1.

Computer-aided process planning is a link between design and manufacturing in a computer-

integrated manufacturing (CIM) environment. Commonly used by manufacturing engineers,
CAPP can be used to develop a product manufacturing plan based on projected variables
such as cost, lead times, equipment availability, production volumes, potential material
substitution routings and testing requirements. The process-planning problem comes out as a
rigid hierarchical structure of tasks where the lowest levels are well-defined tasks, such as
determination of machine and cutting parameters, while the top levels control, coordinate and
manage the entire system. Such a top-down manner of coordination makes it a tightly
coupled distributed decision-making situation. The complexity of CIM systems with
hierarchical structures grows rapidly with the size of the system, making them very
expensive. Also, assimilating a large array of knowledge sources to plan the activities is a
major hurdle.
2. In this case the CAP system in cooperation with manufacturing execution system MES,
which collects production data just from PLC’s controllers, communicates with CAPP
system in the feedback loop and sends a set of the product intermediate states. Base on this
description the CAPP system redesign a manufacturing process plan taking into account the
current product state. In the paper the modified functional model of the technological process
plan and the method of product intermediate states are presented. Moreover the proposal of
the functional schema of the integrated CAD/CAPP/CAP environment is shown.
3. The two major parts of quality control are inspection and testing, which are traditionally
performed manually with the help of gages, measuring devices and the testing apparatus.
The two major parts of computer aided quality control are computer aided inspection
(CAI) and computer aided testing (CAT).
CAI and CAT are performed by using the latest computer automation and sensor
technology. CAI and CAT are the standalone systems and without them the full potential
of CAQC cannot be achieved.
The main objectives of the CAQC are to improve the quality of the product, increase the
productivity in the inspection process and reduce the lead times in manufacturing.
4. Computer-Aided design (CAD) is a computer technology that designs a product and
documents the design's process. CAD may facilitate the manufacturing process by
transferring detailed diagrams of a product’s materials, processes, tolerances and dimensions
with specific conventions for the product in question. It can be used to produce either two-
dimensional or three-dimensional diagrams, which can then when rotated to be viewed from
any angle, even from the inside looking out.
5. Computer aided design and drafting (CADD) is a subfield of engineering which deals with
the design and drafting of objects and materials through the use of specialized software that
visualizes designs as modular 3D computer models.

Computer aided design (CAD) software is used for creating the 3D models complete with
detailed documentation such as dimensions, materials used and even details the design
process.

6. The system which is essentially an information system consisting of logical procedures for
managing inventories of component assemblies, subassemblies, parts, and raw materials in a
manufacturing environment is known as Material Requirement Planning (MRP). Generally,
the product which is to be manufactured consists of many components that may be produced
from different engineering materials. The materials have to be ordered with sufficient lead
time for meeting the completion date for a product. Accurate calculations are to be done for
meeting the due dates set by marketing. For calculating the lead time of raw material, a
considerable amount of experience is needed. The planner must be acquainted with the
material, component suppliers, and production capabilities of the company. The
determination of actual production requirement is a tedious task and is difficult in the firms
that have thousands of finished goods assembled from many subassemblies and piece parts.
A technique called MRP combined with a computer has simplified this process. The process
of developing the detailed production plan is called MRP. Information on the right quality,
right parts, and the correct timing for production, raw material, and components are given by
the MRP
7. Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) refers to the use of computer-controlled
machineries and automation systems in manufacturing products. CIM combines various
technologies like computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)
to provide an error-free manufacturing process that reduces manual labor and automates
repetitive tasks. The CIM approach increases the speed of the manufacturing process and
uses real-time sensors and closed-loop control processes to automate the manufacturing
process. It is widely used in the automotive, aviation, space and ship-building industries.
8. A flexible manufacturing system (FMS) is a production method that is designed to easily
adapt to changes in the type and quantity of the product being manufactured. Machines
and computerized systems can be configured to manufacture a variety of parts and handle
changing levels of production.
9. Flexible manufacturing cell - Consists of two or three processing stations plus a parts
handling system connected to a load/unload station. •Flexible manufacturing system - Four or
more processing workstations connected mechanically by a common parts handling system
and electronically by a distributed computer system. Differences between FMC and FMS 
Number of machines: a FMC has two or three machines, while a FMS has four or more. 
FMS generally includes non-processing workstations that support production but do not
directly participate in it (e.g., part/pallet washing stations, coordinate measuring machines) 
Computer control system of a FMS is generally larger and more sophisticated, often
including functions not always found in a cell, such as diagnostics and tool monitoring.
10. A flexible assembly system (FAS) is a fully integrated production system consisting of
computer numerically controlled assembly stations, connected by an automated material
handling system, all under the control of a central computer. A FAS is capable of
simultaneously assemble a variety of product types in small to medium-sized batches and at
high rate comparable to that of conventional transfer lines designed for high volume/low
variety manufacture .
11. Direct numerical control (DNC) is the process of controlling a machine tool or other device
by sending it specific numerical commands to achieve the desired result. DNC systems
typically send these commands from a computer, which can be located anywhere in the
world. This makes it possible to operate machines in locations where on-site operators are
unavailable.
12. Data acquisition systems, shortened to DAS or DAQ, are systems designed to convert analog
waveforms into digital values, so that they can be used for processing. In other words, they
take abstract data and record it in such a way that humans can interpret it and use it.
13.