GENERAL CHEMISTRY

P R I N C I P L E S A N D M O D E R N A P P L I C AT I O N S
ELEVENTH EDITION

PETRUCCI HERRING MADURA BISSONNETTE

CHAPTER 1
Matter: Its Properties and Measurement

Yasemin ÇELİK, Ph.D.

ESKISEHIR TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

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Matter: Its Properties
and Measurement CONTENTS

1-1 The Scientific Method

1-2 Properties of Matter

1-3 Classification of Matter

Measurement of Matter: SI (Metric)

1-4
Units
Density and Percent Composition:
1-5
Their Use in Problem Solving
Uncertainties in Scientific
1-6
Measurements

1-7 Significant Figures

General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

Mastering the principles of chemistry requires a systematic
approach to the subject:

- Asking the right questions

- Designing the right experiments to supply the answers
- Formulating plausible (meaningful) explanations of their findings
The Illustration of Scientific Method
1-2 Properties of Matter
CHEMISTRY
The study of …

Composition – Structure – Properties-

what’s in it? how is it E.g., boiling point,
E.g., water is 2 parts assembled? density,
Hydrogen and 1 part flammability
E.g., crystals
Oxygen

… of matter and the changes it undergoes.

1-2 Properties of Matter
Chemistry is the science that deals with the
composition, structure and properties of matter.

Matter: Occupies space, has mass and inertia

Composition: Parts or components and their relative

proportions
ex. H2O, 11.19% H and 88.81% O by mass

Properties: Distinguishing features

physical and chemical properties
Physical and Chemical Properties
A physical property is one that can be observed without
changing the composition of a substance.

e.g., freezing of water

A chemical property describes a chemical change

(chemical reaction) that a substance undergoes. The key
to identifying a chemical change is to observe a change
in composition .

e.g., burning of paper

1-3 Classification of Matter
• Matter is made up of atoms.
• Each different type of atom is the building block of a different
chemical element.
• 118 elements (that IUPAC recognizes).
• About 90% available from natural sources
• Compounds are comprised of two or more elements.
• Molecule is the smallest unit of a compound.

(a blood protein) (19,996 atoms)

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At molecular level, an element consists of atoms of a
single type and a compound consists of two or more
different types of atoms, usually joined into molecules.

• The composition and properties of an element or a

compound are uniform throughout a given sample
and does not vary from one sample to another.

• Elements and compounds are called substances.

 1-3 Classification of Matter
If a matter cannot be separated by a physical process, it is a substance.
• A substance has a definite or fixed composition that does not
vary from one sample to another.
• All substances are either elements or compounds.
• An element cannot be broken down into other simpler
substances by chemical reactions.
– Each element has a chemical symbol: O, H, Ag, Fe, Cl, S,
Hg, Au, U, etc.
• A compound is made up of two or more elements in fixed
proportions, and can be broken down into simpler substances
by a chemical process.
– Carbon dioxide, sodium chloride, sucrose (sugar), etc.

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 1-3 Classification of Matter
If a matter can be separated by a physical process, then it is a mixture.
• A mixture -combination of two or more substances- does not have a
fixed composition.
• air, milk, cement, etc.
• A homogeneous mixture is uniform in composition and properties
throughout, but the composition of different homogeneous mixtures
may vary.
• salt water, 14K gold, plastics
• 10K gold and 14K gold have different compositions but both are
homogeneous.
• A heterogeneous mixture varies in composition and/or properties
from one part of the mixture to another (components are physically
separated).
• Sand and water
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A classification scheme for matter
Separating Mixtures: by a physical process

Filtration
Distillation

Chromatography Chromatography
 Decomposing Compounds: requires chemical changes

A chemical change: decomposition of ammonium dichromate

• The extraction of iron from iron oxide ores requires a blast furnace

• The industrial production of pure Mg from magnesium chloride requires electricity.

