Chapter 4

☼☼REVISION BATCH NOTES FOR CLASS XII BOARD EXAMS FOR SESSION 2023-2024 ☼☼
☼☼☼☼☼☼☼☼☼☼☼☼☼PREPARED BY: SATISH KUMAR SIR☼☼☼☼☼☼☼☼☼☼☼

®
☼S.KUMAR☼ PHYSICS CLASSES SYMBOL OF EXCELLENCE
8368037835 7503449542
CLASS XII REVISION BATCH

CHAPTER–4
MOVING CHARGES & MAGNETISM
Magnetic Field Case: II: If the charged particle remains stationary inside
the magnetic field, then 𝑣 = 0
It is the space around a magnet or a current carrying ∴
conductor in which its magnetic effect is experienced. 𝑭=0
Case: III: If the charged particle moves along the direction
of magnetic field, then 𝜃 = 0º
Force acting on a Charged ∴ 𝑭=0
Particle Moving in a Magnetic Case: IV: If the charged particle moves opposite to the
Field (Lorentz Force) direction of magnetic field, then 𝜃 = 180º
∴
𝑭=0
Case: V: If the charged particle moves perpendicular to the
direction of magnetic field, then 𝜃 = 90º
∴
𝑭𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝒒𝒗𝑩
The force acting on a charged particle moving in a magnetic

field is:
(i) directly proportional to the magnitude of the Unit and Dimensional Formula of
charge of the particle i.e. 𝐹 ∝ 𝑞 ……….(i)
(ii) directly proportional to the component of the velocity of Magnetic Field
particle perpendicular to the magnetic field i.e. We know that
𝐹 ∝ 𝑣 sin 𝜃 ……….(ii) 𝐹 = 𝑞𝑣𝐵 sin 𝜃
(iii) directly proportional to the magnitude of the magnetic 𝐹
field i.e. 𝐹 ∝ 𝐵 ……….(iii) 𝐵=
𝑞𝑣 sin 𝜃
Combining equations (i), (ii) & (iii) 𝑁 𝑁 𝑵
𝐹 ∝ 𝑞𝑣𝐵 sin 𝜃 Unit of 𝐵 = 𝑚 = 𝑚 = 𝑨 𝒎 or 𝐓𝐞𝐬𝐥𝐚 (𝑻)
or 𝐹 = 𝐾𝑞𝑣𝐵 sin 𝜃 𝐶 𝐴𝑠
𝑠 𝑠
where 𝐾 = constant = 1 [MLT −2 ]
∴ Dimensional Formula of 𝐵 = = [𝐌𝐓−𝟐 𝐀−𝟏 ]
𝑭 = 𝒒𝒗𝑩 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 [A][L]
or
⃗𝑭 = 𝒒(𝒗
⃗ × ⃗𝑩
⃗)
The direction of 𝐹 ⃗⃗⃗ is along the direction of (𝑣
⃗⃗⃗ × Definition of Magnetic Field
⃗ )which is determined from right handed screw rule.
𝐵 We know that
Here 𝐹 = 𝑞𝑣𝐵 sin 𝜃
𝐹
 𝐹 and 𝑣 are always perpendicular to each other. 𝐵=
 𝐹 and 𝐵⃗ are always perpendicular to each other. 𝑞𝑣 sin 𝜃
If 𝑞 = 1 C, 𝑣 = 1 m/s and 𝜃 = 90º
Case: I: If an uncharged particle (e.g. neutron) moves in the Then |𝐵| = |𝐹|
magnetic field, then 𝑞 = 0 i.e. if a particle having 1 C charge moves with velocity 1 m/s
∴ perpendicular to a magnetic field then the magnitude of
𝑭=0
®
☼S. KUMAR☼ PHYSICS CLASSES (SYMBOL OF EXCELLENCE) [XI, XII, NEET & JEE]
8368037835 7503449542 SH-55, SHASTRI NAGAR, GHAZIABAD Page 1
magnetic field is equal to the magnitude of force that the first finger is in the direction of magnetic field,
experienced by the particle. central finger is in the direction of velocity of positive
charged particle (or electric current flowing in a conductor)
Work done by the Lorentz Force then the thumb will represent the direction of force acting on
the particle (or conductor).
on a Charged Particle Note: For the negatively charged particle the direction of
We know that the Lorentz force 𝐹 and velocity 𝑣 of the force will be opposite to that the rule gives for positively
charged particle.
charged particle are always perpendicular to each other as
shown in figure.
Since the displacement (𝑆) of the charged particle is in the

direction of velocity (𝑣 ) therefore angle between 𝐹 and 𝑆
will be 90º as shown in figure.
Right Hand Thumb Rule

Hence the work done by the Lorentz force
This rule is used to determine the direction of magnetic field
𝑊=𝐹 ⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐹𝑆 cos 900
⃗⃗⃗ • 𝑆
lines produced around a current carrying conductor.
𝑾=𝟎 If we imagine a linear conductor to be held in the
grip of right hand such that the thumb is in the direction of
current then the curvature of fingers will represent the
direction of magnetic field lines around the
Force acting on a Charged conductor.
Particle Moving in a Region of

Electric and Magnetic Fields
(Another Case of Lorentz Force): In this case, the charged
particle experiences two forces:
Force due to electric field 𝐹𝑒 = 𝑞𝐸⃗
Force due to magnetic field 𝐹𝑚 = 𝑞(𝑣 × 𝐵 ⃗)
The resultant (vector sum) of these forces is called Lorentz Right Hand Palm Rule
force. This rule is used to determine the direction of magnetic field
∴ Lorentz force produced at any point due to a current carrying conductor.
⃗ =𝑭
𝑭 ⃗ 𝒆+𝑭 ⃗𝒎
If we stretch our right hand such that the thumb is
perpendicular to the fingers and the thumb is in the direction
of electric current and the fingers towards the point at which
the direction of magnetic field is to be determined then the
magnetic field will be normally outwards the palm.
Fleming’s Left Hand Rule
This rule is used to determine the direction of force acting
on:
(i) a charged particle moving perpendicular to a magnetic
field
(ii) a current carrying conductor held perpendicular to a
magnetic field.
If we stretch the first finger, central finger and the thumb
of our left hand mutually perpendicular to each other such
®
Magnetic Permeability ⃗⃗⃗ is assumed along the direction of
 The direction of 𝑑𝑙
It is the ability of a medium to permit the magnetic field current and the direction of 𝑟 is assumed away from the
lines through it and is denoted by µ. conductor and towards the point P.
Relation between µ𝟎 and 𝜺𝟎

Relative Magnetic Permeability We know that
The relative magnetic permeability of a medium is defined µ0
= 10−7 … . . (𝐢)
as the ratio of magnetic permeability of medium (µ𝑚 ) to the 4𝜋
magnetic permeability of air (µ0). It is denoted by µ𝑟 . 1
and = 9 × 109 … (𝐢𝐢)
µ𝒎 4𝜋𝜀0
µ𝒓 = (i) / (ii)
µ𝟎 µ0 10−7 1
= =
1 9 × 10 9 9 × 1016
4𝜋 ×
4𝜋𝜀0
Biot-Savart’s Law µ0 𝜀0 =
1
This law is used for determining the magnetic field due to a (3 × 108 )2
8
small element of current carrying conductor. But 3 × 10 = 𝑐 (speed of light)
𝟏
∴ µ𝟎 𝜺𝟎 =
𝒄𝟐
Magnetic Field at the Centre of

