BECAUSE * BECAUSE OF (BÔÛI VÌ)

(AL)THOUGH / EVEN THOUGH * DESPITE / IN SPITE OF (MAËC DUØ)

As / Since / Because Because of

(Al)though / Even though
 +S+V   Despite / In spite of
+ V-ing phr / N.phr

1. Because S + be + adj , S + V + …
I / he / she …

 Because of my / his / her … + being + adj / N , S + V + …

Because she was sick, she didn’t go to school.

Mai
 Because of (her) being sick / her sickness, she didn’t go to school.
Mai’s being sick / Mai’s sickness, she didn’t go to school.
being sick / her sickness, Mai didn’t go to school.
(ñaùp aùn “being sick” coù theå boû “her” khi 2 veá cuøng chuû töø)

2. Because S + be + adj , S + V + …
my / her … / the + N

 Because of my / her … / the + adj + N , S + V + …

ÑOÄNG TÖØ TO BE

Because the salary was low, he didn’t accept the job.

 Because of the low salary, he didn’t accept the job.

3. a. “ It ” chỉ thời tiết: Because it + be + adj , S + V + …

 Because of the + N / the + adj + weather , S + V + …

Because it was foggy, the flight was cancelled.

 Because of the fog / the foggy weather, the flight was cancelled.

b. “It” ko chæ thôøi tieát : Because it + be + adj , S + V + …

 Because of the + N , S + V + …

Because it was noisy, we couldn’t sleep.

 Because of the noise, we couldn’t sleep.

Löu yù: I couldn’t do the test because it was difficult.

 I couldn’t do the test because of its being difficult / its difficulty. (tröôøng hôïp 1)

4. Because there + be + N. phr , S + V + …

 Because of N. phr , S + V + …

Because there was the traffic jam, we arrived late.

 Because of the traffic jam, we arrived late.
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 1. Because S + V (thường) , S + V + …
I / she … / the + N

 Because of my / her … / the + N + V-ing , S + V + …

Because the woman worked hard, she got ill.

she
 Because of working hard, the woman got ill. (phuû ñònh: not + V-ing)
(her) working hard, she got ill.

2. Because S + had + V ed/3 , S + V + …

ÑOÄNG TÖØ THÖÔØNG

I / he … / his + N

 Because of my / his … / his + N + having + V ed/3, S + V + …

Because his brother had finished his work, he went out.

he
 Because of having finished his work, his brother went out. (phuû ñònh: not + having + V-ed/3)
(his) having finished his work, he went out.

3. Because S + have + N , S + V + …
I / he / she …

 Because of my / his / her … + N , S + V + …

Because he had experience, he repaired this car very quickly.

 Because of his experience, he repaired this car very quickly.

4. Trường hợp khác : Because he practices gymnastics regularly, he is healthy.

 Because of his regular gymnastics practice, he is healthy.
BUT  THOUGH

1. Caâu coù “though” : ko coù “but”
2. Caâu coù “because” : ko coù “so”
Adj. - noun
- He often tells lie but she believes him.
 Though he often tells lie, she believes him.
- She lives alone, so she’s very sad.
 Because she lives alone, she’s very sad.

dark - darkness late - lateness rich - richness weak - weakness honest - honesty
green - greenness lazy - laziness sad - sadness absent - absence hungry - hunger
ill - illness old - oldness sick - sickness fog - foggy noisy - noise
kind - kindness - old age tired - tiredness now - snowy poor - poverty

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 Connectors (TÖØ NOÁI)
A. BECAUSE / BECAUSE OF (BÔÛI VÌ)

1. because + S + V +…  because of + N.phr / V-ing - I didn’t go to school because I was sick.

 Because of my sickness
- because = since = as = for* (tröôùc for coù phaåy) (my) being sick , I didn’t …
= seeing that = now that* (duøng ôû HT vaø TL)
- John shook, for he was scared.
= so / as long as = inasmuch as

- because of = due to = owing to

= on account of = in view of - They lost the match in view of their poor
performance.
2. - for this reason (vì lyù do naày)
- consequently = as a consequence = (vì theá, cho neân)
= as a result = hence = thus
= accordingly = so = therefore

B. THOUGH / ALTHOUGH / EVEN THOUGH (MAËC DUØ)

1. though + S + V + …  in spite of + N.phr / V-ing

- though = although = even though (nhöôïng boä) - I got the job though the salary was low.
- in spite of = despite = regardless of  In spite of the low salary, I got the …
(despite the fact that + S + V)

- whereas = while = (trong khi) (töông phaûn) - Some people like red meat whereas/ while
= whilst = meanwhile others hate it.