States of Matter

GAS

SOLID

LIQUID

Macroscopic and microscopic views of matter (three states of water)

 The six types of phase changes:

1) Conversion of a solid to a liquid is: Melting

2) Conversion of a liquid to a solid is: Freezing
3) Conversion of a liquid to a gas is: Evaporation
4) Conversion of a gas to a liquid is: Condensation
5) Conversion of a solid to a gas is: Sublimation

6) Conversion of a gas to a solid is: Deposition

1-4 Measurement of Matter: SI (Metric) Units
• Chemistry is a quantitative science.

• All measurements contain two essential pieces of

information:
a number (the quantitative piece)
a unit (the qualitative piece)

The number 4000 is somewhat meaningless without units.

Consider this for one’s wages:

TL per week
TL per month which is preferable?!
Slayt 17

PD4 This table needs to be replaced with table in the new colour scheme.
Philip Dutton; 3.03.2010
 The Measurement of Matter
Measurement = Number + Unit
The commonly used scientific system of measurement is called Système
Internationale d’Unités (International System of Units) and is abbreviated SI.

PD4
Slayt 18

PD4 This table needs to be replaced with table in the new colour scheme.
Philip Dutton; 3.03.2010
• SI is a decimal system, uses
exponentional notation of
numbers («Powers of ten»)

• Quantities differing from the base unit

by powers of ten are noted by the use
of prefixes.

• Examples:
kilo: 103
1 kilometer = 1000 meters
1 km = 1000 m

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SI and non-SI Units Compared

1 Imperial qt
1.136 L

1 US qt
1L
0.936 L

1 kg 1 lb 1 in 1 cm

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Mass
• Mass is the quantity of matter in an object.
• In SI, the standard of mass is 1 kg.
• Weight is the force of gravity on an object.
Wm W=gm

acceleration due to
gravity

The weight of an object varies from place to place;

however, its mass is the same in all locations.

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Time

• The SI base unit of time is the second (s).

• Smaller units of time include the millisecond (ms),
microsecond (µs), and nanosecond (ns).
• Larger units of time usually are expressed in the
nontraditional units of minutes, hours, days, and years.

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 Temperature
• Temperature is the property that tells us the direction of heat flow.

• The SI base unit of temperature is the kelvin (K).

- Lowest possible temperature (absolute zero)  0 K
- There are no negative values in Kelvin scale

• We often use the Celsius scale (C) for scientific work.

‫ ٭‬On the Celsius scale, 0 C is the freezing point of water, and 100
C is the boiling point of water, and the interval between is divided
into 100 equal parts called Celcius degrees.

• The Fahrenheit scale (F) is most commonly encountered in U.S.

‫ ٭‬On the Fahrenheit scale, freezing and boiling points of water are 32
F and 212 F, respectively, and the interval between is divided
into 180 equal parts called Fahrenheit degrees. Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.
Temperature

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Derived units
• The base unit of length is the meter.
Common derived units include:
kilometer: 1km= 103 m = 1000 m;
centimeter 1cm= 10-2m = 0.01 m and
millimeter 1mm =10-3m =0.001 m
• The derived unit of area is the square meter (m2) – an
area one meter on a side.
Area (m2): 1 cm2 = (10-2 m)2 =10-4 m2
• Velocity = Distance/Time = m.s-1

• Some derived units have special names:

Pascal: kg.m-1.s-2
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 Derived Units
Volume

• The derived unit of volume

(space taken up by an object)
is the cubic meter (m3).
• A very common unit of
SI standard
unit of volume, not SI but still used,
volume is the liter (L).
• The milliliter (mL; 0.001 L)
is also used, as is the cubic
centimeter (cm3).
• 1 mL = 1 cm3.
• 1L = 1000 cm3

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SI Units Non-SI Units
Length meter, m Length Angstrom, Å, 10-8 cm
Mass Kilogram, kg Volume Liter, L, 10-3 m3
Time second, s Energy Calorie, cal, 4.184 J
Temperature Kelvin, K Pressure
Quantity Mole, 6.022×1023 mol-1 1 Atm = 1.064 × 102 kPa
1 Atm = 760 mm Hg

