
enhance the level of protection provided to a specific area where a Type B, C or other Type A system
of different performance characteristics is already performing this function.
In order to maintain the continuity of the barrier, penetrations through walls or floors that are to be
protected (e.g. openings for services, pipes, cables) should be avoided, wherever possible. Where it
is essential to provide such openings, special treatment around the penetration should be provided
and reference should be made to the manufacturer’s instructions, detailing and specialist advice.
Similarly, where fixings through the barrier are necessary, the manufacturer’s instructions should
be followed.
8.1.4 Structural penetration and loading through waterproofing barriers

Where a waterproofing barrier is required to pass through a structural element, the detailing
should be taken into account so that structural requirements and waterproofing continuity are not
compromised (see Figure 8). Where potential settlement can occur below slabs and an external
membrane is employed, confirmation of the membrane’s ability to remain in contact with the
structure when potentially unsupported should be confirmed. Reference should be made to the
manufacturer’s instructions. Design should also take into account other engineering requirements,
including but not limited to thrust props, waling beams, ground anchors, tension piles and special
details where the slab is keyed or dowelled into pile walls.
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Figure 8 — Examples of pile to floor slab junction
a) Example 1
b) Example 2
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Figure 8 — Examples of pile to floor slab junction (continued)
c) Example 3
Key
1 Floor slab
2 Pile cap, as appropriate
3 Pile
4 Continuity of appropriate Type A systems through the structural elements
5 Type A
8.1.5 Movement joints

Movement joints below ground should not be used unless unavoidable. In such cases, these should be
waterproofed in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions, following confirmation from the
designer and/or engineer of the maximum predicted multi‑directional movement.
The parameters should be fully understood to ensure the selected waterstop has the ability
to accommodate the expected movements and to perform within the environment in which
the structure is located, with the capability to withstand all imposed loads and pressures.
A three‑dimensional review of the waterstop network should be undertaken to ensure full continuity
of the system and identify any areas or junctions that might require special consideration.
Additional quality assurance should be undertaken on movement joint installation.
8.2 Waterproofing barrier materials

8.2.1 General
The waterproofing barrier used to provide Type A protection should be installed in one of two
locations, depending on the material(s) from which it is formed:
a) on the exterior face of walls or slabs (external waterproofing); or
b) on the interior face of wall and floor or base slab (internal waterproofing).
Table 3 should be used when selecting the appropriate waterproofing barrier for use.
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All Type A waterproofing barriers should be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s
instructions, including any recommendations regarding:
a) protection from damage, following application and curing;
b) penetrations through the barrier, e.g. temporary works, drainage and service penetrations;
c) fixings, where these are necessary, e.g. machinery, first or second fix fit outs, electrical or pipe
work, cable, sprinkler or ventilation ducts;
d) application over joints in the substrate, e.g. expansion or movement joints, junctions between
different building elements or the intersections of buildings of different ages;
e) compatibility, durability and buildability, e.g. whether bonded materials are compatible with the
substrates, whether the complexity of a design precludes the use of materials that are difficult
to joint or shape, or if materials are susceptible to frost, moisture, heat or exposure to sunlight
where these are likely to affect the build; and
f) membranes should be fully bonded to:
1) prevent lateral migration of water from a defect as per Figure 9. This can be tested by
manufacturer to BS EN 1928 method A; and
2) provide resistance negative hydrostatic head (see DIN 1048/BS EN 1542).
In each case, the level of full bond is relevant to depth of use or water pressure.
Table 3 — Waterproofing barriers
Type of barrier Description Bond Application Relevant

standards
Pre‑applied sheet Sheet membranes which Full or For pre‑application to BS EN 13967
membranes are installed prior to the compartmental concrete structures
BS EN 1928
placement of concrete and bond to prevent water
(see 8.2.2, 8.2.2.1)
can become bonded to the migration BS EN 13491
structure
External use.
Post‑applied sheet Sheet membranes which can Full or partial External BS EN 13969
membranes be: bond post‑application
(see 8.2.2.2) a) cold‑applied (self‑adhesive);
b) hot‑applied (“torch‑on”
or bonded using a hot melt
bitumen adhesive); or
c) adhesively bonded
Liquid applied There are many types of liquid Full bond Can be post‑applied BS EN 15814
membranes applied membranes, which internally or
include one- or two‑part externally.
(see 8.2.3)
systems
Internal use has to
resist counter thrust
pressure
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Table 3 — Waterproofing barriers (continued)
Type of barrier Description Bond Application Relevant

standards
Active core liners These comprise of bentonite Full or partial External pre BS EN 13967
(or other active agent) with bond application for full and/or
(see 8.2.4)
a single or dual “carrier” bond BS EN 13491
material, typically of geotextile
Post‑applied for
or high‑density polyethylene
partial bond
The principal forms are:
• dry bentonite;
• pre‑hydrated bentonite; and
• polymer‑core products
Mastic asphalt These are applied in multiple Full or partial External BS EN 12970
membranes coats as a hot liquid bond
(see 8.2.5)
Cementitious These form an active coating Full bond External or BS EN 1504‑3
crystallization that penetrates and seals the internal pre- or
coatings capillaries and fine cracks post‑application
in concrete. They may be
(see 8.2.6)
applied as slurries, solutions
or powder coatings to concrete
surfaces
Cementitious These are generally applied in Full bond External or internal BS EN 1504‑2
multi‑coat renders, multiple coats as slurries to post‑application
toppings and concrete surfaces
coatings
(see 8.2.7)
NOTE Membranes should be fully bonded in order to:
a) prevent lateral migration of water from a defect as per Figure 9 (see also 8.2.2); and
b) provide resistance to negative hydrostatic head (see DIN 1048/BS EN 1542).
In each case the level of full bond is relevant to depth of use or water pressure.
8.2.2 Sheet membranes

COMMENTARY ON 8.2.2
Sheet membranes may be bonded or unbonded. Bonded membranes are composites of a durable carrier
sheet with various techniques to enable a bond to the structure to avoid the risk of water tracking
(see Figure 7). They can be either pre‑applied prior to the pouring of in‑situ concrete or post‑applied to
the structure.
Post‑applied sheet membranes are bonded to the substrate by way of adhesive compounds which are
either integrated to the sheet or added separately. Unbonded membranes can be used in either post- or
pre‑applied applications but need additional precautions to prevent water tracking.
For pre‑applied applications, a range of technologies has been developed specifically to facilitate
bonding to concrete poured on or against them.
Technologies include smooth‑faced membranes with conformable layers that seal adhesively to poured
concrete, membranes that rely on geotextile or geogrid material to attach mechanically to poured
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in‑situ concrete with secondary layers to resist water movement, or compartmentalization using
waterstops and/or resin injections.
A pre- or post‑applied membrane can be considered fully bonded if it prevents lateral migration of water
from a defect as per Figure 9 and is deemed fully bonded up to the depth of pressure outlined within the
test report.
Characteristics of sheet membranes for water tightness and lateral water migration can be assessed by
their performance to BS EN 1928 (Method B).
Figure 9 — Effect of bonded or partially bonded barriers
Key
1 Fully bonded barrier preventing water from tracking from a defect in the membrane to a crack/joint in
the supporting concrete wall
NOTE If the defect is coincident with a crack, the crack can be repaired with crack injection.
2 Partially bonded barrier allowing water to track from a defect
3 Defect in barrier
8.2.2.1 Pre‑applied membranes