* Notes: 1. Although + prepositional phrase / adj. - Although in poor health, she continued to
carry out her duties. (ÑH 2014, TÑ Laïc Vieät)
- Although small, the kitchen is well designed.
(TÑ Oxford)

2. MÑ chæ söï nhöôïng boä coù theå ñaûo ngöôïc - Although he always likes football, he is a
professional basketball player.
Although he is a professional basketball
player, he always likes football.
2.

no matter how = however + (adj / adv) + S + V + = maëc duø - No matter how / However (hard) you try,
no matter what = whatever + (N) you won’t persuade her.
no matter who = whoever No matter what / Whatever you do, don’t
no matter where = wherever touch this switch.
No matter who / whoever you are, I still
love you.
No matter where / Wherever you go, I’ll be
right here waiting for you.
3.
adj / adv + as + S + (may/might) + V … = maëc duø - Rich as he is, he is unhappy.
= Though + S + (may/might) + V + adj / adv = maëc duø = Though he is rich, he is unhappy.

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4. whether + S + V … or not : duø … hay khoâng - Whether it rains or not / whether or not it rains
= whether or not + S + V… we’re playing football on Saturday.

5. - yet = nevertheless (tuy nhieân) - He studied hard for the exam, yet he failed again.
= nonetheless = however

- but (nhöng)
6. - on the other hand (maët khaùc)
- on the contrary = in contrast (traùi ngöôïc vôùi)

7. but … anyway = yet … still (maëc duø vaäy) - It was cold, but I went swimming anyway
= but … still = It was cold, yet I still went swimming.

C. SO, BUT, HOWEVER, THEREFORE

I. SO, THEREFORE (VÌ THEÁ, CHO NEÂN) ( chæ keát quûa )

1. SO: ñöôïc ñaët giöõa 2 meänh ñeà. 2. THEREFORE : ñöôïc ñaët ôû nhieàu vò trí trong caâu.

- Tom didn’t study, so he failed the test. - Tom didn’t study. Therefore, he failed the test.
- Tom didn’t study so he failed the test. Tom didn’t study; therefore, he failed the test.
(tröôùc “so” coù hoaëc ko coù daáu phaåy) - Tom didn’t study. He, therefore, failed the test.
- Tom didn’t study. He failed the test, therefore.

II. BUT (NHÖNG), HOWEVER (TUY NHIEÂN) ( chæ söï traùi ngöôïc nhau)
1. BUT: ñöôïc ñaët giöõa 2 meänh ñeà. 2. HOWEVER : ñöôïc ñaët ôû nhieàu vò trí trong caâu.

- Mary is rich, but John is poor. - Mary is rich. However, John is poor.
- Mary is rich but John is poor. Mary is rich; however, John is poor.
(tröôùc “but” coù hoaëc ko coù daáu phaåy) - Mary is rich. John, however, is poor.
- Mary is rich. John is poor, however.

D. AS (GIOÁNG NHÖ LAØ), AS IF = AS THOUGH (NHÖ THEÅ LAØ)

1. as - He could not come as he promised.

2. as if = as though chæ:
- ñieàu ko coù thöïc ôû HT:
- She dresses as if she were an actress.
S + V (S. pre) + as if + S + Ved/2/ were
- It looks as if / as though it’s going to rain.
as though

- ñieàu ko coù thöïc ôû QK:

S + V (S. past) + as if + S + had + Ved/3 - He looked as if he hadn’t taken a bath for months.
as though

3. It + seems / appears + as if +S+V - It seems as if you haven’t learnt it before.

= You seem not to have learnt it before.
S + look / feel / taste as though
- You sound as though you are very ill.
sound / smell

E. CAÙC TÖØ NOÁI KHAÙC

1. or (hoaëc), or else (neáu khoâng, keûo), otherwise (neáu khoâng thì).

2. and, and also (theâm nöõa), as well as (cuõng nhö), furthermore (theâm nöõa), moreover (hôn nöõa, vaû laïi),
in addition (theâm nöõa, theâm vaøo), additionally, besides (hôn nöõa, ngoaøi ra), what’s more (theâm nöõa, hôn nöõa)

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 NOT ONLY … BUT ALSO * BOTH … And * AS WELL AS
EITHER … OR * NEITHER … NOR

NOT ONLY … BUT ALSO (KHOÂNG NHÖÕNG … MAØ COØN), BOTH … AND (VÖØA … VÖØA)
AS WELL AS (CUÕNG NHÖ)

1. noun 1. noun 1. I play not only the guitar but also the violin.
2. adj 2. adj both and
not only + 3. adv + but also +3. 3. adv
2. The place is not only cold but also damp.
both 4. phrase. and 4. phrase both and
5. verb 5. verb
3. He writes not only correctly but also neatly.
4. He excels not only in music but also in art.
5. He not only sings but also composes music

* Notes: - The place is not only cold but also damp.

1. as well as: cuõng nhö = The place is cold as well as damp.
= The place is both cold and damp as well as dirty

- John, as well as, his sons has come.