Current Carrying Circular Coil
Consider a circular coil of radius 𝑟 as shown in figure.
Let 𝑖 = current flowing in the coil
According to this law, the magnetic field (𝑑𝐵) due to a small
element of length (𝑑𝑙) at a distance (𝑟) is:
(i) directly proportional to the current (𝑖) in the element i.e.
𝑑𝐵 ∝ 𝑖 ……. (i)
(ii) directly proportional to the length (dl) of the element
i.e.
𝑑𝐵 ∝ 𝑑𝑙 …… (ii)
(iii) directly proportional to the sine of angle 𝜃 i.e.
𝑑𝐵 ∝ sin 𝜃 ……. (iii) We have to determine the magnetic field at the centre of
(iv) inversely proportional to the square of distance (𝑟) of the coil. For this we consider a small element XY of the coil
the point from the element i.e. having length 𝑑𝑙 as shown in figure.
1
𝑑𝐵 ∝ 𝑟 2 ……… (iv) According to Biot-Savart’s law, magnetic field at the
Combining equations (i), (ii), (iii) & (iv) centre O of the coil due to the element
𝑖 𝑑𝑙 sin 𝜃 µ0 𝑖 𝑑𝑙 sin 𝜃 µ0 𝑖 𝑑𝑙 sin 900 µ0 𝑖 𝑑𝑙
𝑑𝐵 ∝ 𝑑𝐵 = 2
= 2
=
𝑟2 4𝜋 𝑟 4𝜋 𝑟 4𝜋 𝑟 2
Total magnetic field at the centre of the circular coil
µ𝟎 𝒊 𝒅𝒍 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 2𝜋𝑟
µ0 𝑖 𝑑𝑙 µ0 𝑖 2𝜋𝑟
𝒅𝑩 = 𝐵=∫ = ∫ 𝑑𝑙
𝟒𝝅 𝒓𝟐 0 4𝜋 𝑟 2 4𝜋 𝑟 2 0
µ0 µ0 𝑖 µ0 𝑖 µ0 𝑖
where = 10−7 = [𝑙]2𝜋𝑟
0 = [2𝜋𝑟 − 0] = 2𝜋𝑟
4𝜋 4𝜋 𝑟 2 4𝜋 𝑟 2 4𝜋 𝑟 2
µ0 𝑖 𝑑𝑙 r sin 𝜃
𝑑𝐵 = µ𝟎 𝒊
4𝜋 𝑟 2 𝑟 𝑩=
𝟐 𝒓
⃗⃗⃗⃗ × ⃗𝒓)
µ𝟎 𝒊 (𝒅𝒍
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =
𝒅𝑩  If 𝑛 = number of turns in the coil
𝟒𝝅 𝒓𝟑
Then
µ𝟎 𝒏𝒊
𝑩=
𝟐 𝒓
®
Magnetic Field at the Centre of µ𝟎 𝒊 𝒓𝟐
𝑩=
the Sector of Current Carrying 𝟐 (𝒓𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 )𝟑/𝟐
Circular Coil If 𝑛 = number of turns in the coil
Then µ𝟎 𝒏𝒊 𝒓𝟐
𝑩=
µ𝟎 𝒊 𝟐 (𝒓𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 )𝟑/𝟐
𝑩= 𝜽
𝟒𝝅 𝒓
Magnetic Field at any Point due

to a Current Carrying Straight
Magnetic Field at any Point on Conductor
the Axis of a Current Carrying Consider a straight conductor MN carrying a current 𝑖 as
Circular Coil shown in figure.
Let 𝑟 = radius of the coil
𝑖 = current flowing in the coil
𝑥 = distance of the point P from the centre O of the coil
where the magnetic field is to be determined.
Consider two small elements AB and CD each of length 𝑑𝑙
as shown in figure.
Let P be the point where the magnetic field is to be

determined. The perpendicular distance of the point P from
the conductor is 𝑎.
Consider a small element XY of length 𝑑𝑙 of the
conductor as shown in figure.
Magnetic field at point P due to the element AB According to Biot-Savart’s law, magnetic field at point P
µ0 𝑖 𝑑𝑙 sin 900 µ0 𝑖 𝑑𝑙 due to the element
𝑑𝐵1 = = µ0 𝑖 𝑑𝑙 sin 𝜃
4𝜋 (√𝑟 2 + 𝑥 2 )2 4𝜋 (𝑟 2 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝐵 = … … … … (𝐢)
4𝜋 𝑟2
Similarly, magnetic field at point P due to the element CD In Δ PCO,
µ0 𝑖 𝑑𝑙 θ + ϕ + 900 = 1800
𝑑𝐵2 =
4𝜋 (𝑟 2 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝜃 = 900 − 𝜙
∴ 𝑑𝐵1 = 𝑑𝐵2 𝑎 𝑎
cos 𝜙 = ⇒ 𝑟=
𝑑𝐵1 and 𝑑𝐵2 can be resolved into their horizontal and 𝑟 cos 𝜙
vertical components. The vertical components 𝑑𝐵1 cos 𝜙 𝑟 = 𝑎 sec 𝜙
and 𝑑𝐵2 cos 𝜙, being equal in magnitude and opposite in 𝑙
directions, will cancel out each other. But the horizontal tan 𝜙 = ⇒ 𝑙 = 𝑎 tan 𝜙
𝑎
components 𝑑𝐵1 sin 𝜙 and 𝑑𝐵2 sin 𝜙 , being in the same differentiating 𝑙 with respect to ϕ
direction can be added together. 𝑑𝑙
∴ Net magnetic field at point P = 𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜙
𝑑𝜙
2𝜋𝑟
µ0 𝑖 𝑑𝑙 𝑟 𝑑𝑙 = 𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜙 𝑑𝜙
𝐵 = ∫ 𝑑𝐵1 sin 𝜙 = ∫
0
2 2
4𝜋 (𝑟 + 𝑥 ) √𝑟 + 𝑥 2
2 Putting the values of θ, r and 𝑑𝑙 in equation (i)
µ0 𝑖𝑟 2𝜋𝑟
µ0 𝑖𝑟 µ0 𝑖𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝜙 𝑑𝜙 sin(900 − 𝜙)
= ∫ 𝑑𝑙 = [𝑙]2𝜋𝑟 𝑑𝐵 =
4𝜋 2 2
3 4𝜋 2 2
3 0 4𝜋 𝑎2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜙
(𝑟 + 𝑥 )2 0 (𝑟 + 𝑥 )2 µ0 𝑖 cos 𝜙 𝑑𝜙
µ0 𝑖𝑟 𝑑𝐵 =
= [2𝜋𝑟 − 0] 4𝜋 𝑎
4𝜋 (𝑟 + 𝑥 2 )3/2
2
Net magnetic field at point P
®
+𝜙2
µ0 𝑖 cos 𝜙 𝑑𝜙 µ0 𝑖 µ0 𝑖
𝐵=∫ =
+𝜙
[sin 𝜙]−𝜙12 𝐵= [sin 00 + sin 00 ]
−𝜙1 4𝜋 𝑎 4𝜋 𝑎 4𝜋 𝑎
µ0 𝑖
= [sin 𝜙2 − sin(−𝜙1 )] 𝑩=𝟎
4𝜋 𝑎
µ𝟎 𝒊 It shows that the magnetic field at any point on the axis of a
𝑩= [𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝓𝟏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝓𝟐 ] current carrying conductor is zero.
𝟒𝝅 𝒂
Case: I : When the conductor is of infinite length and the Force acting on a Current
point P lies near the midpoint of the conductor:
Carrying Conductor Held in a
Uniform Magnetic Field
Let
𝑙 = length of the conductor
𝐴 = area of cross section of the conductor
𝑉 = volume of the conductor = 𝐴𝑙
µ0 𝑖
𝐵= [sin 900 + sin 900 ]
4𝜋 𝑎
µ𝟎 𝒊
𝑩=
𝟐𝝅 𝒂 𝑛 = number of electrons per unit volume
𝑁 = total number of electrons in the conductor
Case: II : When the conductor is of infinite length and = 𝑛𝑉 = 𝑛𝐴𝑙
the point P lies near one end of the conductor: 𝑖 = current flowing in the conductor
𝑒 = charge of electron
𝑖
𝑣𝑑 = drift velocity of the electrons =
𝐴𝑛𝑒
𝐵 = magnetic field in which the conductor is placed
𝜃 = angle between the axis of the conductor and the
magnetic field
From formula 𝑭 = 𝒒𝒗𝑩 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽,
Force acting on one electron
𝑓 = 𝑒𝑣𝑑 𝐵 sin(1800 − 𝜃) = 𝑒𝑣𝑑 𝐵 sin 𝜃
Force acting on all the electrons / Force acting on the
conductor
µ0 𝑖 𝐹 = 𝑁𝑓 = 𝑛𝐴𝑙 𝑒𝑣𝑑 𝐵 sin 𝜃
𝐵= [sin 00 + sin 900] 𝑖
4𝜋 𝑎 = 𝑛𝐴𝑙 𝑒 𝐵 sin 𝜃
𝐴𝑛𝑒
µ𝟎 𝒊
𝑩= 𝑭 = 𝒊𝒍𝑩 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝟒𝝅 𝒂
In vector form
Case: III : When the point P lies on the axis of the ⃗𝑭 = 𝒊(𝒍 × ⃗𝑩
⃗)
conductor:
The direction 𝑙 is taken along the direction of current.
Force acting between Two