NOTE Pre‑applied membranes can be laid horizontally onto a well‑prepared substrate and vertically attached to
a permanent or temporary type of formwork, where they subsequently become bonded to poured in‑situ concrete.
Substrates should provide full and stable support to the membrane during pouring of concrete.
The surface may be damp, but the membrane should not be laid into standing water.
Pre‑applied membranes remain exposed during the fixing of reinforcement and concrete placement;
damage resistance, UV exposure and contamination from dirt that could interfere with bonding to
concrete should be taken into account.
To ensure continuity of waterproofing, designers should verify full compatibility between pre- and
post‑applied membranes. The performance of all sheet membranes relies on effective lap sealing. Lap
sealing procedures under all site conditions should follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
8.2.2.2 Post‑applied membranes

Post‑applied membranes should be applied to correctly prepared and suitable substrates providing
a satisfactory base on which to apply the membrane. Concrete should be free from sharp edges,
protrusions and indentions and finished to a true and even surface. Brickwork and blockwork should
have flush joints.
Particular care should be taken with composite formwork systems where substrates might potentially
have an adverse reaction to solvent‑based adhesives and primers, and when backfilling against
post‑applied membranes to reduce the risk of damage.
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To ensure continuity of waterproofing, designers should verify full compatibility between pre- and
post‑applied membranes. The performance of all sheet membranes relies on effective lap sealing. Lap
sealing procedures under all site conditions should follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
8.2.3 Liquid applied membranes

COMMENTARY ON 8.2.3
Liquid applied membranes fully bond to the substrate onto which they are applied and can be employed
as full protection systems against ingress of water, or as part of a sheet membrane system as a detailing
aid. They are post‑applied to the structure vertically in external use or in either horizontal or vertical
applications internally.
When applied to the internal face of the structure, the membrane should be suitable to resist a
negative or counter thrust hydrostatic pressure without the need for a loading coat.
NOTE 1 Due to the wide variety of technologies available and variations in requirements for surface primers,
substrate preparation and acceptable temperature applications, this British Standard is unable to provide full
descriptions of individual applications.
Where continuity is required with other forms of Type A, Type B and Type C waterproofing, designers
should verify full compatibility of the systems.
NOTE 2 An additional protection layer is generally required to protect the liquid system from being damaged by
backfill activities and general site activities. This could be a plastic or bitumen type board, a composite drainage
sheet or extruded insulation.
Details on the preparation of the substrate, application rate, method and curing requirements should
be in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
8.2.4 Active core liners

COMMENTARY ON 8.2.4
Active core liners swell when in contact with water and form a barrier to the transmission of water.
They fill small shrinkage cracks in concrete, have some self‑sealing capacity and form a bond to the
concrete surface. The active core is held between two geosynthetic layers to ensure the function of the
core material.
The active core may be bentonite, polymer or a combination of the two. Bentonite is a natural clay
mineral and bentonite liners are also referred to as geosynthetic clay liners. Bentonite liners are
available in two forms. Dry bentonite liners rely on activation taking place on site from the absorption
of the groundwater once installed. Pre‑hydrated bentonite liners are manufactured by vacuum extrusion
and do not need to be hydrated on site.
Polymer‑core active liners rely on activation taking place on site from the absorption of groundwater
once installed. Polymer‑core active liners are available in two membrane composite forms:
a) membrane with a thick, hot air weldable geomembrane component; and
b) membrane with a thin, non‑weldable film component.
8.2.4.1 General
Active core waterproofing should only be used where the liner remains confined between two
surfaces and cannot be left exposed. Active core liners should be firmly supported by a load‑bearing
structure so that external ground and water pressures are adequately resisted.
8.2.4.2 Pre‑applied liners

NOTE Pre‑applied liners are initially attached to a permanent or temporary type of formwork, where they
subsequently become bonded to poured in‑situ concrete to prevent water tracking.
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Active core liners should be laid onto a stable substrate, such as well compacted sub‑base, blinding
concrete, temporary or permanent formwork or directly to property line construction. Substrates
should provide full and stable support to the membrane during pouring of concrete. The site
conditions should be taken into account; the membrane should not be laid into standing water.
The manufacturer’s instructions should be followed.
8.2.4.3 Post‑applied liners

When post‑applied, the liner should be mechanically fixed to the reinforced concrete structure and
backfilled as soon as possible. Substrate preparation and backfilling should be in accordance with the
manufacturer’s instructions.
NOTE Where active core liners are suitable for application to masonry construction, additional substrate
preparation and joint sealing might be required in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
8.2.5 Mastic asphalt membranes

COMMENTARY ON 8.2.5
Mastic asphalt is composed of graded mineral matter and asphaltic cement in such proportions as
to form a coherent, voidless, impermeable mass, solid or semi‑solid under normal conditions but
sufficiently fluid when brought to a suitable temperature to be spread by means of a hand float or by
mechanical means.
Mastic asphalt should always be applied in three coats. Horizontal surfaces to which mastic asphalt is
to be applied should be level and free from irregularities.
Brickwork and concrete surfaces formed using timber shuttering are usually sufficiently rough to
provide a key for vertical asphalt. However, smooth surfaces do not give an adequate key so, if these
cannot be avoided, technical advice should be sought on the appropriate treatment.
When mastic asphalt is not fully confined, the maximum design load should not exceed that stated by
the manufacturer to prevent extrusion.
8.2.6 Cementitious crystallization slurries and powders

COMMENTARY ON 8.2.6
Cementitious crystallization barriers are blends of Portland cement, treated quartz sands and active
chemicals. They are supplied in powder form and are mixed with water to form a slurry, which is then
applied directly to the prepared concrete surface. The active chemicals combine with free lime and
moisture present in the capillary tracts to form insoluble crystalline complexes which prevent water
ingress. These systems might leave a powdery residue once active chemicals have migrated into the
substrate, often used for continuity [see 9.2.1.4b)].
Cementitious crystallization barriers should only be applied as a single or multiple coat slurry
to hardened and suitably prepared concrete, or dry sprinkled horizontally onto fresh concrete in
accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. They may also be applied to concrete blinding
immediately prior to the placing of overlaying concrete.
NOTE 1 Cementitious crystallization barriers are suitable for use on both new and existing structures, and do not
require a loading coat. They are not suitable for masonry construction.
Surfaces should be prepared in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions so as to have an

open capillary structure prior to the application of the barrier.
NOTE 2 An open capillary structure refers to the intrinsic fine capillary tracts (pore structure) of a concrete matrix.
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8.2.7 Cementitious multi‑coat renders, mortars and coatings

The application of rigid systems should be delayed as long as practicable to allow for dimensional
change associated with building settlement and drying shrinkage to occur and for construction
processes that cause vibration to be completed.
Existing substrates and structural elements should be assessed for their suitability to withstand
any increase in applied loads from water pressure and should be suitably prepared prior to the
application of the system.
Details of application method, rate, mixing and curing should be in accordance with the
manufacturer’s recommendations.
9 Type B (structurally integral) protection

9.1 General
NOTE For water and water vapour resistance, Type B protection relies upon the design and the materials
incorporated into the external shell of the structure itself.
Schematic illustrations of Type B protection are given in Figure 3.

