Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Physics Investigatory Project: "To Study Diffraction and Explain Its Intensity Curve"
Physics Investigatory Project: "To Study Diffraction and Explain Its Intensity Curve"
PROJECT
ON
Saurabh Yadav
2019-20
2
CERTIFICATE
This to certify that “Saurabh Yadav” of class
XII bearing roll no- who is going to
appear for AISSCE-2020 has successfully
completed all the practicals and projects in
Chemistry during the session 2019-2020 as
per the prescribed syllabus of C.B.S.E., New
Delhi.
3
Contents
Introduction
Types of Diffraction
Experimental Analysis
Intensity Curve
Bibiliography
4
Introduction
Diffraction refers to various phenomena that occur when a wave
encounters an obstacle or a slit. It is defined as the bending of waves
around the corners of an obstacle or through an aperture into the
region of geometrical shadow of the obstacle/aperture. The
diffracting object or aperture effectively becomes a secondary source
of the propagating wave. Italian scientist Francesco Maria Grimaldi
coined the word "diffraction" and was the first to record accurate
observations of the phenomenon in 1660.
In classical physics, the diffraction phenomenon is described by the
Huygens–Fresnel principle that treats each point in a propagating
wave-front as a collection of individual spherical wavelets. The
characteristic banding pattern is most pronounced when a wave
from a coherent source (such as a laser) encounters a slit/aperture
that is comparable in size to its wavelength, as shown in the inserted
image. This is due to the addition, or interference, of different points
on the wave-front (or, equivalently, each wavelet) that travel by
paths of different lengths to the registering surface. However, if there
are multiple, closely spaced openings, a complex pattern of varying
intensity can result.
Diffraction and interference are closely related and are nearly – if not
exactly – identical in meaning. Richard Feynman observes that
"diffraction" tends to be used when referring to many wave sources,
and "interference" when only a few are considered.
The effects of diffraction are often seen in everyday life. The most
striking examples of diffraction are those that involve light; for
example, the closely spaced tracks on a CD or DVD act as a
diffraction grating to form the familiar rainbow pattern seen when
looking at a disc. This principle can be extended to engineer a
grating with a structure such that it will produce any diffraction
pattern desired; the hologram on a credit card is an example.
5
Types of Diffraction
There are two ways in which analysis of diffraction of light is done which are
given below :
1. Fresenel Diffraction:
When diffraction of light is analysed for a light source at finite distance
from the diffracting device and point of observation or screen is also
located at finite distance from the device as show in figure 6.73, then in
such conditions mostly the diffraction analysis is done with some specific
methods called as “Fresnel’s Diffraction”.
2. Fraunhoffer Diffraction:
When diffraction is analysed for a source at very large distance from the
diffracting device and point of observation or screen is also at very large
distance from the device as shown in figure 6.74, then in such conditions
mostly the diffraction analysis is done with some specific methods called
as “Fraunhoffer Diffraction”
EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF
DIFFRACTION
Requirements: Two Razor Blade, One glass electric Bulb, Filter, Black
Paper
Procedure:
forefingers as shown in
black paper.
b) Keep the slit parallel to the filament of the bulb which plays the role
of first slit, right in front of eye.
d) As the position of the bands (except the central one) depends on the
wavelength, they will show some colours. e) Use a filter for red and blue to
make fringes clearer, Compare the fringes.
compared to blue.
experiment. Don’t use sunlight instead of the bulb as sun also produces
*By repeating the above experiment with aluminium foil we can easily
Therefore the above result can be generalised for every dark fringe as :
The angle theta is the angle from the central axis to any point on that
circular minimum.
Intensity curve
The equation below tells us intensity at an angle theta from the
priciple line
𝑠i𝑛𝑎 2
𝐼(𝜃) = 𝐼𝑚 ( )
𝑎
Where, 𝑎=∅= 𝜋𝑎 sin 𝜃
2
Note that as the slit width increases (relative to the wavelength), the
width of the central diffraction maximum (the central hill like region of
the graphs) decreases; that is the ligth undergoes less flaring by the slit.
The secondary maxima also decrease in width .
Bibiliography
Websites:
1. www.wikipedia .org
2. www.physics.usyd.edu.au
Books:
&Resnick)