Parallel Current Carrying
Conductors
Case: I : When the currents flow in the same direction:
®
Let
𝑖1 , 𝑖2 = currents in the conductors
Definition of 1 Ampere
𝑟 = distance between the conductors We know that force acting between two parallel current
carrying conductors
µ𝟎 𝒊𝟏 𝒊𝟐 𝒍
𝑭=
𝟐𝝅 𝒓
If 𝑖1 , 𝑖2 = 1 A, 𝑙 = 1 m and 𝑟 = 1 m
Then
µ0
𝐹= = 2 × 10−7 N
2𝜋
Hence 1 ampere is that value of steady current, which on
flowing in each of the two parallel conductors at a distance
of 1 m from each other, produces between them a force of
Magnetic field at any point of conductor (2) due to 2 × 10−7 N per metre of their length.
conductor (1)
µ0 𝑖1
𝐵1 =
2𝜋 𝑟
Force acting on the length 𝑙 of the conductor (2) due to the Ampere’s Circuital Law
magnetic field 𝐵1 It states that the line integral of magnetic field for a closed
𝐹2 = 𝑖2 𝑙𝐵1 sin 900 loop is equal to µ0 times the total current threading by the
µ0 𝑖1 µ0 𝑖1 𝑖2 𝑙 loop.
= 𝑖2 𝑙 = … . . (𝐢) Mathematically:
2𝜋 𝑟 2𝜋 𝑟
Magnetic field at any point of conductor (1) due to ⃗ • ⃗⃗⃗⃗
∮ ⃗𝑩 𝒅𝒍 = µ𝟎 𝒊
conductor (2)
µ0 𝑖2 Proof: Consider a straight conductor of infinite length
𝐵2 =
2𝜋 𝑟 carrying an electric current 𝑖 as shown in figure.
Force acting on the length l of the conductor (1) due to the
magnetic field B2
µ0 𝑖2 µ0 𝑖1 𝑖2 𝑙
𝐹1 = 𝑖1 𝑙𝐵2 sin 900 = 𝑖1 𝑙 = … . . (𝐢𝐢)
2𝜋 𝑟 2𝜋 𝑟
From equations (i) & (ii)
µ𝟎 𝒊𝟏 𝒊𝟐 𝒍
𝑭𝟏 = 𝑭𝟐 = 𝑭 =
𝟐𝝅 𝒓
** In this case the nature of force is attractive. Let P be a point at a perpendicular distance 𝑟 from the
Case: II : When the currents flow in the opposite midpoint of the conductor.
directions: Consider an Amperean loop of radius 𝑟 around the
conductor. Let 𝑑𝑙 be the length of a small element of the
Amperean loop.
Magnetic field at point P due to the conductor
µ0 𝑖
𝐵= … … … . . (𝐢)
2𝜋 𝑟
Line integral of magnetic field for the small element
=𝐵 ⃗ • ⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 = 𝐵 𝑑𝑙 cos 00 = 𝐵 𝑑𝑙
Line integral of magnetic field for the Amperean loop
In this case, the magnitude of force remains same but the ∮𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗ = ∮ 𝐵 𝑑𝑙 = 𝐵 ∮ 𝑑𝑙
⃗ • 𝑑𝑙
nature becomes repulsive.
But ∮ 𝑑𝑙 = circumference of the Amperean loop = 2𝜋𝑟
∴ ∮𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐵 × 2𝜋𝑟
⃗ • 𝑑𝑙
Putting the value of B from equation (i)
µ0 𝑖
∮𝐵 ⃗ • ⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 = × 2𝜋𝑟
2𝜋 𝑟
⃗ • ⃗⃗⃗⃗
∮ ⃗𝑩 𝒅𝒍 = µ𝟎 𝒊
®
Applications of Ampere’s 𝑁 = total number of turns enclosed by the Amperean
loop = 𝑛𝑙
Circuital Law Line integral of magnetic field for the Amperean loop
1. Magnetic Field at any Point due to an Infinitely Long
Straight Current Carrying Conductor: Consider a ⃗ • ⃗⃗⃗
∮𝐵 ⃗ • ⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 = ∫ 𝐵 ⃗ • ⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 + ∫ 𝐵 ⃗ • ⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 + ∫ 𝐵 ⃗ • ⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 + ∫ 𝐵 𝑑𝑙
straight conductor of infinite length carrying an electric 1 2 3 4
current 𝑖 as shown in figure.
= ∫ 𝐵 𝑑𝑙 cos 00 + ∫ 𝐵 𝑑𝑙 cos 900 + ∫ 0 𝑑𝑙 cos 𝜃
1 2 3
+ ∫ 𝐵 𝑑𝑙 cos 900
4
⃗ • ⃗⃗⃗
∮𝐵 𝑑𝑙 = 𝐵 ∫ 𝑑𝑙 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 𝐵𝑙 … … . . (𝐢)
Let P be a point at a perpendicular distance 𝑟 from the 1
midpoint of the conductor. Consider an Amperean loop of According to Ampere’s circuital law,
radius 𝑟 around the conductor. Let 𝑑𝑙 be the length of a ∮𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗ = µ0 𝑁𝑖 = µ0 𝑛 𝑙 𝑖
⃗ • 𝑑𝑙 … … … . . (𝐢𝐢)
small element considered on the Amperean loop.
Line integral of magnetic field for the small element Equating equations (i) & (ii)
⃗ • ⃗⃗⃗ 𝐵𝑙 = µ0 𝑛 𝑙 𝑖
=𝐵 𝑑𝑙 = 𝐵 𝑑𝑙 cos 00 = 𝐵 𝑑𝑙
Line integral of magnetic field for the Amperean loop
𝑩 = µ𝟎 𝒏 𝒊
⃗⃗⃗ = ∮ 𝐵 𝑑𝑙 = 𝐵 ∮ 𝑑𝑙
⃗ • 𝑑𝑙
∮𝐵
Note: Magnetic field at the end of the solenoid
But ∮ 𝑑𝑙 = circumference of the Amperean loop = 2𝜋𝑟
µ𝟎 𝒏𝒊
∴ ∮𝐵 ⃗ • ⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 = 𝐵 × 2𝜋𝑟 … … … . (𝐢) 𝑩=
𝟐
According to Ampere’s circuital law,
⃗ • ⃗⃗⃗
∮𝐵 𝑑𝑙 = µ0 𝑖 … … … . (𝐢𝐢)
Motion of a Charged Particle in a
Equating equations (i) & (ii) Uniform Magnetic Field
We know that when a particle having charge 𝑞 moves with
𝐵 × 2𝜋𝑟 = µ0 𝑖 velocity 𝑣 in a uniform magnetic field 𝐵, it experiences a
force
µ𝟎 𝒊 𝑭 = 𝒒 𝒗 𝑩 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽
𝑩= Where 𝜃 = angle between 𝑣 and 𝐵.
𝟐𝝅 𝒓 **The direction of force 𝐹 is perpendicular to both 𝑣 and 𝐵.
2. Magnetic Field inside a Solenoid:
Solenoid: A solenoid consists of an insulated copper Case: I : When the initial velocity is parallel to the
wire wound closely in the form of a helix. magnetic field:
Consider a solenoid as shown in figure. To
determine the magnetic field inside the solenoid, we
consider a rectangular Amperean loop PQRS.
In this case, 𝜃 = 0º
∴ 𝐹 = 0
i.e. no force acts on the particle due to the magnetic field.
Thus the particle moves along a straight line as shown in
figure.
Case: II : When the initial velocity is perpendicular to

At any point outside the solenoid, the magnetic field is the magnetic field: When a particle of charge 𝑞 ans mass 𝑚
zero. is directed to move perpendicular to the magnetic field 𝐵
Let 𝑛 = number of turns per unit length with velocity 𝑣 , the magnetic force always acts
𝑙 = length of the Amperean loop perpendicular to the velocity of charged particle. The
®
magnitude of velocity remains constant but the direction
changes continuously. Consequently the particle moves
along a circular path as shown in figure.
The component 𝑣 cos 𝜃 which is parallel to the magnetic

field, provides the particle a linear path and the component
𝑣 sin 𝜃 which is perpendicular to the magnetic field,
provides the particle a circular path. When these motions
combine together, it results in moving the charged particle
on a helical path.
Force acting on the particle due to the magnetic field
(centripetal force) Radius of helical path 𝒎𝒗 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽
𝐹𝑚 = 𝑞𝑣𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛 900 = 𝑞𝑣𝐵 𝒓=
𝒒𝑩
Centrifugal force acting on the particle
𝑚𝑣 2 Time period of the charged particle
𝐹𝑐 = 𝑚𝑣 sin 𝜃
𝑟 2𝜋 𝑞𝐵
To keep the particle in a path of constant radius 2𝜋𝑟
𝑇= =
𝐹𝑚 = 𝐹𝑐 𝑣 sin 𝜃 𝑣 sin 𝜃
𝑚𝑣 2 𝑚𝑣
𝑞𝑣𝐵 = ⇒ 𝑞𝐵 = 𝟐𝝅𝒎
𝑟 𝑟 𝑻=
𝒎𝒗 𝒒𝑩
𝒓=
𝒒𝑩
 The distance moved by the charged particle along the
Time period of the charged particle magnetic field in one revolution is called pitch of helical
𝑚𝑣
2𝜋𝑟 2𝜋 𝑞𝐵 path.
𝑇= = 𝟐𝝅𝒎
𝑣 𝑣 Pitch of helical path = 𝒗 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 × 𝑻 = 𝒗 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 ×
𝒒𝑩
𝟐𝝅𝒎
𝑻=
𝒒𝑩
Current Carrying Loop as a
NOTE: 1 :
𝑚𝑣
𝑟= Magnetic Dipole
𝑞𝐵 Consider a circular loop carrying an electric current 𝑖 as
But 𝑚𝑣 = 𝑝 (linear momentum) shown in figure.
𝒑
∴ 𝒓=
𝒒𝑩
NOTE: 2 :
𝑚𝑣 𝑣
𝑟= ⇒ 𝑟= 𝑞
𝑞𝐵 (𝑚) 𝐵
But 𝑞𝑠 = specific charge Looking at the upper face, the current is anticlockwise; it
𝒗 acts as north pole. Looking at the lower face the current is
∴ 𝒓= clockwise; it acts as south pole. Thus, the current carrying
𝒒𝒔 𝑩
loop behaves as a magnetic dipole.
Case: III : When the initial velocity makes an angle 𝜽 Magnetic Dipole Moment
with the direction of magnetic field: The velocity 𝑣 of the It is defined as the product of current (𝑖) flowing in a loop
particle can be resolved into two components: 𝑣 cos 𝜃 and and the area (𝐴) of the loop. It is denoted by 𝑀.
𝑣 sin 𝜃. If 𝐴 = area of the loop
Then, Magnetic dipole moment
®
𝑴 = 𝒊𝑨 Am2 𝝉 = 𝒊𝑨𝑩 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = 𝑴𝑩 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽

If 𝑁 = number of turns in the coil If 𝑛 = number of turns in the loop
Then, Magnetic dipole moment Then
𝑴 = 𝑵𝒊𝑨 𝝉 = 𝒏𝒊𝑨𝑩 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = 𝑴𝑩 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
 The magnetic dipole moment is a vector quantity. Its  If 𝛼 = angle made by the magnetic field with the normal
direction is taken from south pole to the north pole. drawn on the plane of loop as shown in figure
Torque acting on Current

Carrying Loop Held in a Uniform
Magnetic Field
Consider a rectangular loop is suspended in a uniform
magnetic field 𝐵 as shown in figure.
Then 𝜃 = 900 − 𝛼 ∴ 𝜏 = 𝑀𝐵 cos(900 − 𝛼)
𝝉 = 𝑴𝑩 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜶
In vector form
⃗ = ⃗𝑴
𝝉 ⃗⃗ × ⃗𝑩
⃗
Moving Coil Galvanometer

It is a device used for measuring the current in a circuit.
Working Principle: The working of moving coil
galvanometer is based on the fact that when a current
carrying coil is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a
Let torque.
𝑖 = current in the loop Construction:
𝑙 = length of the loop
𝑏 = breadth of the loop
𝐴 = area of the loop
𝜃 = angle made by the plane of loop with the direction of
magnetic field
Force acting on arm PQ 𝐹1 = 𝑖𝑙𝐵 sin 900 = 𝑖𝑙𝐵
Force acting on arm QR 𝐹2 = 𝑖𝑏𝐵 sin 𝜃
Force acting on arm RS 𝐹3 = 𝑖𝑙𝐵 sin 900 = 𝑖𝑙𝐵
Force acting on arm SP 𝐹4 = 𝑖𝑏𝐵 sin(1800 − 𝜃)
= 𝑖𝑏𝐵 sin 𝜃
The forces 𝐹2 and 𝐹4 being equal in magnitude and
opposite in directions will cancel out each other but the
forces 𝐹1 and 𝐹3 together form a couple.
It consists of a rectangular coil having a large number

of turns of insulated copper wire wound over a non-
magnetic material frame and is suspended from a torsion
head H in a magnetic field produced by two magnetic poles
N and S which are cylindrically cut. Such shape of the
Moment of the couple / Torque magnetic poles makes the magnetic field radial. The plane of
𝜏 = any one force × perpendicular distance coil in such a field always remains parallel to the magnetic
= 𝐹1 × 𝑂𝑄 = 𝑖𝑙𝐵 × 𝑏 cos 𝜃 field in all orientations and the torque acting on the coil
= 𝑖(𝑙 × 𝑏)𝐵 cos 𝜃 becomes independent of angle between the plane of coil and
magnetic field. The torsion head is connected to terminal T1
®
by means of a copper wire. A soft iron core is provided
inside the non-magnetic material frame. It increases the
Voltage Sensitivity of Moving
number of magnetic field lines linked with the coil and Coil Galvanometer
hence the strength of magnetic field. It is defined as the twist produced per unit voltage applied
across the terminals of the galvanometer and is denoted by
𝑉𝑆 .
𝜃
𝑉𝑆 =
𝑉
If 𝐺 = resistance of galvanometer, then 𝑉 = 𝑖𝐺
𝜃 𝜃
∴ 𝑉𝑆 = =
𝑖𝐺 𝑘𝜃
𝑛𝐴𝐵 𝐺
𝒏𝑨𝑩 𝑰𝑺
𝑽𝑺 = =
𝒌𝑮 𝑮
The lower end of the coil is connected to one end of a hair Conditions for a Galvanometer to
spring S. The other end of the hair spring is connected to a
fixed support which is further connected to the terminal T2.
be Sensitive
The whole arrangement is enclosed in a non-metallic case to A galvanometer is said to be more sensitive if it shows large
avoid the disturbance of air. The case is provided with deflection on passing a small current through it.
leveling screws at the base. We know that
Working: When an electric current is passed through the 𝑘𝜃 𝑛𝐴𝐵𝑖
𝑖= ⇒ 𝜃=
galvanometer coil, it experiences a torque. 𝑛𝐴𝐵 𝑘
Let 𝑖 = current in the galvanometer coil For a given value of current (i) the deflection (θ) depends on
𝑛 = number of turns in the coil the following:
𝐴 = area of the coil 1. Number of turns (𝒏) in the coil: The galvanometer
Since the plane of coil always remains parallel to the shows large deflection if its coil consists of large number
magnetic field, therefore torque acting on the coil of turns, but the value of 𝑛 cannot be increased beyond a
𝜏 = 𝑛𝑖𝐴𝐵 cos 00 = 𝑛𝑖𝐴𝐵 certain limit because it will make the coil bulky and the
resistance of the coil increases.
If 𝑘 = restoring torque per unit twist or torsional
constant 2. Area ( 𝑨) of the coil: The deflection ( 𝜃 ) is directly
and 𝜃 = angle of twist proportional to the area (𝐴) of the coil, but the area of the
Then, total restoring torque 𝜏𝑅 = 𝑘𝜃 coil cannot be increased beyond a certain limit because it
will make the coil bulky.
In equilibrium condition 𝜏 = 𝜏𝑅
3. Magnetic field (𝑩): Larger the magnetic field (𝐵), larger
𝑛𝑖𝐴𝐵 = 𝑘𝜃
will be the deflection (𝜃) of the coil. This can be done by
𝒌𝜽 using strong magnets.
𝒊= 4. Restoring torque per unit twist (𝒌): The deflection (𝜃)
𝒏𝑨𝑩
is inversely proportional to the torsional constant (𝑘 ).
The material used for making hair spring selected is
Current Sensitivity of Moving Coil phosphor bronze because the value of 𝑘 is small for it.
Galvanometer
It is defined as the twist produced per unit current and is Conversion of a Galvanometer
denoted by IS.
𝜃 𝜃
into Ammeter
𝐼𝑆 = = To convert a galvanometer into ammeter, we connect a low
𝑖 𝑘𝜃
resistance (shunt) in parallel with the galvanometer as
𝑛𝐴𝐵
shown in figure.
𝒏𝑨𝑩
𝑰𝑺 =
𝒌
®
Let 𝐺 = resistance of the galvanometer
𝑆 = shunt resistance
𝑘 = figure of merit (current per division)
NUMERICAL AND
𝑛 = number of divisions on the galvanometer scale CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS
𝑖𝐺 = current at full scale deflection = 𝑛𝑘
𝑖 = range of ammeter to be formed
𝐺 and 𝑆 are in parallel combination; therefore the potential
FORCE ACTING ON A CHARGED PARTICLE
difference across both is same.
𝑖𝐺 𝐺 = (𝑖 − 𝑖𝐺 )𝑆 MOVING IN A MAGNETIC FIELD
1. (CBSE 2014) Write an expression, in a vector form, for
𝒊𝑮 𝑮 the Lorentz magnetic force 𝐹 due to a charge moving
𝑺= ⃗ . What is the
𝒊 − 𝒊𝑮 with velocity 𝑣 in a magnetic field 𝐵
direction of the magnetic force?
[Ans: 𝑭⃗ = 𝒒(𝒗 ⃗ ×𝑩⃗⃗ ) , 𝑭
⃗ is always perpendicular to
Conversion of a Galvanometer ⃗ and 𝑩
𝒗 ⃗⃗ ]
into Voltmeter 2. The force on a moving charged particle is 𝐹 =