Structures providing Type B protection should be constructed of reinforced concrete or
structural steel and designed in accordance with the relevant part of BS EN 1992 (all parts) or
BS EN 1993 (all parts) respectively.
Concrete structures containing a water resisting admixture should be deemed to have a lower degree
of water/vapour transmission when the design of the concrete mix and casting of the structure is
adequately supervised and the admixture is assessed and certified (see 9.2.1.3).
Service entries are particularly vulnerable to water penetration; where they cannot be avoided, they
should be carefully detailed, incorporating sealing to minimize the risk of water ingress.
Where possible, services should be appropriately sited, spaced and cast in to minimize risk of
leakage. For box out situations or post drill and fill, specialist advice should be sought.
Where top‑down construction is adopted, particular attention should be taken such that good
compaction is achieved. Where good compaction cannot be achieved, the inclusion of injection
systems should be taken into account and used where appropriate.
9.2 Materials for structurally integral protection

9.2.1 Concrete
9.2.1.1 General
Concretes, with or without water resisting admixtures, should be designed to meet minimum design
requirements for structural use and durability in the ground, and be properly placed and compacted.
Reinforced concrete structures should be designed and detailed specifically to minimize
water ingress.
Where some seepage is tolerable (as Grade 1a), the provisions in tightness class 0 of
BS EN 1992‑1‑1 may be adopted.
Where Grade 1b is required, the maximum permissible through crack width of the concrete should
conform to BS EN 1992‑3:2006, tightness class 1.
Where higher waterproofing performance grades are required, additional measures (such as a
combined protection, water resisting admixture, pre- or post‑tensioning) should be used.
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NOTE 1 A degree of resistance to water vapour transmission can be achieved dependent on section thickness and
tightness class.
NOTE 2 Seepage encountered might be associated with poor joints, poor workability and compaction, cracks due to
incorrect curing, restraint and shrinkage, or other discontinuities, such as service penetrations.
NOTE 3 Guidance on the design and detailing of water retaining concrete can be found in BS EN 1992‑3 and the
Concrete Centre publication “Concrete Basements” [6].
Autogenous crack healing can be expected to occur if the hydraulic gradient is less than five and the
crack width is less than 0.2 mm; for higher hydraulic gradients, crack widths should be reduced in
accordance with BS EN 1992‑3.
The following factors are of particular importance in achieving a water‑resistant concrete structure
and should be taken into account:
a) the design of the structure (general and detailed), and the specification of materials;
b) the quality of workmanship in preparing substrates and placing concrete;
c) pour sizes and aspect ratios;
d) curing;
e) the use of integral kickers cast monolithically with the slab; separate kickers present a high risk
of water penetration and should be avoided;
f) site logistics;
g) the condition of the formation, i.e. the formation should be clean with no running or
standing water;
h) material storage;
i) the close-fitting of formwork, the fixing of reinforcement(s) and the preparation of joints; and
j) implementation of an on‑site quality assurance programme.
Crack widths in concrete should be controlled by using the appropriate design of reinforcement,
concrete mix specification, construction joint detailing, pour layouts and aspect ratios (and shapes of
pours), pour sequences, construction supervision and curing (especially in relation to temperature).
The effects of shrinkage cracking due to early‑age thermal effects, drying and restraint locations
should be taken into account.
NOTE 4 For guidance on limiting crack widths, see BS EN 1992‑1‑1, BS EN 1992‑3 and CIRIA publication C766 [7].
Workmanship of placing and curing concrete, and the preparation of joints should comply with
BS EN 13670 and BS 8000‑2.
When selecting applied internal finishes, the residual moisture in the concrete should be taken into
account and sequencing should allow time for sufficient drying. Where appropriate, advice should be
sought from the manufacturer of the internal finishes. Moisture content and relative humidity should
also be assessed in accordance with BS 8204‑1.
9.2.1.2 Reinforced and prestressed concrete (in‑situ or precast)

Structures in reinforced or prestressed concrete should be designed and constructed in accordance
with BS EN 1992 (all parts).
9.2.1.3 Concrete containing water resisting admixtures

COMMENTARY ON 9.2.1.3
There is a range of products, generally categorized as water resisting admixtures, which seek various
ways to increase the inherent resistance of concrete to water and water vapour. As the mechanisms used
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by each product to achieve these aims are quite diverse, it is not possible in this British Standard to give
specific guidance on their use.
See Table 9 of BS EN 934‑2:2009+A1:2012 for guidance on requirements for water resisting admixtures.
Manufacturers should be consulted as to the performance of a specific water resisting admixture
in reducing the risk of water penetration through a crack, possibly under considerable
hydrostatic pressure.
NOTE Areas at high risk of water ingress, such as penetrations and joints, would typically be addressed by design
(e.g. waterstops; see 9.2.1.4).
Where the waterproofing admixture has been assessed and certified by a UKAS‑accredited body or
a European Technical Approval body, certification information should be referred to for guidance on
use and the extent or limitation of technical benefit.
Other waterproofing components, e.g. waterstops and sealants, should be compatible with each other
and the waterproofing admixtures.
9.2.1.4 Waterstops
COMMENTARY ON 9.2.1.4
The principal types of waterstops can be classified as the following.
a) Passive sections:
1) polymeric profiles cast into the concrete on both sides of the joint, either at the concrete
surface or mid‑depth of the concrete section, to form a physical obstruction to water
transmission; and
2) steel water bar strips placed mid‑depth of the concrete section to form a physical obstruction
to water transmission.
b) Active or hydrophilic strips or crystallization slurries:
1) pre-formed profiles; or
2) sealant composition applied to the concrete joint at depth in the section.
NOTE The materials swell or give rise to crystal growth on contact with water providing an enhanced
obstruction. They can be used as a sole material or in a composite product with passive waterstop sections.
c) Permeable hose or other sections that are fixed to the construction joint surface before casting the
second pour, to facilitate the injection of a specialist sealing resin into the joint, when required.
Waterstops should be used to prevent water ingress at joints in the concrete structure, e.g. at
construction or day‑work joints, services or other penetrations (see Figures 2, 3, 4). The positioning
of the waterstop(s) (external and/or internal) should be appropriate for the method of construction
and the level of risk. Particular attention should be given to the use of waterstops at movement joints
(see 8.1.5).
Waterstops should be tested for the application, service conditions and groundwater
chemistry proposed.
Robust methods of fixing waterstops should be used to keep the components in place during
concreting operations. Correct orientation should be provided to facilitate adequate compaction
of the concrete around any internal components and to avoid creating paths for subsequent
water ingress. Where active or hydrophilic waterstops are used, care should be taken to prevent
premature swelling.
The full waterstop network should be designed such that a continuous system is created or is
appropriately terminated at ground level.
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NOTE Special attention is required where active and passive waterstops are to be linked and act as a
continuous network.
9.2.2 Steel
Steel piles in either sheet or tubular form, or combined walls made up of high modulus elements
(tubes or HZ sections) with sheet pile infills may be used as the permanent structural wall in cases
where the pile clutch interlock system between individual sections can be adequately sealed from
blinding level to the full height, and sealed on both sides within any capping beam.
Steel structures should be designed and constructed in accordance with BS EN 1993‑5.
Sections should be formed of structural steel of a weldable grade conforming to the following
standards, as relevant:
a) BS EN 10248 (all parts) for hot rolled steel sheet piles;
b) BS EN 10249 for cold formed steel sheet piles;
c) BS EN 10210 (all parts) for hot finished hollow sections; or
d) BS EN 10219 (all parts) for cold finished hollow sections.
NOTE BS EN 10248 also covers special interlock sections, which are produced to allow hollow sections to be
connected together or to intermediate sheet piles.
9.3 Embedded retaining walls