Derived Units
Force Newton, kg m s-2
Pressure Pascal, kg m-1 s-2
Energy Joule, kg m2 s-2

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1.5. Density and Percent Composition:
Their use in problem solving

Density is the ratio of mass per unit volume of a substance

mass m g g g
d   ; units d  or or
Volume V cm 3 mL L

Mass and volume are extensive properties -

dependent on quantity of matter
Density is an intensive property - independent of
amount of the substance
(density of pure water at RT has a unique value)
 Density is a function of temperature, because volume varies with
temperature, whereas mass remains constant.

Density of water at 4C is 1 g/ml, at 20C is 0.9982 g/ml.

 Density is also affected by the state of matter. In general, solids

are denser than liquids and both are denser than gases.

 A solid that is insoluble and floats on a liquid is less dense than

the liquid, and it displaces a mass of liquid equal to its own mass.

 An insoluble solid that sinks to the bottom of a liquid is more

dense than the liquid and displaces a volume of liquid equal to its
own volume.
 Density in Conversion Pathways
What is the mass of a cube of osmium that is 1.25 inches on
each side?

Have volume, need density = 22.59 g/cm3

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Slayt 31

PD1 Replace figure, density value is wrong

Philip Dutton; 3.03.2010
Percent Composition as a Conversion Factor

Percent : per centum (Latin Word)

% (Percent) - number of parts of a constituent in 100 parts

of a whole

Eg: 3.5% salt in sea water by mass

3.5 g salt and 100 g sea water

100g sea water 3.5 g salt

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1-6 Uncertainties in Scientific Measurements
• Random errors
Limitation in reading a scale.
• Systematic errors
Thermometer is constantly 2C low.

Systematic errors influence the accuracy of a

measurement, while random errors influence the
precision.
 1-6 Uncertainties in Scientific Measurements
• Precision refers to how closely individual scientific measurements
agree with one another (reproducibility of a measurement).
• Accuracy refers to how close a measured value is to the accepted
or actual value.

High precision values are not always accurate!

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1-7 Significant Figures

The number of significant figures in a measured quantity gives an indication of

the precision of the measurement.
Significant figures - the meaningful digits in a measured or calculated quantity.
1-7 Significant Figures
• All non-zero digits are significant
• Zeros are also significant except:
- Preceding (before) the decimal point
- Following (after) the decimal point but preceding
(before) the first non-zero digit are non-significant

Ex. how many significant figures are present in 0.002010 ?

After the decimal point, before the
1st nonzero digit not significant
Before the decimal
point not significant
0.002010 After the decimal point, after the
1st nonzero digit significant

Nonzero digits significant

ANSWER: 0.002010  4 significant figures

1-7 Significant Figures

Figure 1-11
Determining the number of significant figures in a quantity

General Chemistry: Chapter 1 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

1-7 Significant Figures
0.008  1 sign. fig 206.0  4 sign. fig.
407  3 sign. fig. 1.090  4 sign. fig.
400  UNCERTAIN!
The case of terminal zeros that precede the decimal point in quantities
greater than one is ambiguous.
• use exponential notation (powers of 10) to
400 3 sign. fig. specify sign. fig.

4×102 4.0×102 4.00×102

1 sign. fig. 2 sign. fig. 3 sign. fig.
1-7 Significant Figures in Numerical Calculations
 The result of multiplication or division may contain only as many
significant figures as the least precisely known quantity in the
calculation.
14.79 cm x 12.11 cm x 5.05 cm=904 cm3
(4 sig. fig.) (4 sig. fig.) (3 sig. fig.) (3 sig. fig.)

 The result of addition or subtraction must be expressed with the

same number of digits beyond the decimal point as the quantity
carrying the smallest number of such digits, to the right of its
decimal point.
15.02 g
9986.0 g
 3.518 g
10,004.538 g
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