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CCS 7 Signalling and User Parts
CCS 7 Signalling and User Parts
The next stage trough, which the exchanges evolved, is shown in Fig. 4.1. In such exchange
the control mechanism for setting-up and releasing calls is separated from the switch block.
The technique allows much more flexibility in controlling calls and it also reduces costs.
Again, CAS systems are typically associated with this type of exchange. Whereas signaling
information is carried on the same path as it is associated speech circuit external to the
exchange. The two are separated within the exchange. This is shown in Fig. 20 in which the
speech traffic circuits (denoted by solid lines) are routed by the switch block but the signaling
information (denoted by dotted lines) is routed via the control function. Between Exchanges
A and B, the signaling and traffic are carried over the same path. This approach was primarily
designed to allow optimization of functions within exchanges, but its effectiveness is
constrained by the need to combine signaling and speech traffic external to the exchange.
With Common Channel Signaling (CCS) systems, the philosophy is to separate the signaling
path from the speech path. The separation occurs both within the exchange and external to the
exchange (Fig. 21), thus following optimization of the control processes, switch block and
signaling systems. Fig. 21 illustrates that, in a CCS environment, the switch block routs the
speech paths as before, and however, a separate path internal to the exchange routs the
signaling (denoted by a dotted line). This approach allows maximum flexibility in optimizing
exchange and signaling development. The approach gains maximum benefits when adopted
in parallel with the introduction of digital exchange and digital transmission systems. CCS
system being particularly efficient in these circumstances.
One result of the evolutionary process of exchange described above is to change the
relationship between signaling and call control. In the early exchange systems, exchanges
could communicate, but in a limited and inflexible manner, thus limiting the flexibility of call
control. In a CCS environment, the objective is to allow uninhibited communication between
exchange control functions, or processor, thus tremendously broadening the scope and
flexibility of information transfer.
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ADVANTAGES
Exchange A OF COMMON CHANNEL SIGNALLING
Exchange B
Common Channel Signaling is being adopted throughout the world in national and
international networks for numerous reasons.
Speech The main reasons are:
The rapidly changing control techniques of exchanges.
X X
The limitations of CAS systems.
The evolutionary
X potential of CCS systems. X
Control Control
Legend
Speech
Signaling
The separation of CCS from traffic circuits, and the direct inter-connection of exchange
processors, is the early steps in establishing a cohesive CCS network to allow unimpeded
signaling transfer between customers and nodes and between nodes in the network. The
concept of a cohesive CCS network opens up the opportunity for the implementation of a
wide range of network management administrative, operation and maintenance function. A
major example of such function is the quasi-associated mode of operation. This mode of
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operation provides great deals of flexibility in network security, reduces the cost of CCS on
small traffic routes and extends the data-transfer capabilities for non-circuit related signaling.
Exchange A Exchange B
Speech
X X
X X
X X
Signaling
Control Control
The restricted number of conditions that can be applied (e.g. the limit variation that
can be applied to a D.C. loop or the limited number frequency combinations that can
be implemented in a voice frequency system)
The limited number of opportunities to transfer signals (e.g. it is not possible to
transmit voice-frequency signals during the conversation phase of a call without
inconveniencing the customers or taking special measures.)
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Neither of these restrictions applies to CCS. The flexible message-based approach allows a
vast range of information to be defined and the information can be during any stage of a call.
Hence, the repertoire of CCS is far greater than channel-associated versions and messages
can be transferred at any stage of a call without affecting the calling and called subscribers.
CCS systems transfer signals very quickly, i.e. at 64 Kbps. This speedy signaling also permits
the inclusion of far more information without an increase in post dialing delay.
Techniques used in modern CCS system can further improve the flexibility provided to
customers. 'User-to-user' signaling and end-to-end signaling techniques are used whereby
messages can be transferred from one customer to another without undergoing a full analysis
at each exchange in the network. Whilst forms of end-to-end signaling are possible using
CAS systems, the technique can be more efficiently implemented with CCS systems.