9.3.1 General
Construction for deep structures may be either top‑down or bottom‑up, or a combination thereof.
The construction method should, as dictated by the ground conditions and site constraints (including
the proximity of buildings on adjacent sites), determine the use and type of embedded piled walls,
which may be of concrete or steel pile or diaphragm walls.
For all types of embedded retaining wall, the requirements for water resistance should be clearly
specified, for example, by using the ICE’s Specification for piling and embedded retaining walls [1] or
equivalent guidance. In particular, the acceptability of running or dripping water and the extent to
which any damp areas are tolerable should be assessed and specified, as appropriate for the required
level of waterproofing protection (see 6.2.3).
NOTE 1 Embedded retaining walls provide a degree of integral protection, although the number of joints and
difficulties controlling their construction can lead to a risk of a greater quantity of water penetration, compared
with a cast in form wall, and this needs to be allowed for in the overall design strategy.
For all embedded retaining walls, whether concrete or steel, the joint between the base slab and
the wall should be precisely detailed to achieve structural continuity consistent with the design.
This junction should be viewed as a three‑dimensional arrangement (see also 4.3.1), such that all
potential water paths can be identified and detailed.
The joint should be carefully detailed and waterstops should be attached to, and follow, the profile of
the wall in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
NOTE 2 Grouting tubes may also be installed within a clean flush joint so that remedial grouting can be
undertaken, if necessary. Attempts to install grout tubes that maintain intimate contact with convoluted joints
might be unsuccessful; in this situation, a hydrophilic strip bonded to the joint with adhesive might be more suitable
(see also Clause 11).
9.3.2 Concrete retaining walls

Piled and diaphragm retaining walls should conform to the general requirements of
BS EN 1992 (all parts).
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NOTE 1 The water penetration through well‑formed walls using these techniques is normally limited to, and
controlled by, the vertical joints rather than the flow through the concrete elements and there is thus little benefit
in designing concrete piled and diaphragm walls in accordance with the higher tightness classes specified in
BS EN 1992‑3.
Where secant pile retaining walls are used, specialist advice should be obtained as to the appropriate
system and construction method for the project.
NOTE 2 The joints between diaphragm wall panels can be enhanced by the incorporation of water bars, where the
performance requirements justify it. Such water bars can be effective at restricting water ingress via transverse
flow through the wall section but further attention might be necessary to deal with water flowing up the wall joints
inboard of the water bar location.
9.3.3 Steel retaining walls

The performance grade of watertightness should be specified. This may be achieved by the
application of an appropriate sealing system(s) to the clutch interlocks, using one of the
following systems:
a) active (hydrophilic) systems, pre‑applied or, if essential, applied under shelter and tightly
controlled conditions on site;
b) passive systems:
1) compression type – mechanically extruded multiple contact point (e.g. Modified
Silane Polymer);
2) filler type (hot‑installed bituminous or wax‑based product) systems; or
c) welded clutches.
The system selected should be able to provide the specified performance and be consistent with the
method of installing the piles and compatible with any linked waterproofing systems.
The manufacturer’s instructions with regards to application to, and installation of, the steel piles
should be followed to achieve the necessary resistance to seepage.
NOTE 1 In some instances, welded clutches might be used in addition to the systems specified in a) and b).
For integral protection, sheet pile interlocks should be welded or sealed with a suitable material in
accordance with BS EN 12063. Sealing welds along the interlock should be capable of accommodating
any movement that might take place. The welding process should be selected to suit the environment
to which the welds are exposed and the site conditions in which welding occurs.
NOTE 2 Steel sheet pile interlocks can be seal‑welded after installation to provide watertight structural walls.
The connection to the base slab should cater for any uplift forces in addition to providing a robust
barrier to water ingress. Horizontal sealants should be provided at the junction between the base slab
and the perimeter wall using suitable active or passive methods.
Where possible, sheet piles should be shop‑welded and subsequently driven in sets of two or three,
thus reducing the extent of site welding required. If welding is undertaken on site, only the exposed
length of the sheet piles should be treated. Appropriate working conditions should be provided and
the piles should be driven within acceptable deviations to form the joint.
NOTE 3 Failure to prepare the surfaces appropriately increases the risk of porosity in the welds, with reduction in
the degree of water resistance over time.
NOTE 4 Guidance on welding is given in BS EN 1011 (all parts) and BS EN ISO 15614‑1. Further guidance is also
given in the ICE’s Specification for piling and embedded retaining walls [1] and BS EN 1993‑5.
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10 Type C (drained) protection

COMMENTARY ON CLAUSE 10
Type C waterproofing protection manages water that penetrates the external shell of a structure,
by collecting it in a cavity formed between the external wall and an internal lining/wall. There is
permanent reliance on this cavity to collect groundwater seepage and direct it to a suitable discharge
point, e.g. drains or a sump for removal by gravity drainage or mechanical pumping.
New construction generally incorporates a cavity drain membrane. However, the use of other products
and techniques, such as drained voids constructed in masonry, can also be considered. Traditionally, the
cavity in floor construction has been formed using either no-fines concrete or ceramic tile systems. These
are rarely used in new construction but might be encountered when refurbishing existing structures
(see 5.2.3).
Schematic illustrations of Type C protection are given in Figure 4).
10.1 Structural aspects

The external elements of the structure should be capable of controlling the rate of water ingress so
as not to exceed the capabilities of the cavity drain system. Water entering a drained cavity system is
regulated by the structure, so defects or elements (see Note 1) that might result in unacceptable leaks
should be remedied (see Clause 11) before the system is installed.
NOTE 1 Elements as referred to include structural aspects such as construction joints, movement expansion joints,
dry pack joints and service penetrations.
NOTE 2 For existing structures, see 5.2 and refer to a structural engineer.
10.2 Cavity drain systems