(khaùc vôùi: as well as: cuøng vôùi)
2. Khi hai chuû töø ñöôïc noái bôûi:
- not only … but also: ñoäng töø chia theo chuû
- Not only my parents but also my sister is here.
töø ñöùng gaàn ñoäng töø.
- both … and: ñoäng töø chia ôû soá nhieàu. - Both my mother and my sister are here.

EITHER …… OR (HOAËC … HOAËC)

NEITHER …… NOR (KHOÂNG … MAØ CUÕNG KHOÂNG)

1. noun 1. noun 1. I don’t speak either French or English.

either + 2. verb + or + 2. verb Neither Ann nor my sisters know where he is.
neither 3. phrase nor 3. phrase 2. We can either stay home or go out.
. 4. clause 4. clause
He neither smokes nor drinks.
3. You can either come with me or walk home.
4. Either he’ll leave early or I’ll call the police.

* Khi hai chuû töø ñöôïc noái bôûi:

- either … or / neither … nor : thì ñoäng töø
ñöôïc chia theo chuû töø ñöùng gaàn noù.
Caâu coù neither … nor khoâng duøng theå phuû ñònh.
- Neither ñöùng ñaàu caâu vaø theo sau laø theå nghi
vaán. (xem phaàn ñaûo ngöõ).
- Neither the teacher nor the students are here.
(ko duøng “are not”)
- Neither have I seen him nor have I heard him speak

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 SUMMARY OF Connectors (TOÙM TAÉT CAÙC TÖØ NOÁI) DÙNG TRONG TRẮC NGHIỆM
CONJUNCTIONS + S + V PREPOSITION + V-ing phr / N.phr TRANSITIONS
Liên Từ Giới Từ Từ Chuyển Tiếp
A. N. NHAÂN – K. QUÛA

1. vì theá, cho neân: so + S + V vì theá, cho neân:

2. bôûi vì: bôûi vì: - therefore
- because = since = as - because of = due to = owing to - consequently
- for (tröôùc for coù phaåy) - on account of = in view of + V-ing phr
- seeing that = now that + S+V - as a result of N.phr
- inasmuch as

1. nhöng: but + S + V 1. tuy nhieân:

- however
2. maëc duø: maëc duø:
- nevertheless
- (al)though = even though - despite = in spite of + V-ing phr
- nonetheless
- adj / adv + as +S+V - notwithstanding N.phr
- no matter how + (adj / adv) *Löu yù: 2. maët khaùc:
- on the other hand
- however in spite of / despite the fact that + S + V
maëc duø … caùi gì 3. traùi ngöôïc vôùi:
B. SÖÏ TRAÙI NGÖÔÏC

- no matter what - in contrast

- whatever + (noun) + S + V - on the contrary
maëc duø ... laø ai
- no matter who + S+V
- whoever *Vò trí cuûa so, but
maëc duø ... nôi naøo S + V… , so / but + S + V … (daáu phaåy: coù hoaëc ko)

- no matter where + S+V *Vò trí cuûa therefore, however

- wherever S + V… .Therefore / However , + S + V … (chaám hoaëc chaám phaåy)

3. trong khi: (traùi ngöôïc tröïc tieáp) * Löu yù:

- whereas = while + S + V S + V…. S, therefore / however , + V …

4. maëc duø vaäy: S + V…. S + V …, therefore / however .

- but .. anyway = but.. still = yet.. still

1. neáu: if 1. lôõ khi, neáu, trong tröôøng hôïp: neáu khoâng thì:
2. neáu khoâng: unless - in case of + V-ing phr - otherwise + S + V
3. chæ khi: only if +S+V - in the event of N.phr
4. duø cho: even if
5. duø..hay ko: whether or not 2. neáu khoâng:
6. mieãn laø: - without + V-ing phr
- provided (that) - but for N.phr
- providing (that) + S+V
C. ÑIEÀU KIEÄN

- on condition (that)
LƯU Ý:
- as / so long as
1. . nguyeân nhaân - keát quaû  duøng nhoùm bôûi vì
7. lôõ khi, neáu, trong tröôøng hôïp: . 2 veá traùi ngöôïc nhau  duøng nhoùm maëc duø
- in case (that) + S+V 2. Caâu coù although thì khoâng coù but vaø ngöôïc laïi.
- in the event (that) Caâu coù because thì khoâng coù so vaø ngöôïc laïi.
8. giaû söû nhö:
* CAÙC TÖØ NOÁI KHAÙC
- suppose (that)
+ S+V and, and also (theâm nöõa), as well as (cuõng nhö),
- supposing (that)
furthermore (theâm nöõa), moreover (hôn nöõa, vaû laïi),
9. hoaëc: 10. neáu khoâng, keûo: in addition (theâm nöõa, theâm vaøo), additionally, besides
or + S + V or else + S + V (hôn nöõa, ngoaøi ra), what’s more (theâm nöõa, hôn nöõa).

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