INDUCTION MOTORS

INDUCTION MOTORS
• Previously, we saw how amortisseur windings
on a synchronous motor could develop a
starting torque without the necessity of
supplying an external field current to them.
• Amortisseur windings work so well that a
motor could be built without the synchronous
motor's main dc field circuit at all.
• A machine with only amortisseur windings is
called an induction machine.
 INDUCTION MOTORS
• Such machines are called induction machines
because the rotor voltage (which produces the
rotor current and the rotor magnetic field) is
induced in the rotor windings rather than
being physically connected by wires.
• The distinguishing feature of an induction
motor is that no dc field current is required to
run the machine.
• It has many disadvantages as a generator. So,
induction machines are usually referred to as
induction motors.
 INDUCTION MOTOR CONSTRUCTION
• An induction motor has the same physical
stator as a synchronous machine, with a
different rotor construction.
• There are two different types of induction
motor rotors which can be placed inside the
stator. One is called a cage rotor, while the
other is called a wound rotor.
 Cage induction motor
• A cage induction motor rotor consists of a
series of conducting bars laid into slots carved
in the face of the rotor and shorted at either
end by large shorting rings
Cage rotor
 Wound rotor
• The other type of rotor is a wound rotor. A wound
rotor has a complete set of three-phase windings
that are mirror images of the windings on the
stator.
• The three phases of the rotor windings are
usually Y-connected, and the ends of the three
rotor wires are tied to slip rings on the rotor's
shaft.
• The rotor windings are shorted through brushes
riding on the slip rings.
 BASIC INDUCTION MOTOR CONCEPTS
• A three-phase set of voltages is applied to the
stator, and a three-phase set of stator currents
is flowing. These currents produce a magnetic
field Bs, which is rotating in a counter
clockwise direction. The speed of the
magnetic field's rotation is given by

Where fe is the system frequency, P is the number of poles in the

machine.
BASIC INDUCTION MOTOR CONCEPTS
• This rotating magnetic field Bs passes over the
rotor bars and induces a voltage in them.
• The voltage induced in a given rotor bar is
given by
BASIC INDUCTION MOTOR CONCEPTS
• It is the relative motion of the rotor compared
to the stator magnetic field that produces
induced voltage in a rotor bar.
• The rotor current flow produces a rotor
magnetic field Br.
• Finally, since the induced torque in the
machine is given by
 Induction motor speed
• An induction motor can speed up to near-
synchronous speed, but it can never exactly
reach synchronous speed.
• In normal operation both the rotor and stator
magnetic fields Br and Bs rotate together at
synchronous speed ‘Nsync' while the rotor
itself rotates at a slower speed.
 Rotor Slip
• The voltage induced in a rotor bar of an
induction motor depends on the speed of the
rotor relative to the magnetic fields.
• Slip speed is defined as the difference between
synchronous speed and rotor speed:
 Slip
• The other term used to describe the relative
motion is slip, which is the relative speed
expressed on a per-unit or a percentage basis.
That is, slip is defined as:
 The Electrical Frequency on the Rotor
• The rotor frequency is not necessarily the
same as the stator frequency
• If the rotor of a motor is locked so that it
cannot move, then the rotor will have the
same frequency as the stator.
• On the other hand, if the rotor turns at
synchronous speed, the frequency on the
rotor will be zero
• The rotor frequency can be expressed as
Example
Example
 THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF
AN INDUCTION MOTOR
• Transformer based model
Per phase model
Analyzing model
Simplified equivalent circuit
Simplified model
Power Flow Diagram
Rotor induced torque

Slip at max Torque

Max/ Pullout torque

Torque-speed curve
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
Example
 Comments on induction motor
• The induced torque of the motor is zero at
synchronous speed.
• The torque- speed curve is nearly linear
between no load and full load. In this range,
the rotor resistance is much larger than the
rotor reactance, so the rotor current , the
rotor magnetic field, and the induced torque
increase linearly with increasing slip.
 Comments on induction motor
• There is a maximum possible torque that
cannot be exceeded. This torque, called the
pullout torque or breakdown torque, is 2 to 3
times the rated full load torque of the motor
• The starting torque on the motor is slightly
larger than its full-load torque, so this motor
will start carrying any load that it can supply at
full power.
 Comments on induction motor
• If the rotor of the induction motor is driven
faster than synchronous speed, then the
direction of the induced torque in the
machine reverses and the machine becomes a
generator, converting mechanical power to
electric power.
 STARTING INDUCTION MOTORS
• Induction motors have no starting problems
like synchronous motors.
• Induction motors can be started by simply
connecting them to the power line.
 SPEED CONTROL OF
INDUCTION MOTORS
• The method of choice today for induction
motor speed control is the solid-state variable-
frequency induction motor drive.
The End