Communication transmission of thoughts from one mind to others Levels of Communication:
*Intrapersonal - takes place within a single person Sender The person giving out information; encodes the message - purpose: clarifying and/or analyzing a situation Message The information being communicated Internal discourse Thinking, concentration, and analysis Medium The format where the information is conveyed Solo Vocal communication Talking to oneself Listener The person receiving the information; interprets the message Solo Written Communication Writing not intended for others Feedback The reaction given by the receiver Interference Barriers in the communication process *Interpersonal - involves a direct face-to-face relationship from sender to receiver *Internal Interference - hunger / wandering thoughts Dyadic Communication Involves two people *External Interference - noise Small group discussion Involves three or more persons Public Communication Involves a large group of people; one-way communication Communication skills: - Listening Mass Communication Through television, radio, news, books, etc. - Straight talking - Stress Management According to Martin Joos (1959), there are several types of speech style of communicating, to which - Emotion Control these are: - Non-verbal Communication Intimate Non-public speech; uses private vocabulary
Linear: Speaker -> Listener Casual Speech style used to friends
- No feedback Consultativ Two-way participation; used among people who do not share common - One-way process; e experiences - Speaker encodes the message, Listener decodes Formal Used for imparting information Interactive Speaker -> Listener; Listener -> Speaker Frozen A formal style whose quality is static, ritualistic, and may even be archaic - Has feedback - a two-way communication process Speech Act - an utterance that serves a function in communication Transactional Speaker -> Speaker; Speaker <- Speaker - Has all parties involved Types of Speech Acts: Locutionary Speech Act When speaker performs an utterance Types of Communication: *Utterance - when something is said and may not have meaning *Propositional - where a particular reference is made Verbal - uses words, spoken, or written Illocutionary Speech Act The performance of the act of saying something with specific Formal Uses pre-defined words to transmit information intention Informal Does not follow a pre-defined channel to transmit information Oral Face-to-face communication Communication Strategies - plans/ways/means of sharing information ^lectures, phone calls Nomination Presenting a particular topic clearly, truthfully, and saying what's relevant Written ^letters, E-mails, SMS Restriction Constraining the response/reaction within a set of categories Turn-taking Recognizing when and how to speak because it's one's turn Non-verbal - sending of messages without using words; uses signals; hand -signals Topic Control Keeping the interaction going by asking questions and eliciting a response Chronemics Punctuality/speed Repair Overcoming communication breakdowns to send more comprehensive Vocalics Volume/tone/pitch messages Haptics Touch Termination Using verbal and non-verbal signals to end the interaction Kinesis Gestures/posture/facial expressions Proxemics Distance between the speaker and the listener 4 basic purposes of speeches: - To inform Artifacts Clothing/lifestyle/fashion - To instruct - To entertain 7C's of Effective Communication: - To persuade Clear Make objectives clear TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO PURPOSE: Concise Straight to the point Informative Serves to provide interesting and useful information to your Concrete Be specific audience Correct Avoid typos Demonstrative Speeches Teaches you with something including a demo Coherent Make your message have any sense Persuasive Works to convince people to change in some way Complete Contains everything Entertaining Where the speaker provides enjoyment to the audience Courteous Be polite 4 TYPES OF SPEECH DELIVERY: Manuscript Used as a reference during speeches Intellectual Communication The communication "between" people from different backgrounds Memorization Involves memorizing a speech word for word Enculturation One learns the traditional content of a culture and its practices and values Impromptu Speeches with little to no time of preparation Ethnocentrism Believing that "one" of your own race is better than others Extemporaneous Has more preparation time than impromptu Stereotyping One's thought about someone that is wrong PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE SPEECH DELIVERY FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATIONS: Articulation Pronouncing words or speaking with clear diction Regulation and Control Control others by managing their behaviour Modulation Capability to adjust vocal tone Social Interaction Allows people to be connected with one another Stage presence The ability to own the stage Motivation When one wants to persuade one's thoughts or actions Facial Expressions, gestures, and w/o these speaker may be judged as boring Information Enables one to get to know and understand the world movements Emotional Expression Appeal to one's feelings and emotions Audience Appeal Able to appeal and connect to the audience
Informative Serves to provide interesting and useful information to your audience Demonstrative Teaches you with something including a demo Speeches Persuasive Works to convince people to change in some way Entertaining Where the speaker provides enjoyment to the audience
TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO MANNER OF DELIVERY
Manuscript Used as a reference during speeches Memorization Involves memorizing a speech word for word Impromptu Speeches with little to no time of preparation Extemporaneous Has more preparation time than impromptu makes it hard to make a mistake
PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE SPEECH DELIVERY
Articulation Pronouncing words or speaking with clear diction Modulation Capability to adjust vocal tone Stage presence The ability to own the stage Facial Expressions, gestures, and w/o these speaker may be judged as boring movements Audience Appeal Able to appeal and connect to the audience
PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH WRITING: ANALYZING THE AUDIENCE
Audience analysis studies your audience along three primary dimensions: Demographic Audience Aims to discover who you are speaking to Analysis Psychological Audience Aims to discover what your audience may be thinking before and Analysis during your presentation Contextual Audience Aims to discover how the speaking event itself may influence your Analysis audience's state of mind