NOTE Cavity drain systems do not change the loadings due to water on an existing structure, other than where
remedial measures are taken to control water ingress.
10.2.1 Cavity drain systems with membranes
10.2.1.1 Cavity drain membranes

NOTE Where cavity drain membranes are used, the membrane forms a permanent cavity between the external
elements of the structure and the internal wall/floor finishes. Such cavities vary in width, depending on the stud
height or profile of the membrane, but are usually up to 20 mm.
Cavity drain membranes should be used in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
In particular, the stud height or profile of the membrane should be selected in conjunction with the
manufacturer’s data and after considering the external hydrostatic pressure, the porosity of the
structure and the predicted rates of water ingress though the structure’s external fabric.
10.2.1.2 Leachates and free lime

Cavities, drainage channels, pipes, sumps, pumps and discharge points should remain free from any
blockage that could inhibit the free movement of water.
NOTE All these elements are susceptible to the deposition of particulate matter and free lime and calcium
carbonates from the ground or the building structure.
Before a cavity drain membrane is laid or fitted on walls and floors constructed of new concrete, the
concrete surface should be treated to reduce the risk of leaching of free lime or mineral salts so as to
avoid the obstruction of the drainage system.
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10.2.1.3 Floor cavities

Where the floor cavity incorporates perimeter drainage, the cavities, drainage channels, pipes, sumps
and pumps and/or discharge points should be cleaned before and during installation and maintained
for the life of structure to allow uninterrupted drainage (see also 10.3). Floor slabs should be laid to
agreed level tolerances taking into account site and system requirements.
Before the cavity drain membrane is laid:
a) the floor should, where possible, be flood tested or a slab level survey carried out to confirm that
all water runs freely to the points of collection without unacceptable ponding;
b) the base slab should be cleaned to remove all debris that might cause blockages; and
c) the floor drainage channel should be set directly below the level of the floor cavity membranes
so that the full drainage capacity of the system is available.
Sections of the membrane(s) laid across the floor should be joined and sealed.
Once laid, the membrane should be protected against damage caused by following trades.
The membrane should be inspected for damage and any defects should be remedied before floor
finishes are applied.
NOTE The cavity drain membrane may be covered with a variety of floor finishes dependent on the design
requirements of the structure.
10.2.1.4 Drainage design

NOTE 1 Principal drainage is in most cases provided by perforated box section perimeter and cross‑floor drainage
channels but can be achieved with alternative means subject to adequate collection and flow of water to discharge
points, with provision for effective maintenance.
Drainage channels should ideally be installed at the wall floor junction around the perimeter of the
treated area.
Where channels cannot be installed local to the wall floor junction, where they are stepped in or away
from any other anticipated location of ingress, the depth and associated drainage capacity of the
intermediate drainage cavity should be maximized accordingly. Additionally, the requirement for and
feasibility of maintenance of the intermediate drainage space should be assessed.
Cross‑floor span channels should be included within larger footprints to reduce the distance over
which water drains to reach the discharge point(s).
Principally, membranes should be installed above the drainage channels; how this is achieved can
differ with the use of rebated chases or spacer materials to lift floor membranes above channel level.
NOTE 2 Either is an acceptable method with due consideration of the structure and an assessment of the probable
point of any ingress, with the ideal being that channels are positioned at anticipated points of ingress, such as wall
floor junctions and joints.
10.2.1.5 Wall cavities

The wall cavity should be constructed so that it always remains free‑draining.
Where the wall cavity incorporates perimeter channels that work in conjunction with a drained floor
cavity, the drainage, which is common to walls and floors, should conform to 10.2.1.3.
Before the cavity drain membrane is fitted, in situations where the cavity is to be constructed or
installed over existing walls, any existing materials that might decay, or become loose or friable,
should be removed or rectified.
NOTE 1 If they are not removed or rectified, such materials can cause the blockage of the cavity or drainage
channels and impede free drainage.
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Sections of the membrane(s) fitted to the walls should be joined and sealed in accordance with the
manufacturer’s recommendations.
NOTE 2 The cavity drain membrane may be covered with a variety of wall finishes dependent on the design
requirements of the structure.
10.2.2 Multi‑level systems

Where forming Type C systems within multi‑story basements, details should be employed which
allow water ingress to bypass the intermediate suspended floor slab(s) to reach drainage installed at
the lowest level.
NOTE 1 Continuity of drainage through suspended slabs is typically achieved with the formation of a drainage
channel formed above a slab and behind an adjacent waterproof bund, with a series of intermittent continuity flow
pipes penetrating the slab beneath to provide means for water to move down and be discharged into the head of the
cavity drainage membrane lining the wall beneath.
The drainage channel should be sealed using conventional Type A and B methods to isolate water
within from the slab, and where practical, such as in new construction, details should also isolate
slabs from the adjacent retaining walls.
The waterproofing specialist should take into account a number of factors when formulating a design.
a) Larger diameter (40 mm) continuity flow pipes are preferable, being less prone to clogging.
These should ideally be cast into the intermediate slab.
NOTE Where necessary, fire stopping is required to comply with relevant national Building
Regulations [8], [9], [10].
b) A drip detail should be included beneath to discourage water tracking laterally along the
underside of the slab. Omission of drip details places greater reliance on and requirement for
seal details between the head of the cavity membrane and the underside of the slab.
c) Distance between and maintenance of continuity flow pipes:
1) a series of pipes at reduced intervals assists in distributing water behind the membrane
beneath as opposed to encouraging localized concentrations;
2) it is unlikely that means of access for maintenance can be provided to each and every
continuity flow pipe, where these are formed at reduced intervals;
3) designers should decide on the requisite number of maintenance points, such that
the system can continue to function effectively if the pipes other than those which are
maintainable, reduce in efficacy;
4) increasing distance between continuity flow pipes is acceptable where the drainage detail
above the slab is suitably robust and duly considered by the waterproofing specialist; and
5) in existing structures, it is not viable to isolate suspended slabs from the retaining walls
which they bear into and where applicable, clients should be advised of the risk to formation
of a totally dry environment.
d) Bunds should ideally be formed in monolithically cast concrete.
NOTE Figure 10 gives an example of a multi‑level system.
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Figure 10 — Example of a multi‑level system
Key
1 Type A barrier protection 5 8 mm Cavity membrane
2 Concrete upstand 6 Over seal tape
3 Discharge pipe 7 DPC
4 Perimeter channel 8 Inspection/access port
10.2.3 Cavity drain systems without membranes

COMMENTARY ON 10.2.3
See Figure 4.
Where a drained cavity is formed by a masonry cavity wall, the inner leaf should be built off a suitably
waterproofed concrete or engineering brick upstand (built with waterproofed joints). The created cavity
should be designed to be maintainable.
Where the cavity is constructed against an embedded retaining wall, allowance should be made for
the permitted construction tolerances, to maintain the necessary channel width.
During construction the cavity should be kept clear of debris and mortar droppings.
The risk of water splashing across the cavity should be determined.
To allow free drainage from the channel and access for maintenance, this channel should be laid
nominally level but with adequate access points for maintenance through the inner leaf of the cavity
wall. The drainage should be formed to direct water to outlets. The detailing should be such that
water migrating across the slab can be controlled.
NOTE 1 This approach is only suitable for waterproofing grade 2 and below when used as a single system.
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NOTE 2 Open free drain cavities might require an additional vapour barrier.
10.2.4 Cavity ventilation