To convert a galvanometer into voltmeter, we connect a 𝑞(𝑣 ⃗ ). Which two pairs of the vectors 𝐹 , 𝑣
⃗⃗⃗ × 𝐵 ⃗
⃗⃗⃗ and 𝐵
high resistance (𝑅) in series with the galvanometer as shown are always perpendicular to each other?
in figure.
[Ans: (i) ⃗𝑭 and 𝒗⃗ (ii) ⃗𝑭 and 𝑩
⃗⃗ ]
3. What is the direction of force acting on a charged

particle 𝑞 moving with a velocity 𝑣 ⃗⃗⃗ in a uniform
𝐺 and 𝑅 are in series combination ⃗⃗⃗
magnetic field 𝐵 ?
∴ Equivalent resistance 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝐺 + 𝑅 ⃗⃗⃗ ]
⃗⃗⃗ and 𝑩
[Ans: perpendicular to both 𝒗
Let 𝑉 = range of the voltmeter to be formed
𝑖𝐺 = current at full scale deflection ⃗ ), to define the SI unit
4. Use the expression 𝐹 = 𝑞(𝑣 × 𝐵
𝑉 𝑉
𝑖𝐺 = = of magnetic field.
𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝐺 + 𝑅 OR
𝑉 (CBSE 2014) Define one tesla using the expression for
𝐺+𝑅 =
𝑖𝐺 the magnetic force acting on a particle of charge 𝑞
⃗.
moving with velocity 𝑣 in a magnetic field 𝐵
𝑽
𝑹= −𝑮
𝒊𝑮 ⃗𝑭 = 𝒒(𝒗 ⃗⃗ )
[Ans: ⃗ ×𝑩
𝑭 = 𝒒𝒗𝑩 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽
𝑭
𝑩=
𝒒𝒗 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽
If 𝒒 = 1 C, 𝒗 = 1 m/s, 𝜽 = 90º and 𝑭 = 1 N
Then 𝑩 = 1 T
Thus 1 Tesla is defined as the magnitude of magnetic
field which exerts a force 1 N on a particle having
charge 1 C moving perpendicular the magnetic field
with a velocity of 1 m/s]
5. What will be the path of a charged particle initially

moving along the direction of a uniform magnetic field?
[Ans: Straight line]
6. Under what condition an electron moving through a

magnetic field experiences the maximum force?
[Ans: when the electron is moving perpendicular to
the direction of magnetic field]
®
7. Under what condition a charged particle moving RIGHT HAND PALM RULE
through a magnetic field experiences the minimum 16. (CBSE 2013) A long straight wire carries a steady
force? current 𝐼 along the positive y-axis in a coordinate
[Ans: when the charged particle is moving parallel system. A particle of charge +𝑄 is moving with a
or anti parallel to the magnetic field] velocity 𝑣 along the x-axis. In which direction will the
particle experience a force?
8. Which of the following will experience maximum force [Ans: along +y axis]
when projected with the same velocity perpendicular to
the same magnetic field:
BIOT – SAVART’S LAW
(a) 𝛼- particle
(b) 𝛽- particle?
17. (NCERT) An element 𝑑𝑙 ⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑑𝑥 𝑖̂ (where 𝑑𝑥 = 1 cm) is
[Ans: 𝜶- particle]
placed at the origin and carries a large current 𝑖 = 10 A.
What is the magnetic field on the Y-axis at a distance of
WORK DONE BY THE LORENTZ FORCE
0.5 m?
ON A CHARGED PARTICLE [Ans: 4×10-8 T]
9. Write an expression for Lorentz magnetic force on a
particle of charge ‘ 𝑞 ’ moving with velocity 𝑣 in a MAGNETIC FIELD AT THE CENTRE OF A
magnetic field 𝐵⃗ . Show that no work is done by this
CURRENT CARRYING CIRCULAR COIL
force on the charged particle.
18. How will be magnetic field intensity at the centre of a
[Ans: ⃗𝑭 = 𝒒(𝒗⃗ ×𝑩 ⃗⃗ )]
circular coil carrying current change if the current
through the coil is doubled and the radius of the coil is
10. (CBSE 2017) Show that the kinetic energy of the halved?
particle moving in a magnetic field remains constant. [Ans: becomes 4 times]
11. A particle of mass 𝑚 and charge 𝑞 moving with velocity 19. A wire of length 𝐿 is bent round in the form of a coil
𝑣 enters the region of uniform magnetic field at the right having 𝑁 turns of same radius. If a steady current 𝑖
angle to the direction of its motion. How does its kinetic flows through it in clockwise direction, find the
energy get affected? magnitude and direction of the magnetic field produced
[Ans: remains same] at the centre.
µ𝟎 𝝅𝑵𝟐 𝒊
[Ans: ]
FLEMING’S LEFT HAND RULE 𝑳
12. A proton is moving along +X axis in the presence of
uniform magnetic field along +Y axis. What is the 20. A wire carries a steady current. First it is bent into a
direction of force acting on it? circular coil of one turn and the magnetic field at the
[Ans: along +Z axis] centre is 𝐵0 . Then the same wire is bent to form a
circular coil of smaller radius but 𝑛 turns then find the
13. An electron is moving along +X axis in the presence of magnetic field at the centre of this coil.
uniform magnetic field along +Y axis. What is the [Ans: 𝒏𝟐 𝑩𝟎]
direction of force acting on it?
[Ans: along -Z axis] 21. Two identical circular loops L1 and L2 each of radius 𝑅
and carrying current 𝑖 are kept in perpendicular planes
14. (a) A beam of 𝛼-particles along +X axis, experiences a such that they have a common centre as shown in the
force due to a magnetic field along +Y axis. What is the figure.
direction of the magnetic field?
(b) In place of beam of 𝛼 -particles, if the beam of
electrons, then what will be the direction of the
magnetic field?
[Ans: (a) along –Z axis, (b) along +Z axis]
Find the magnitude and direction of the net magnetic
RIGHT HAND THUMB RULE field at the common centre of the two coils.
µ 𝒊
15. (CBSE 2014, 2016) Sketch the magnetic field lines for [Ans: 𝟎 𝑹 , 45° with either of the magnetic fields]
√𝟐
a current carrying circular loop.
22. (CBSE 2017) Two circular coils P and Q each of radius
𝑅 , carrying currents 1 A and √3 A respectively, are
placed concentrically and perpendicular to each other
®
lying in the XY and YZ planes. Find the magnitude and µ𝟎 𝒊𝑹𝟐
[Ans: ]
direction of the net magnetic field at the centre of the √𝟐 (𝑹𝟐 +𝒙𝟐 )𝟑/𝟐
coils.
𝝁 28. (CBSE 2013) Two co-axial circular loops L1 and L2
[Ans: 𝑹𝟎 T]
having radii 3 cm and 4 cm are placed as shown in
figure.
23. Two similar coils of radius 𝑅 and number of turns 𝑁 are
lying concentrically with their planes at right angles to
each other. The currents flowing in them are 𝑖 and 𝑖√3
respectively. Find the magnetic field induction at the
centre of the coils.
𝝁 𝑵𝒊
[Ans: 𝟎𝑹 ]
What should be the magnitude and direction of the
MAGNETIC FIELD AT ANY POINT ON THE current in the loop L2 so that the net magnetic field at
AXIS OF A CURRENT CARRYING CIRCULAR the point O be zero?
[Ans: 9/16 A, opposite to 𝒊𝟏]
COIL
24. The magnetic field due to a current-carrying circular
loop of radius 12 cm at its centre is 5×10-5 T. Find the MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A STRAIGHT
magnetic field due to this loop at a point on the axis at a
distance of 5 cm from the centre. WIRE
[Ans: 3.9×10-5 T] 29. Equal currents are flowing through two infinitely long
parallel wires. What will be the magnetic field at a point
25. A current is flowing in a circular coil of radius 𝑟 and the midway when the currents are flowing in the same
magnetic field at its centre is 𝐵0. At what distance from direction?
the centre on the axis of the coil, the magnetic field will [Ans: Zero]
𝐵
be 0 ? 30. (CBSE 2020) A current of 10 A is flowing from east to
8
[Ans: √𝟑𝒓] west in a long straight wire kept on a horizontal table.
The magnetic field developed at a distance of 10 cm due
26. Two identical circular loops P and Q, each of radius 𝑟 north on the table is
and carrying currents 𝐼 and 2𝐼 respectively are lying in (a) 2×10-5 T, acting downwards
parallel planes such that they have a common axis. (b) 2×10-5 T, acting upwards
(c) 4×10-5 T, acting downwards
(d) 4×10-5 T, acting upwards
[Ans: (a)]
31. (CBSE 2019) A long straight wire AB carries a current

of 4 A. A proton P travels at 4×106 m/s, parallel to the
The direction of current in both the loops is clockwise wire, 0.2 m from it and in a direction opposite to the
as seen from O which is equidistant from both the loops. current as shown in figure.
Find the magnitude of the net magnetic field at point O.
µ𝟎 𝑰
[Ans: 𝟒√𝟐 𝒓
(towards the loop Q]
27. (CBSE 2014) Two small circular loops (each of radius

𝑅) marked (1) and (2) carrying equal currents are placed
with the geometrical axes perpendicular to each other as
shown in figure. Calculate the force which the magnetic field of current
exerts on the proton. Also specify the direction of this
force.
[Ans: 25.6×10-19 N, away from conductor AB]
32. An infinite long straight conductor XY is carrying a

current of 10 A. An electron is moving with a speed of
105 m/s parallel to the conductor in air as shown in
figure.
Find the magnetic field at point O.
®
38. Find the magnetic field induced at the centre O in the
figure shown.
Calculate the magnitude and direction of the force

experienced by the electron.
[Ans: 1.6×10-19 N, away from the conductor XY]
33. There are two infinite long parallel straight current µ 𝒊