One of the problems that prompted the development of CCS systems was 'speech clipping' in
the international network. In some case CAS systems, it is necessary to split the speech path
during call set-up to avoid tones being heard by the calling customer. This results in a slow
return of the answer signal and, if the called customer starts speaking immediately after
answer, then the first part of the statement by the called customer is lost. As the first
statement is usually the identity of the called customer, this causes a great deal of confusion
and inconvenience. CCS systems avoid the problem by transferring the answer signal
quickly.
As a result of the processing ability of CCS systems, a high degree of reliability can be
designed into the signaling network. Error detection and correction techniques can be applied
which ensure reliable transfer of uncorrupted information. In the case of an intermediate
exchange failure, re-routing can take place within the signaling network, enabling signaling
transfer to be continued. While these features introduce extra requirements, the common
channel approach to signaling allows a high degree of reliability to be implemented
economically.
A major restriction of CAS is the lack of flexibility, e.g. the ability to add new features is
limited. One factor that led to the development of CCS was the increasing need to add new
features and respond to new network requirements. Responses to new requirements in CCS
can be far more rapid and comprehensive than for channel associated versions.
CCS systems are not just designed to meet current needs. They are designed to the as flexible
as possible in meeting future requirements. One way of achieving the objective is to define
modern CCS systems in a structured way, specifying the signaling system in a number of
tiers. The result is flexibility signaling system that reacts quickly to evolving requirements
and future services can be incorporated in a flexible and comprehensive manner. Changes to
existing services can be implemented more quickly and at lower cost than with CAS systems.
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OVERVIEW OF SIGNALLING SYSTEM NO. 7
Signaling System No. 7 (CCS7) is a message based signaling system between Stored
Program Controlled (SPC) switches. Where the intermediate nodes may be used a Signal
Transfer Points (STPs) CCS7 network can be used for transmitting call related messages, as
well as show speed data packets between ISDN users. The Signaling Connection Control Part
(SCCP) enables it to act like a packet network. Thus it is an important pre-requisite to
Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN) and Intelligent Network (IN) features. Enhanced
service for the public telephone network can also be provided using this message based
signaling system.
LEVEL 1
Any node with the capability of handling CCS7 is termed a 'Signaling point'. The direct
interconnection of two signaling points with CCS7 uses one or more 'signaling link (s)'. Level
1 of the 4-level structure (shown in Fig. 22) defines the physical, electrical and functional
characteristics of the signaling link. Defining such characteristics within level 1 means that
the rest of the signaling system (level 2 to 4) can be independent of the transmission medium
adopted. By keeping the interface between levels 1 and 2 constant, any changes within level 1
do not affect the higher levels. In a digital environment, usually the physical link is a 64 Kbps
channel. This is typically within a digital transmission system using pulse-code modulation
(PCM). However, other types of link (including analogue) can be used without affecting
levels 2 to 4.
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LEVEL 2
Level 2 defines the functions that are relevant to an individual signaling link, including error
control and link monitoring. Thus, level 2 is responsible for the reliable transfer of signaling
information between two directly connected signaling points. If errors occur during
transmission of the signaling information, it is the responsibility of level 2 to invoke
procedures to correct the errors. Such characteristics can be optimized without affecting the
rest of the signaling system, provided that the interfaces to level 1 and 3 remain constant.
LEVEL 3
The functions that are common to more than one signaling link, i.e. signaling network
functions, are defined in level 3 : these include 'message handling' functions and 'signaling
network management' functions. When a message is transferred between two exchanges,
there are usually several routes that the message can take including via a signal-transfer point.
The message-handling functions are responsible for the routing of the messages through the
signaling network to the correct exchange. Signaling network management functions control
the configuration of the signaling network. These functions include network reconfiguration
is response to status changes in the network. For example, if an exchange within the signaling
network fails, the level 3 of CCS7 can re-route message and avoid the exchange that has
failed.