NOTE Cavity ventilation would not normally be required, where the function of the drained cavity is to manage
water ingress. However, it might be necessary in circumstances where there is a potential for radon, methane or
other ground gases and contaminants to be present (see BS 8485). This is particularly relevant in retrospective
waterproofing scenarios, and attention is drawn to CIRIA C795 [11].
Where ground gas/contaminants are present and Type C waterproofing protection (i.e. drained
cavities) are being considered, specialist advice should be sought during the design phase.
10.2.5 Inverted cavity drain systems

Cavity drainage membrane linings may be inverted to protect against ingress from above; however,
in this use case, a number of additional factors should be taken into account (see also 6.5 on
buried decks).
Membranes beneath flat soffits should be installed to falls such that joints and laps can be weathered,
water pressure does not bear upon those joints and the system should be fully supported so that the
weight of water running over the system does not cause deflection and resultant tension upon the
taped joints, resulting in debonding.
NOTE 1 Where employed beneath flat soffits, the implication of falls typically limits the size and scope of the
installation, and this approach is typically more suitable within smaller and more uniform soffit areas, as opposed
to those which are larger, more complex and more convoluted, such as where down stands and cross beams occur.
The presence of or proposals for services (pipes, cables) within the area of installation should be
identified, as these could complicate or prevent formation of an effective system. Penetrations
through inverted membranes should be avoided.
Where membrane is applied to vaults and barrel arched ceilings, support may be provided by
proprietary plug fixings and manufacturer advice should be sought on the correct fixing detail for this
application.
NOTE 2 In the case of vaulted ceilings, it can be more practical to effectively treat larger areas.
Defects within inverted systems are more prone to causing issues, and inspection/testing should be
undertaken to avoid this.
NOTE 3 The inherent depressurization of water associated with cavity drainage can mitigate defects (holes) within
vertically installed cavity membranes; however, where inverted, water ingress always runs over the membrane.
Inverted applications are generally deemed to be higher risk and, therefore, specialist designers and
installers should be included from the outset.
10.2.6 Discharge systems

For internal cavity drain systems to function as intended, infiltrating water should be removed
from the internal space by gravity drainage or mechanical pumping. A risk assessment should be
completed to assess the most appropriate solution, with relevant justifications provided.
For discharge via gravity drainage, the point of discharge should be assessed for potential surcharge.
The outlet should be lower than floor level and maintainable to ensure unimpeded flow of any water
discharge. The designs should take into account potential for freezing of discharge water which could
cause a blockage. Water should not drain into any open drainage system which can be blocked by
debris. Discharge points should be accessible for maintenance.
The inclusion of a flood loop (see Figure 11) should be taken into account in areas which are
susceptible to flooding, which could in turn cause drainage systems to surcharge.
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NOTE The flood loop enables the pump system from the drained cavity to remain operational during flooding
periods and the discharge of the system is not reliant on valves which could leak and not prevent odours.
Figure 11 — Example of a flood loop discharge
Key
1 Pump system 5 Pump discharge pipe
2 Basement 6 Flood loop
3 Combined sewer 7 Internal drainage to pump
4 Surface water manhole 8 Ground level
10.2.7 Pumps
For discharge via mechanical pumping, the number/type of pumps and sump capacity of the system
should be designed taking into account the usable void space of the cavity drain system, anticipated
rate of water ingress, distance/length of any discharge pipework and potential running cycles
of the pumps.
Battery back‑up pump systems should be included to protect in the event of power failure; such
systems could include high level alarms to forewarn in the event of a problem, which could alert via
local audible alarm or, where required, remote telemetric relays.
NOTE 1 Basement waterproofing pump systems are typically provided as a packaged unit comprising a
purpose‑designed pre‑formed sump liner or chamber with an integrated access cover unit, which houses, as a
minimum, dual (duty and standby) automatic float switch operated pumps. The pumps activate and discharge
water when it reaches a set height within the sump liner in accordance with the design requirements.
NOTE 2 Pumps can also be installed in pre‑formed concrete sump chambers.
Pumps should always be located at the lowest point(s) within a structure, or externally in a sealed
sump where the invert level of the drainage into the sump is lower than the drainage channel
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internally allowing collection of penetrating water by gravity, and then pumping this to a suitable
external discharge point which should be identified and approved.
Each pump should be individually fused and provided with a dedicated discharge pipe of a suitable
pressure rating.
Water should be discharged appropriately, ideally into a suitable drainage or attenuation system,
which can accommodate designed quantities of water and is not susceptible to flood, freezing or
surcharge back into the building.
Pump discharge directly into a combined sewer should not occur without appropriate consents, and
suitable non‑return valves. Consideration should be given to potential smells and vermin ingress.
Where contaminated water is anticipated, the appropriate discharge consents should be sought.
10.3 Servicing and maintenance

10.3.1 Servicing
Type C systems should have a maintenance schedule, as failure of mechanical pumps or blockage of
drainage channels could result in flooding.
To maximize the long‑term integrity and effectiveness of a waterproofing system incorporating
Type C protection, the waterproofing drainage system should be designed to be easily serviced
and maintained.
Access points that allow routine maintenance of channels and outlets should be incorporated into
the design of the waterproofing system. These should be located such that they are accessible for
maintenance.
10.3.2 Commissioning and maintenance

Immediately after the installation of a cavity drain system, drainage channels and sumps should
be cleared out and tested. Pumping devices should be checked, tested and fully commissioned in
accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
NOTE The need to service and maintain the drainage elements of Type C waterproofing systems is paramount to
their long‑term success.
Requirements for servicing and maintenance should be incorporated in both the design and upon
completion and should be included in the Operation & Maintenance Manual (O&M).
The first inspection should be on completion of installation of the Type C system at handover and
commissioning.
The second inspection should be within the first three months after installation or as soon after
completion of building works that could affect the drainage installation, whichever is the sooner.
Service visits should be carried out no less frequently than annually.
In some circumstances it might be necessary to amend the frequency and scope of the service visits
considering findings from the first or second inspection; any changes to the schedule of planned
maintenance should be agreed with the client so that the service schedule is amended accordingly.
In circumstances where pumps are running for long periods of time, or where the system is subject
to silting or the deposition of free lime, the first inspection should be sooner, and more frequent
servicing might be necessary for a period of time thereafter.
Where pump activity has noticeably increased after installation, there should be further investigation
to identify the source of additional ingress.
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11 Remedial measures
11.1 General
NOTE 1 There are many causes of seepage in new and existing structures, principally poor design and/
or specification, defective materials, defective workmanship, deterioration of the structure, a change in the
external environment (e.g. rising groundwater or locally leaking sewers or water mains), or construction not
being completed.
The likelihood of seepage during the temporary conditions as a result of movement due to loading
and/or settlement of the structure during construction should be determined and taken into account.
NOTE 2 Adjacent construction works can also affect the pattern of groundwater flow and surface water run‑off.
A number of these factors can also combine to cause problems.
Many of these issues can be pre‑empted and should be addressed at the design stage with form and
feasibility of repair in mind (see Clause 4).
Before any remedial action is taken, the source of any water should be identified to
determine the cause.
NOTE 3 The correct diagnosis of the source is of vital importance, to establish whether faults exist within the
system as a whole, whether faults are localized, or whether water is bypassing an incomplete system.
Where remedial work is required, the following measures should be applied.