𝟎 𝟏 𝟏
[Ans: 𝟒𝝅 𝜶 [𝒓 − 𝒓 ] ]
carrying wires A and B separated by a distance 𝑟 as 𝟏 𝟐
shown in figure.
39. Two wire loops PQRSP formed by joining two
semicircular wires of radii 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 carry a current 𝑖 as
shown in figure.
The current in each wire is 𝑖 . Find the ratio of

magnitude of magnetic field at points P and Q when Find the magnetic field at the centre O.
µ 𝒊 𝟏 𝟏
points P and Q lie in the plane of wires. [Ans: 𝟎 [ − ] (normally outwards)]
𝟒 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐
[Ans: 8 : 1]
40. (CBSE 2020) A current 𝐼 flows through a long straight
34. A current of 2 A exists in a square loop of edge 10 cm.
Find the magnetic field at the centre of the square loop. conductor which is bent into a circular loop of radius 𝑅
in the middle as shown in the figure.
[Ans: 2.26×10-5 T]
35. A rectangular loop PQRS carries an electric current 𝑖 as

shown in figure.
Determine the magnetic field at the centre O of the loop. The magnitude of the magnetic field at point O will be
𝜇0 𝐼
𝟐µ𝟎 𝒊√𝒂𝟐 +𝒃𝟐 (a) zero (b) 2𝑅 (1 + 𝜋)
[Ans: ] 𝜇 𝐼 𝜇0 𝐼 1
𝝅𝒂𝒃 0
(c) 4𝜋𝑅 (d) 2𝑅
(1 − 𝜋)
36. A current of 1 A is flowing in the sides of an equilateral [Ans: (d)]
triangle of side 4.5×10-2 m. Find the magnetic field at
the centroid of the triangle. 41. A wire loop formed by joining two semicircular wires of
[Ans: 4×10-5 T] radii 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 carries a current 𝑖 as shown in figure.
37. The wire shown in the figure carries a current of 10 A.
Find the magnetic field induced at the centre O.

µ 𝒊 𝟏 𝟏
[Ans: 𝟒𝟎 [𝑹 + 𝑹 ], normally inwards]
𝟏 𝟐
Determine the magnitude of magnetic field induced at
the centre O. Given that the radius of bent coil is 3 cm.
42. An electric current 𝑖 is flowing in a very long wire of
[Ans: 1.57×10-4 T (normally inwards)]
shape as shown in figure.
®
which can support the weight of wire. Given mass of the
wire = 3×10-3 kg/m.
[Ans: 7.35×10-3 T (Normally inwards to the plane of
paper)]
49. (NCERT) A straight horizontal conducting rod of

length 0.6 m and mass 60 g is suspended by two vertical
Find the value of magnetic field induction at point O. wires at its ends. A current of 5 A is set up in the rod
µ 𝒊
[Ans: 𝟎 (𝝅 + 𝟐)] through the wire.
𝟒𝝅𝑹
(a) What magnetic field should be set up normal to the
43. A conductor carrying current 𝑖 is of type as shown in conductor in order that the tension in the wire is
figure. zero?
(b) What will be the total tension in the wires if the
direction of current is reversed, keeping the
magnetic field same as before (ignore mass of
wire)? Take 𝑔 = 10 m/s2.
[Ans: (a) 0.2 T (b) 1.2 N]
FORCE ACTING BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL

Find the magnetic field at centre O. CURRENT CARRYING WIRES
𝟓µ𝟎 𝒊𝜽 50. (NCERT) Two long and parallel straight wires A and B
[Ans: 𝟐𝟒𝝅𝒓 ]
carrying currents of 8 A and 5 A in the same direction
are separated by a distance of 4 cm. Estimate the force
FORCE ACTING ON A CURRENT CARRYING on a 10 cm section of wire A. What is the nature of
CONDUCTOR HELD IN A MAGNETIC FIELD force?
44. (NCERT) A wire of length 3 cm carrying a current of [Ans: 2×10-5 N, Attractive]
10 A is placed inside a solenoid perpendicular to its
axis. The magnetic field inside the solenoid is given to 51. (NCERT) The wires which connect the battery of an
be 0.27 T. What is the magnetic force on the wire? automobile to its starting motor carry a current of 300 A
[Ans: 8.1×10-2 N] (for a short time). What is the force per unit length
between the wires if they are 70 cm long and 1.5 cm
45. (NCERT) What is the magnitude of magnetic force per apart? Is the force attractive or repulsive?
unit length on a wire carrying a current of 8 A and [Ans: 1.2 N/m, repulsive]
making an angle of 30º with the direction of a uniform
magnetic field of 0.15 T? 52. A long horizontal rigidly supported wire carries a
[Ans: 0.6 N/m] current of 100 A. Directly above it and parallel to it is a
fine wire that carries a current of 200 A and weighs 0.05
46. (NCERT) The horizontal component of earth’s N/m. How far above the lower wire should the fine wire
magnetic field at a certain place is 3×10-5 T and the be kept to support it by magnetic repulsion?
direction of field is from the geographical south to the [Ans: 8×10-2 m]
geographical north. A very long straight conductor is
carrying a steady current of 1 A. What is the force per 53. (CBSE 2013) A wire AB is carrying a steady current of
unit length on it when it is placed on a horizontal table 12 A and is lying on the table. Another wire CD
and the direction of current is carrying current 5 A is held directly above AB at a
(a) east to west height of 1 mm. Find the mass per unit length of the
(b) south to north. wire CD so that it remains suspended at its position
[Ans: (a) 3×10-5 N/m (b) zero] when left free. Give the direction of the current flowing
in CD with respect to that in AB. Take g = 10 m/s2.
47. (NCERT) A straight wire of mass 200 g and length 1.5 [Ans: 1.2×10-3 kg/m, direction of current in wire CD
m carries a current of 2 A. It is suspended in mid air by is opposite to that in AB]
a uniform horizontal magnetic field 𝐵 . What is the
magnitude of magnetic field?
[Ans: 0.65 T]
54. A rectangular loop of sides 27 cm × 12 cm carries a
48. A horizontal wire 0.2 m long carries a current of 4 A. current of 12 A. It is placed with its longer sides parallel
Find the magnitude and direction of magnetic field, to the long straight conductor 3 cm apart and carrying a
current of 20 A as shown in figure.
®
60. Deduce the expression for the frequency of revolution of
a charged particle in a magnetic field and show that this
is independent of the velocity or energy of particle.
61. Depict the trajectory of a charged particle moving with

velocity 𝑣 as it enters in a uniform magnetic field
perpendicular to the direction of motion.
62. An electron and a proton moving parallel to each other

