Production and Operations Management

BS-VI
• COURSE FACILITATOR: SIR NAVID QURESHI

GROUP MEMBERS:
 Umer Faridi
 Ahmad Faridi

Q.5 Explain productivity, production methods, job design and job description.

PRODUCTIVITY:
Productivity is a measure of how efficiently a company converts inputs, such as labor and capital, into
outputs — products and services. It’s calculated by dividing outputs by inputs.

For a manufacturing company, a measure of productivity might be the number or value of the finished
products each worker can produce within a given time.

KEY ELEMENTS:
• OUTPUT: The goods or services produced.
• INPUT: The resources utilized, including labor, capital, materials, and technology.
• MEASUREMENT: Productivity is often measured as output per unit of input, such as units
produced per hour of labor or revenue generated per dollar of investment.

PRODUCTION METHODS:
Production methods, also known as manufacturing or production processes, are the ways in which
goods or services are created or delivered.

 JOB PRODUCTION:
Job production concentrates on producing one product from start to finish. Once one product is
complete, another can begin. It is highly specialized and very labor intensive. Some examples:
making a wedding dress.
  BATCH PRODUCTION:
Batch production is a method whereby a group of identical products are produced simultaneously
(rather than one at a time). It is up to the manufacturer to decide how big the batch will be, and how
often these batches will be made. Each batch goes through the separate stages of the manufacturing
process together.

 MASS PRODUCTION:
Mass production is the industrial technique to produce large quantities of similar products in
constant flows on production lines. The strategy focuses on low-cost production by using
standardized and repetitive processes to manufacture the same line of products.

Examples of mass production include the following:

Canned goods, Over-the-counter drugs, Household appliances.

• CONTINUOUS PRODUCTION:
A manufacturing process in which finished products are made from basic materials in one continuous
process without interruption: Oil refineries, for instance, use a continuous production process, and
refining equipment works twenty-four hours a day.

1. JOB DESIGN:

• DEFINITION:

 Job design involves structuring and organizing tasks, responsibilities, and interactions
within a job to achieve specific organizational goals and improve employee satisfaction
and performance.

• KEY COMPONENTS:

 Task Identity: The extent to which a job requires the completion of a whole and
identifiable piece of work.
 Task Significance: The impact a job has on the lives or work of others.
 Skill Variety: The range of skills and abilities required to perform the job.
 Autonomy: The degree of freedom and independence employees have in performing their
tasks.
 Considerations: Job design seeks to balance the needs of the organization with the
satisfaction and motivation of employees.
2. JOB DESCRIPTION:

• DEFINITION: A job description is a formal written document that outlines the duties,
responsibilities, qualifications, and other details of a specific job.

• CONTENTS:

 JOB TITLE: The name of the position.

 DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES: Detailed list of tasks and activities expected from
the employee.
 QUALIFICATIONS: Education, experience, skills, and other requirements for the
job.
 WORKING CONDITIONS: Details about the work environment and any physical or
environmental factors.
 RELATIONSHIPS: Descriptions of interactions with other employees or
departments.
 PURPOSE: Job descriptions help in recruitment, employee orientation,
performance evaluation, and organizational planning.