a) Type A systems:
1) the replacement or repair of locally defective material (see 11.5); and
2) complete replacement where localized repairs are not feasible or practical. If the location
of a defect in an existing external membrane can be established, it might be possible to
expose and repair the membrane locally. The risk of damaging the membrane further during
excavation should be taken into account.
b) Type A & B systems:
1) pressure or vacuum grouting (see 11.2);
2) crack sealing with resin or cementitious mortar (see 11.3);
3) crack filling by pressure or vacuum injection (see 11.4);
4) injection of resins or grouts into pre‑installed injection hoses;
5) complete replacement where localized repairs are not feasible or practical; and
6) installation of a Type A or Type C system.
c) Type C systems:
1) check power supply, sumps, pumps and electric back‑up;
2) check channels/drainage and clear as necessary, further actions should be taken to prevent
reoccurrence, in accordance with Clause 10; and
3) expose affected areas of the system and carry out localized repairs.
d) General considerations:
1) the inspection, repair, or installation of external drainage might be necessary;
2) improvements to upgrade an installed groundwater pump system might be necessary;
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3) composite and modular structures, such as precast and twin wall, and certainly masonry,
beam and block and ICF, have increased risk of failure and are potentially difficult to repair
so remediation can be extensive and costly; and
4) repairs to concrete should be carried out in accordance with the relevant part(s) of
BS EN 1504. All repair methods and materials should be approved by a structural engineer.
Strategies for repair should be taken into account at the design stage (see Clause 4).
The points above should be assessed irrespective of whether planned remedial treatment has been
included as a contingency measure.
Localized drainage should be taken into account in association with this work.
NOTE 4 Defects in internal type A systems are generally located at the position where dampness or seepage has
occurred and can be repaired or locally replaced.
Where access is not feasible, grouting should be done in accordance with 11.2 and 11.4.
11.2 External grouting or injection

11.2.1 General
NOTE 1 Cementitious grouts, mortars and resin systems can be used to repair water ingress due to defects and
cracks. However, where many defects occur, it might be more effective to prevent water ingress by other methods.
The following should be taken into account before deciding on the method of repair:
a) the nature and size of the defect;
b) the likelihood of ongoing structural movement;
c) rate and pressure of water ingress;
d) the type of construction;
e) the moisture content of the substrate;
f) the temperature of the structure; and
g) the location and type of local structures/utilities.
NOTE 2 Options for repair can be one of or a combination of the following given in 11.2.2 and 11.2.3.
As grout or resin selection and application are specialized techniques, advice should be sought from
manufacturers and appropriately trained applicators prior to use.
Care should be taken when injecting areas to avoid damage or blocking to any services/utilities or
injecting at pressure that can damage the structure (see Clause 5).
11.2.2 External grouting

Holes should be drilled through the walls and floor of the structure adjacent to the defect and the
pressure or vacuum grout should be driven into the material behind to gel or set and seal the leak.
NOTE There are several grouting materials available for use, including:
a) cement based grout;
b) bentonite;
c) resin (e.g. acrylic, epoxy, polyester and non‑expansive polyurethane); and
d) expansive polyurethane.
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11.2.3 Resin or grout injection into the structure

NOTE 1 Pressure or vacuum injection can be used to fill and seal cracks, joints, and voids within the structure
particularly at kickers and joints where a water stop has become displaced and cutting out and replacement is
not practical.
Holes should be drilled into the walls, floor or soffit of the structure inclined to intersect seepage
paths and the pressure or vacuum grout should be driven into the crack, joint or void to seal the leak.
NOTE 2 There are several materials suitable for use including:
a) polyurethane resin;
b) acrylic resin;
c) epoxy resin;
d) polyester resin; and
e) cementitious grouts.
Written records should be maintained of what materials have been used for the inclusion in operation
and maintenance manuals.
NOTE 3 Porous areas of concrete can sometimes be injected successfully, but severe honeycombing might require
the defect to be cut out and replaced.
NOTE 4 Often more than one phase of grouting or injection is needed as the seepage might have moved to defects
elsewhere in the structure or higher up in the walls.
11.3 Repair with cementitious or polymeric systems

NOTE 1 Cement grout, mortars and epoxy mortars can be used to achieve a repair.
Concrete should be prepared and grouts or mortars should be trowel, brush, spray or roller applied
in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations. As grout selection and application are
specialized techniques, advice should be sought from manufacturers and experienced applicators
prior to use.
NOTE 2 Suitable materials include:
a) cementitious systems;
b) polymer‑modified cementitious slurry;
c) polymer resin, such as epoxy putty, mortars or resins; and
d) cementitious crystallization systems.
11.4 Replacement of locally defective material

NOTE 1 Where a relatively small number of well‑separated defects in the walls or floors result in seepage
(e.g. poorly compacted concrete), adequate repairs can be achieved by cutting out and replacing the defective area.
Achieving a water‑resistant joint between the substrate concrete and the repair material is the most critical feature
of this method. The installation of temporary drainage points, in the area to be repaired, might be necessary in some
situations to control the seepage. However, some repair materials are formulated for application where running
water is present.
NOTE 2 Surface preparation and the compatibility of the physical and chemical properties of the repair material
are important. Many types of repair materials are available, including:
a) concrete compatible with that used in the original construction;

b) polymer‑modified cementitious mortars and concrete;
c) polymer‑based mortars; and
d) sprayed concrete.
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The properties of the repair material should be selected to match the substrate as closely as possible,
particularly the shrinkage and thermal behaviour. Specialist advice should be obtained to select the
most suitable concrete repair system and to specify the required performance of the material to suit
the size, depth, and location of the area to be repaired.
Where proprietary mortars or concretes are used, they should be applied in accordance with the
manufacturer’s instructions, and any repair should be undertaken by experienced contractors.
11.5 Masonry structures