(a) Find the net force on the loop. in the same direction with equal velocities, enter a
(b) What will happen if the current in the loop is uniform magnetic field which is at right angles to their
reversed? velocities. Trace their trajectories in the magnetic field.
[Ans: (a) 3.46×10-4 N, towards the conductor XY (b)
magnitude of force remains same but the direction of 63. (CBSE 2016) A neutron, an electron and an α-particle
net force will become away from the conductor XY] moving with equal velocities, enter a uniform magnetic
field going into the plane of paper as shown.
SOLENOID
55. (NCERT) A solenoid of length 0.5 m has a radius of 1
cm and is made up of 500 turns. It carries a current of 5
A. What is the magnitude of magnetic field inside the
solenoid?
[Ans: 6.28×10-3 T]
Trace their paths in the field.
56. (NCERT) A closely wound solenoid 80 cm long has 5
layers of windings of 400 turns each. The diameter of 64. (CBSE 2013) A proton and a deuteron having equal
the solenoid is 1.8 cm. If the current carried is 8 A, momenta enter a region of a magnetic field at right
estimate the magnitude of magnetic field inside the angle to the direction of the field. Depict their
solenoid near its centre trajectories in the field.
[Ans: 2.5×10-2 T]
65. (CBSE 2019) A charged particle 𝑞 is moving in the
57. A solenoid of length 1 m, radius 1 cm and total turns presence of a magnetic field 𝐵 which is inclined to an
1000 wound on it, carries a current 5 A. Calculate the angle 30º with the direction of motion of the particle.
magnitude of the axial magnetic field inside the Draw the trajectory followed by the particle in the
solenoid. If an electron were to move with a speed of presence of the field and explain how the particle
104 m/s along the axis of this current carrying solenoid, describes this path.
what would be the force experienced by this electron?
[Ans: 6.28×10-3 T, zero] 66. (CBSE 2015) An electron moving horizontally with a
velocity of 4×104 m/s enters a region of uniform
MOTION OF A CHARGED PARTICLE IN A magnetic field of 10-5 T acting normally inwards as
shown in the figure.
UNIFORM MAGNETIC FIELD
58. In what condition does a charged particle moving
through a magnetic field follow a
(i) circular path
(ii) helical path. Draw its trajectory and find out the time it takes to come
[Ans: (i) when the particle enters the magnetic field out of the region of magnetic field.
perpendicular to it (ii) when the particle enters the [Ans: 1.76×10-6 s]
magnetic field at an angle other than 90° (not at 0° &
180°) with the magnetic field] 67. An α-particle and a proton moving with the same speed
enter the same magnetic field region at right angles to
59. A particle of charge 𝑞 and mass 𝑚 is moving with the direction of the field.
⃗
velocity 𝑣. It is subjected to a uniform magnetic field 𝐵
directed perpendicular to its velocity. Show that it
describes a circular path. Write the expression for its
radius.
®
74. (CBSE 2018) A proton and an electron travelling
Show the trajectories followed by the two particles in along parallel paths enter a region of uniform
the region of magnetic field. Find the ratio of radii of magnetic field, acting perpendicular to their paths.
the circular paths which the two particles may describe. Which of them will move in a circular path with
[Ans: 2:1] higher frequency?
[Ans: Electron]
68. (CBSE 2015) A uniform magnetic field 𝐵 ⃗ is set up
along the positive x-axis. A particle of charge 𝑞 and 75. A narrow beam of protons and deuterons, having
mass 𝑚 moving with a velocity 𝑣 enters the field at the same momenta, enters a region of uniform magnetic
origin in X-Y plane such that it has velocity components field in a direction perpendicular to their direction of
both along and perpendicular to the magnetic field 𝐵 ⃗. motion. Find the ratio of radii of their circular paths
Trace, giving reason, the trajectory followed by the described by them.
particle. Find out the expression for the distance moved [Ans: 1 : 1]
by the particle along the magnetic field in one rotation.
𝟐𝝅𝒎
[Ans: 𝒒𝑩 𝒗 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 ] 76. An alpha particle and a proton are moving in the
plane of paper. If the particles have equal linear
69. A particle having a charge of 100 µC and mass of 10 mg momenta, what would be the ratio of the radii of their
is projected in a uniform magnetic field of 25 mT with a trajectories in the magnetic field?
speed of 10 m/s. If the velocity is perpendicular to the [Ans: 𝒓𝜶 : 𝒓𝒑 = 1 : 2]
magnetic field, how long will it take for the particle to
come to back to its original position for the first time 77. (CBSE 2012) A proton and a deuteron, each moving
after being projected? with velocity 𝑣 enter simultaneously in the region of
[Ans: 25 s] magnetic field 𝐵⃗ acting normal to the direction of
velocity. Trace their trajectories establishing the
70. A particle of mass 𝑚 and charge 𝑞 moves with a
relation between the two.
constant velocity 𝑣 along the positive X-direction. It 𝒓𝒑 𝟏
enters a region containing a uniform magnetic field 𝐵 [Ans: 𝒓 = 𝟐 ]
𝒅
directed along the negative Z-direction, extending from
𝑥 = 𝑎 to 𝑥 = 𝑏 . Determine the minimum value of 𝑣 78. (NCERT) What is the radius of the path of an
required so that the particle can just enter the region electron moving at a speed of 3×107 m/s in a
𝑥 ˃ 𝑏. magnetic field of 6×10-4 T perpendicular to it? What
𝒒(𝒃−𝒂)𝑩
[Ans: 𝒎
] is its frequency?
[Ans: 0.28 m, 1.7×107 Hz]
71. An electron and a proton moving with the same
speeds enter the same magnetic field at 90° to the 79. An electron after being accelerated through a
direction of the field. For which of the two particles potential difference of 100 V enters a uniform
will the radius of the circular path be smaller. magnetic field of 4×10-3 T perpendicular to its
[Ans: Electron] direction of motion. Calculate the radius of the path
described by the electron.
72. Which one of the following will describe the smallest [Ans: 8.4×10-3 m]
circle when projected with the same velocity 𝑣
perpendicular to the magnetic field 𝐵. 80. (CBSE 2019) A proton, a deuteron and an 𝛼-particle
(a) 𝛼-particle are accelerated through the same potential difference
(b) 𝛽- particle and then subjected to a uniform magnetic field 𝐵 ⃗
[Ans: 𝜷- particle] perpendicular to the direction of their motions.
Compare
73. Which one of the following will have the maximum (a) their kinetic energies, and
frequency of revolutions, when projected with the (b) if the radius of the circular path described by the
same velocity 𝑣 perpendicular to the magnetic field proton is 5 cm, determine the radii of the path
𝐵: described by deuteron and 𝛼-particle.
(a) 𝛼-particle [Ans: (a) 𝑲𝒑 : 𝑲𝒅 : 𝑲𝜶 = 𝟏: 𝟏: 𝟐 (b) 𝒓𝒅 = 5√𝟐 cm, 𝒓𝜶
(b) 𝛽- particle? = 5√𝟐 cm]
[Ans: 𝜷- particle]
®
81. (NCERT) An electron emitted by a heated cathode (d) along a straight line
and accelerated through a potential difference of 2 [Ans: (b)]
kV, enters a region with uniform magnetic field of
0.15 T. Determine the trajectory of the electron if the 87. An electron beam passes through a magnetic field of
field 4×10-3 T and an electric field of 2×104 N/C, both
(a) is transverse to its initial velocity acting simultaneously. The path of electron
(b) makes an angle of 30º with the initial velocity. undeviated calculate the speed of the electrons. If the
[Ans: (a) 10-3 m (b) 0.5×10-3 m] electric field is removed, what will be the radius of
the electron paths?
MOTION OF A CHARGED PARTICLE IN A [Ans: 5×106 m/s, 7.11×10-3 m]
REGION OF ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC
MAGNETIC DIPOLE MOMENT
FIELDS
82. (CBSE 2017) Find the condition under which the 88. A circular coil of 𝑁 turns and radius 𝑟 carries a
charged particles moving with different speeds in the current 𝑖. Write the expressions for
presence of electric and magnetic field vectors can be (a) magnetic field at its centre
used to select charged particles of a particular speed. (b) magnetic dipole moment of the coil.
[Ans: When the forces experienced by the charged [Ans: (a) 𝑩 = 𝝁𝟎 𝑵𝒊/𝟐𝒓 (b) 𝑵𝒊𝝅𝒓𝟐 ]
particles due to electric and magnetic fields are
equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, they 89. (CBSE 2020) A steady current of 2 A flows through
will move undeflected and the corresponding a circular coil having 5 turns of radius 7 cm. The coil
𝑬 lies in X-Y plane with its centre at the origin. Find the
velocity is eaual to 𝑩 ] magnitude and direction of the magnetic dipole
moment of the coil.
83. (CBSE 2014) Write the condition under which an [Ans: 0.154 Am2 along z-axis]
electron will move undeflected in the presence of
crossed electric and magnetic fields. 90. A circular coil of 𝑁 turns and diameter 𝑑 carries a
[Ans: When the forces experienced by the electron current 𝑖. It is unwound and rewound to make another
due to electric and magnetic fields are equal in coil of diameter 2𝑑 , current 𝑖 remaining the same.
magnitude and opposite in direction, it will move Calculate the ratio of magnetic moments of the new
undeflected] coil and the original coil.
[Ans: 2 : 1]
84. (CBSE 2013) In a certain region of space, electric
field 𝐸⃗ and magnetic field 𝐵⃗ are perpendicular to TORQUE ACTING ON A CURRENT
each other. An electron enters in the region
CARRYING LOOP HELD IN A MAGNETIC
perpendicular to the directions of both 𝐸⃗ and 𝐵 ⃗ and
FIELD
moves undeflected. Find the velocity of the electron.
𝑬 91. (NCERT) (a) A circular coil of 30 turns and radius 8
[Ans: ] cm carrying a current of 6 A is suspended vertically
𝑩
in a uniform magnetic field of magnitude 1 T. The
85. A beam of protons passes undeflected with a field lines make an angle of 60° with the normal to
horizontal velocity 𝑣, through a region of electric and the plane of coil, Calculate the magnitude of counter
magnetic field, mutually perpendicular to each other torque that must be applied to prevent the coil from
and perpendicular to the direction of beam. If the turning.
magnitude of electric and magnetic fields are 100 (b) Would your answer change if the circular coil
KV/m and 50 mT respectively, calculate the velocity were replaced by a planar coil of some irregular
of the beam (𝑣). shape that encloses the same area?
[Ans: 2×106 m/s] [Ans: (a) 3.14 Nm (b) No]
86. A beam of electrons passes undeflected through 92. Two wires of equal length are bent in the form of two
mutually perpendicular electric and magnetic fields. loops. One of the loops is square shaped whereas the
If the electric field is switched OFF and the same other loop is circular. These are suspended in a
magnetic field is maintained, the electrons move uniform magnetic field and the same current is passed
(a) in an elliptical orbit through them. Which loop will experience maximum
(b) in a circular orbit torque? Explain with reason.
(c) along a parabolic path [Ans: circular loop]
®
99. Why should the hair spring in a moving coil
93. Given a uniform magnetic field of 100 G in east to galvanometer have low torsional constant?
west direction and a 44 cm long wire with a current [Ans: To increase the sensitivity of the
carrying capacity of at least 10 A, what is the shape galvanometer]
and orientation of the loop made of this wire which
yields maximum turning effect on the loop? What is 100. (CBSE 2015) How is that increasing current
the magnitude of the maximum torque? sensitivity may not necessarily increase its voltage
[Ans: circular, plane of loop must be parallel to sensitivity?
the direction of magnetic field, 𝝉𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 1.54×10-3 [Ans: While we increase the current sensitivity,
Nm] the voltage sensitivity may increase, decrease or
remain same. It depends on the parameter by
94. (CBSE 2017) An electron of mass 𝑚𝑒 revolves changing which the current sensitivity is going to
around a nucleus of charge +𝑍𝑒 . Show that it be increased.
behaves like a tiny magnetic dipole. Hence prove that We know that:
magnetic moment associated with it is expressed as 𝒏𝑨𝑩
Current sensitivity of galvanometer 𝑰𝑺 = 𝒌 and
𝒆
⃗ =−
𝝁 ⃗ , where 𝐿⃗ is the orbital angular
𝑳 𝑰
𝟐𝒎𝒆 Voltage sensitivity of galvanometer 𝑽𝑺 = 𝑺
𝑮
momentum of the electron. Give the significance of If we increase the strength of magnetic field 𝑩 or
negative sign.
decrease the restoring torque per unit twist 𝒌, the
current sensitivity and voltage sensitivity both will
95. (CBSE 2015) A closely wound solenoid of 2000
increase. But if we increase the number of turns 𝒏
turns and cross sectional area 1.6×10-4 m2 carrying a
or area of plane of coil 𝑨, there is a corresponding
current of 4 A is suspended through its centre
increment in the resistance 𝑮 of the galvanometer.
allowing it to turn in a horizontal plane. Find
Due to this the voltage sensitivity may increase or
(a) the magnetic moment associated with the
decrease or may remain constant]
solenoid
(b) the torque on the solenoid if a horizontal
101. (NCERT) A rectangular coil of area 5×10-4 m2 and
magnetic field of 7.5×10-2 T is setup at an angle
60 turns is pivoted about one of its vertical sides. The
of 30° with the axis of the solenoid.
coil is in a radial horizontal magnetic field of 90 G.
[Ans: (a) 1.28 Am2 (b) 4.8×10-2 Nm]
What is the torsional constant (restoring torque/unit
twist) of the hair spring connected to the coil, if a
MOVING COIL GALVANOMETER current of 2 mA produces an angular deflection of
96. What is the nature of magnetic field in a moving coil 18°?
galvanometer? [Ans: 3×10-8 Nm/degree]
[Ans: Radial]
102. The current sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer
97. What is the importance of radial magnetic field in a increased by 20% when resistance is increased by a
moving coil galvanometer and how is it produced? factor 2. Calculate by what percentage the voltage
[Ans: The importance of radial magnetic field is sensitivity change?
that for any orientation of coil, the magnetic field [Ans: 40%]
always remains parallel to the plane of coil and
hence makes the torque acting on the coil 103. To increase the current sensitivity of a moving coil
independent of the angle between plane of coil and galvanometer by 50%, its resistance is increased so
magnetic field. When the magnetic poles used are that the new resistance becomes twice its initial
cylindrically cut and a soft iron core is used inside resistance. By how much faster does its voltage
the coil, the magnetic field becomes radial.] sensitivity change?
[Ans: 25%]
98. Explain why a galvanometer cannot be used as such
to measure current in a given circuit accurately. CONVERSION OF A GALVANOMETER INTO
[Ans: Galvanometer has a certain resistance and is
connected in series in the circuit, so it increases the AMMETER AND VOLTMETER
resistance of circuit and hence changes the value 104. (CBSE 2013) For converting a galvanometer into an
of current in the circuit] ammeter, a shunt resistance of small value is used in
parallel, whereas in case of a voltmeter a resistance of
large value is used in series. Explain why?
®
111. (CBSE 2015) A galvanometer of resistance 𝐺 is
105. Why the ammeter is connected in series and converted into a voltmeter to measure upto 𝑉 volts by
voltmeter in parallel in a circuit? connecting a resistance 𝑅1 in series with the coil. If a
[Ans: An ammeter is a low resistance resistance 𝑅2 is connected in series with it, then it can
galvanometer. It is used to measure the current in 𝑉
measure upto 2 volts. Find the resistance, in terms of
a circuit. The ammeter is connected in series so
𝑅1 and 𝑅2 , required to be connected to convert it into
that the current to be measured must pass through
it. Further the resistance of ammeter is low a voltmeter that can read upto 2𝑉 . Also find the
therefore it does not change the resistance of the resistance 𝐺 of the galvanometer in terms of 𝑅1 and
circuit and hence current in the circuit. A 𝑅2 .
voltmeter is a high resistance galvanometer. It is [Ans: 𝑹𝟏 − 𝟐𝑹𝟐 , 𝑮 = 𝟑𝑹𝟏 − 𝟐𝑹𝟐 ]
used to measure the potential difference between
any two points of a circuit. To measure the
potential difference between any two points of a
circuit, it is connected in parallel because it draws
minimum current from the circuit. Due to this, the
potential difference to be measured is not
affected.]
106. A moving coil galvanometer of resistance 𝐺 , gives

