Difference between layer-2 and layer-3 switches

Layer 2 Switch Layer 3 Switch

Operate on layer 2 (Data link) of OSI model. Operate on layer 3 (Network Layer) of OSI model.

Send “frames” to destination on the basis of MAC

Route Packet with help of IP address
address.

Work with MAC address only Can perform functioning of both 2 layer and 3 layer switch

Mostly Used to implement VLAN (Virtual Local area

Used to reduce traffic on local network.
network)

Quite fast as they do not look at the Layer 3 portion of Takes time to examine data packets before sending them to
the data packets. their destination

It has single broadcast domain It has multiple broadcast domain.

Can communicate within a network only. Can communicate within or outside network.

Understanding Forward and Reverse Lookup Zones in DNS

When you install DNS Server role in Windows environment, you will be able to create new zones in
either Forward or Reverse Lookup Zones. These two zones serves a different purpose. The first one and
the most commonly implemented is Forward Lookup Zones, where translations of a hostname string to
IP address is performed. The second one is Reverse Lookup Zones where it does the opposite of the
former. Understanding Forward and Reverse Lookup Zones in DNS is the key to successful
configuration and helps ensure proper implementation of a DNS server.

Understanding Forward and Reverse Lookup Zones in DNS

It is important to understand how DNS records are stored before understanding Forward and Reverse
Lookup Zones in DNS. The table below shows an example of how records being stored in a DNS server:
Name Data

AS-DCO001.mustbegeek.com 192.168.0.7

AS-DNS001.mustbegeek.com 192.168.0.5

example.mustbegeek.com 192.168.0.6

On the above table, we can see that DNS server stores record containing a hostname string value under
column “Name” along with its associated IP address value under column “Data“.

Forward Lookup
When a DNS query comes from the client, DNS server works by looking up the hostname string value on
column “Name” then returns the IP address value on column “Data” as the answer to the query. This
process can be illustrated using the below figure:
So for example client asks “What is IP address for AS-DCO001.mustbegeek.com?” on its query. The
DNS server then lookup at the value on column “Data” where “Name” value equals to AS-
DCO001.mustbegeek.com, and this resulting in address 192.168.0.7 as the answer. The process of finding
an IP address based on the hostname in DNS is called forward lookup.

Reverse Lookup
Now the problem comes when it is required to find out the hostname based on the IP address, for
example the client asks “What hostname is using IP address 192.168.0.7?“. Unfortunately, it is
a limitation by design that DNS server cannot just lookup at the value on “Data” column to find
the associated “Name” value. For this purpose, another record should be created in the table where IP
address value is stored under “Name” column and the hostname string is stored under “Data” column.
The updated table for this purpose is shown below:

Name Data

AS-DCO001.mustbegeek.com 192.168.0.7

AS-DNS001.mustbegeek.com 192.168.0.5

example.mustbegeek.com 192.168.0.6

192.168.0.7 AS-DCO001.mustbegeek.com

With this way, DNS server can now answer the above client query by selecting the value under “Data”
column where “Name” value equals to 192.168.0.7, as illustrated in the below figure:

The lookup resulting in AS-DCO001.mustbegeek.com as the answer. Now this process of finding
hostname based on the IP address in DNS is called reverse lookup.

Forward and Reverse Lookup Zones in Windows DNS Server

The above examples shows DNS lookup process in general. If you install DNS Server role in Windows
Server 2012 R2, it will split the table used for forward lookup and reverse lookup, and that’s why you
will see both Forward Lookup Zones and Reverse Lookup Zones in the DNS Manager.
Conclusion
In conclusion, Forward Lookup Zones contains zones where forward lookup is performed. In other
words, the zones in Forward Lookup Zones stores hostname string under column “Name” and IP
address under column “Data”. For example, the zone mustbegeek.com below is a Forward Lookup
Zone:

On the opposite, Reverse Lookup Zones contains zones where reverse lookup is performed. In other
words, the zones in Reverse Lookup Zones stores IP address under column “Name” and hostname
string under column “Data”. A reverse lookup zone usually has name format x.x.x.in-addr.arpa,
where x.x.x is the first three octets of the IP address in reversed order. For example, the
zone 0.168.192.in-addr.arpa below is a Reverse Lookup Zone:

Usually, implementing a Forward Lookup Zone is enough. But sometimes there are some applications that
requires Reverse Lookup Zone. Having a Reverse Lookup Zone in the network also sometime helps
troubleshooting process. Therefore, understanding forward and reverse lookup zones in DNS is important.

Port Details of Network:

Protocol Name Port No

HTTP 80

HTTPS,SSL/TLS 443

SMTP 25

DNS 53

ICMP 7

DHCP 67

FTP 27