11.5.1 General
Masonry buildings that are historic or traditionally built might be weaker than concrete structures;
a structural engineer should be consulted before repairing or stopping any leak which might be
releasing pressure on the structure.
For older floor slabs, the following elements should be checked: fixity, depth and quality of slab, water
pressure and movement/floatation.
11.5.2 Investigation/Diagnosis
The type and form of construction of the structure and the presence of voids and pathways for water
movement within the structural elements should be taken into account.
A detailed external survey should always be carried out (see 5.2).
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Bibliography
Standards publications
For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
BS 5454, Recommendations for the storage and exhibition of archival documents
BS 6229, Flat roofs with continuously supported flexible waterproof coverings — Code of practice
BS 8485, Code of practice for the design of protective measures for methane and carbon dioxide ground
gases for new buildings
BS 8533, Assessing and managing flood risk in development — Code of practice
BS 85500, Flood resistant and resilient construction — Guide to improving the flood performance
of buildings
BS EN 934‑2:2009+A1:2012, Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout –Concrete admixtures —
Definitions, requirements, conformity, marking and labelling
BS EN 752, Drain and sewer systems outside buildings — Sewer system management
BS EN 1011 (all parts), Welding — Recommendations for welding of metallic materials
BS EN 1504‑2, Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete structures — Definitions,
requirements, quality control and evaluation of conformity – Part 2: Surface protection systems
for concrete
BS EN 1504‑3, Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete structures —
Definitions, requirements, quality control and evaluation of conformity — Part 3: Structural and
non‑structural repair
BS EN 1928, Flexible sheets for waterproofing — Bitumen, plastic and rubber sheets for roof
waterproofing — Determination of watertightness
BS EN 12970, Mastic asphalt for waterproofing — Definitions, requirements and test methods
BS EN 13491, Geosynthetic barriers — Characteristics required for use in the construction of tunnels
and associated underground structures
BS EN 13967, Flexible sheets for waterproofing — Plastic and rubber damp proof sheets including
plastic and rubber basement tanking sheet — Definitions and characteristics
BS EN 13969, Flexible sheets for waterproofing — Bitumen damp proof sheets including bitumen
basement tanking sheets — Definitions and characteristics
BS EN 15814, Polymer modified bituminous thick coatings for waterproofing — Definitions and
requirements
BS EN ISO 15614‑1, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials —
Welding procedure test – Part 1: Arc and gas welding of steels and arc welding of nickel and nickel alloys
Other publications
[1] INSTITUTE OF CIVIL ENGINEERS. Specification for piling and embedded retaining walls. Second
edition. London: Thomas Telford Publishing, 2017.
[2] CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY RESEARCH AND INFORMATION ASSOCIATION. Guidance on
embedded retaining wall design. C760. London: CIRIA, 2017.
[3] GREAT BRITAIN. The Party Wall etc. Act 1996. London: The Stationery Office.
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[4] THE BASEMENT INFORMATION CENTRE. Basements: Ground gases and structural
waterproofing. BSIC, 2021.
[5] BUILDING RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENT. Radon: Guidance on protective measures for new
buildings. BR211. Watford: BRE Press, 2015.
[6] THE CONCRETE CENTRE. Concrete basements. The Concrete Centre, 2012.
[7] BAMFORTH, P.B. Early‑age thermal crack control in concrete. C766. London: CIRIA, 2018.
[8] GREAT BRITAIN. Building Regulations 2000 and subsequent amendments. London: The
Stationery Office.
[9] GREAT BRITAIN. Building (Scotland) Regulations 2004, as amended. Edinburgh: The
Stationery Office.
[10] GREAT BRITAIN. Building Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000, as amended. London: The
Stationery Office.
[11] WILSON, S., SOPP, G., MALLETT, H., and CARD, G. Retrofitting hazardous ground gas protection
measures in existing or refurbished buildings. C795. London: CIRIA, 2020.
Further reading
ASTM D5385/D5385M, Standard Test Method for Hydrostatic Pressure Resistance of
Waterproofing Membranes
BS EN 12390‑8, Testing hardened concrete — Depth of penetration of water under pressure
BS EN 1991, Eurocode 1: Actions on structures
BS EN 1996, Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures
BS EN 13252, Geotextiles and geotextile‑related products — Characteristics required for use in
drainage systems
BS EN 13508 (all parts), Investigation and assessment of drain and sewer systems outside buildings
BUILDING RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENT. Radon — Guidance on protective measures for new dwellings
in Scotland. BR376. Watford: BRE Press, 1999.
BUILDING RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENT. Radon — Guidance on protective measures for new dwellings
in Northern Ireland. BR413. Watford: BRE Press, 2001.
GABA, A.R., SIMPSON, B., POWRIE, R. AND BEADMAN, D.R. Embedded retaining walls — Guidance for
economic design. C580. London: CIRIA, 2003.
GREEN, B.M.R., MILES, J.C.H. AND REES, D.M. Radon in Dwellings in Scotland: 2008 Review and Atlas.
HPA-RPD‑051. Didcot: Health Protection Agency, 2009.2)
2)
Available from www.hpa.org.uk.
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BS 8102 2022 Protection of Below Ground Structures Against Water

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BS 8102 2022 Protection of Below Ground Structures Against Water

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BS 8102:2022

BSI Standards Publication

Protection of below ground structures

Publishing and copyright information

© The British Standards Institution 2022

Published by BSI Standards Limited 2022

ISBN 978 0 539 15836 6

The following BSI references relate to the work on this document:

Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication

Date Text affected

10.2 Cavity drain systems 41

Information about this document

Use of this document

Contractual and legal considerations

BS EN 1992 (all parts), Eurocode 2 — Design of concrete structures

3 Terms and deﬁnitions

3.1 buried deck

3.2 cavity drain membrane

3.3 cut‑off wall

3.4 damp area

3.5 embedded retaining wall

3.6 free lime

3.7 fully bonded

3.8 ground gas barrier

3.10 hydraulic gradient

3.11 hydrostatic pressure

3.12 loading coat

3.13 perched water table

3.14 product information

3.17 Type A (barrier) protection

3.18 Type B (structurally integral) protection

3.19 Type C (drained) protection

3.22 waterprooﬁng barrier

3.23 waterprooﬁng system

3.24 water resistance

3.25 water resisting admixture

3.27 water vapour

3.28 water vapour resistance

4.2 Design team

4.3 Principal considerations

c) the appropriate performance characteristics of the waterprooﬁng system(s) selected

A three‑dimensional review of structure and waterprooﬁng should be undertaken to

4.3.2 Defects and remedial measures

a) defects owing to design;

b) defects owing to poor workmanship;

d) defects caused by follow‑on trades and site operations.

Figure 1 — Design flowchart

5.1.2 Risk assessment

5.1.3 Water table classiﬁcation in relation to the structure

5.2 Inspection and survey for existing structures

o) potential for and influence of plumbing leaks (historic and active);

5.2.2 External walls and floor

5.2.3 Buildings of historic significance or protected by legislation

6 Water resisting design

c) the ground drainage characteristics are unreliable; and

6.2 Waterprooﬁng protection

6.2.2 Waterproofing design for existing structures

6.2.3 Combined protection

NOTE For pumps, see 10.2.7.

6.2.4 Water table classiﬁcation and required levels of waterprooﬁng performance

Table 1 — Use of different protection types based on water table classiﬁcation

b) the piled wall

c) the piled wall