full scale deflection when a current 𝐼𝐺 flows through
its coil. It can be converted into an ammeter of range
0 to 𝐼 ( 𝐼 > 0) when a shunt of resistance 𝑆 is
connected across its coil. If this galvanometer is
converted into an ammeter of range 0 to 2𝐼, find the
expression for the shunt required in terms of 𝑆 and 𝐺.
𝑮𝑺
[Ans: ]
𝟐𝑮+𝑺
107. (CBSE 2013, NCERT) An ammeter of resistance 0.8

Ω can measure current upto 1 A.
(a) What must be the shunt resistance to enable the
ammeter to measure current upto 5 A?
(b) What is the combined resistance of the ammeter
and the shunt?
[Ans: (a) 0.2 Ω (b) 0.16 Ω]
108. A galvanometer coil having 50 Ω resistance shows

full scale deflection for a current of 5 mA. How will
you convert this galvanometer into a voltmeter of
range 0 to 15 V?
[Ans: By connecting a resistance of 2950 Ω in
series]
109. An ammeter gives full scale deflection with a current

of 1 A. It is converted into an ammeter of range 10 A.
Find the ratio of the resistance of ammeter formed to
the shunt resistance used.
[Ans: 9 : 10]
110. What is the value of shunt resistance required in order

to pass 10% of the main current in the galvanometer
☼SATISH KUMAR SIR☼

of resistance 99 Ω?
[Ans: 11 Ω]
®

Chapter 4

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Chapter 4

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 4

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

☼☼REVISION BATCH NOTES FOR CLASS XII BOARD EXAMS FOR SESSION 2023-2024 ☼☼

☼☼☼☼☼☼☼☼☼☼☼☼☼PREPARED BY: SATISH KUMAR SIR☼☼☼☼☼☼☼☼☼☼☼

CLASS XII REVISION BATCH

The force acting on a charged particle moving in a magnetic

Since the displacement (𝑆) of the charged particle is in the

Right Hand Thumb Rule

Particle Moving in a Region of

Relation between µ𝟎 and 𝜺𝟎

Magnetic Field at the Centre of

Magnetic Field at any Point due

Let P be the point where the magnetic field is to be

Force acting between Two

Case: II : When the initial velocity is perpendicular to

The component 𝑣 cos 𝜃 which is parallel to the magnetic

𝑴 = 𝒊𝑨 Am2 𝝉 = 𝒊𝑨𝑩 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = 𝑴𝑩 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽

Torque acting on Current

Moving Coil Galvanometer

It consists of a rectangular coil having a large number

into Voltmeter 2. The force on a moving charged particle is 𝐹 =

3. What is the direction of force acting on a charged

5. What will be the path of a charged particle initially

6. Under what condition an electron moving through a

31. (CBSE 2019) A long straight wire AB carries a current

27. (CBSE 2014) Two small circular loops (each of radius

32. An infinite long straight conductor XY is carrying a

Calculate the magnitude and direction of the force

33. There are two infinite long parallel straight current µ 𝒊

The current in each wire is 𝑖 . Find the ratio of

35. A rectangular loop PQRS carries an electric current 𝑖 as

37. The wire shown in the figure carries a current of 10 A.

Find the magnetic field induced at the centre O.

49. (NCERT) A straight horizontal conducting rod of

FORCE ACTING BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL

61. Depict the trajectory of a charged particle moving with

62. An electron and a proton moving parallel to each other

106. A moving coil galvanometer of resistance 𝐺 , gives

107. (CBSE 2013, NCERT) An ammeter of resistance 0.8

108. A galvanometer coil having 50 Ω resistance shows

109. An ammeter gives full scale deflection with a current

110. What is the value of shunt resistance required in order

☼SATISH KUMAR SIR☼

You might also like