OMAP ASEs
APPLICATION
TCAP
ISUP/TUP
PRESENTATION
NULL
SESSION
TRANSPORT
SCCP
NETWOR
K
MTP LEVEL 3
DATA LINK MTP LEVEL 2
PHYSICAL MTP LEVEL 1
Fig : 3
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ISUP = ISDN USER PART
MTP = MESSAGE TRANSFER PART
OMAP = OPERATIONS MAINTENANCE AND ANDINISTRATION PART
TCAP = IRANSACTION CAP ABILITIES APPLICATION PART
TUP = TELEPHONE USER PART
SCCP = Signalling connection control Part
LEVEL 4
Level 4 comprises the 'user parts'. The meaning of the messages transferred by the MTP and
the sequence of actions for a particular application (e.g. telephony) is defined by the 'user
parts'. A key feature is that many different user parts may use the standardized MTP. Hence,
if new requirements arise, that had not been foreseen previously, the relevant user part can be
enhanced (or a new user part derived) without modifying the transfer mechanism or affecting
other user parts. Three user parts have been defined, the Telephone User Part (TUP), the
ISDN User Part (ISUP) and the Data User Part (DUP). Along with SCCP, which provides
end-to-end signaling capability, MTP constitutes the Network Services Part (NSP) which
provides the Network Layer functionalities of the OSI model. The user parts of NSP are
Operations and Maintenance Application Part (OMAP) and Mobile Application Part (MAP).
Thus, while MTP is sufficient for circuit switched application like TUP and ISUP, for non-
circuit related applications, such a database querying, the enhanced addressing capability of
SCCP is required. SCCP has a unique scheme of addressing and routing based on Global
Titles. SCCP utilizes the services of MTP to route its payload from one node to other.
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into the MTP packet size. At the distant node it is the responsibility of the peer SCCP to re-
assemble the segmented message.
TCAP layer is a compound layer in the sense that it is composed of two sub-layers namely,
Transaction Sub layer (TSL) and Component Sub layer (CSL). Transaction sub layer is
responsible for establishing, managing and maintaining the integrity of the dialogue whereas
Component sub layer is responsible for packing the upper layer message into a component
and assigning an invoke ID to the component.
Upon receipt of the message by the MTP of exchanges B, levels 1 and 2 deliver the message
to level 3. Level 3 at exchange B recognizes that the message has arrived at the correct
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exchange and distributes the message to the appropriate user part at level 4. Level 4 in
exchange B then interacts with the control function to determine the appropriate action and
response. If problems arise in the transmission process between exchanges A and B. causing
message corruption, the level 2 functions are responsible for detecting the corruption and
retransmitting the information. If the signaling link between exchanges A and B is not
available (e.g. link has failed), the level 3 functions are responsible for re-routing the
information through the signaling network to exchange B.
CCS#7
INTRODUCTION
Communication networks generally connect two subscriber terminating equipment units
together via several line sections and switches for message exchange (e.g. speech, data, text
or images). Control information has to be transferred between the exchanges for call control
and for the use of facilities. In analog communication networks, channel-associated signaling
systems have so far been used to carry the control information. Fault free operation is
guaranteed with the channel associated signaling systems in analog communication networks,
but the systems do not meet requirements in digital, processor and controlled communication
network. Such networks offer a considerably larger scope of performance as compared with
the analog communication networks due, for instances, to a number of new services and
facilities. The amount and variety of the information to be transferred is accordingly larger.
The conventional channel associated signaling systems can no longer economically transport
the information. For this reason, a new efficient signaling is required in digital, processor-
controlled communication networks.
The CCITT has therefore specified the common channel signaling system no. 7 (CCS-7)
CCS-7 is optimized for application in digital networks. It is characterized by the following
main features. :
EXCHANGE EXCHANGE
A B
X X
X X
SWITCH SWITCH
BLOCK BLOCK
LEVEL LEVEL
4 4
LEVEL MT LEVEL
3LEVEL MT 3LEVEL
P P
2LEVEL 2LEVEL
1 1
SIGNALLING
LINK
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Internationally standardized (national variations possible)
Suitable for the national, international and intercontinental network level.
Suitable for various communication services such as telephony, test services, data
services, and other services.
Suitable for service-specific communication networks and for the integrated services
digital networks (ISDN)
High performance and flexibility along with a future-oriented concept which well
meet new requirements.
High reliability for message transfer.
Processor-friendly structure of messages (signal units of multiples of
8 bits)
Signaling on separate signaling links; the bit rate of the circuit is therefore exclusively
for communication.
Signaling links always available, even during existing calls.
Use of the signaling links of transferring user data also
Used on various transmission media
cable (copper, optical fiber)
radio relay
satellite (up to 2 satellite links)
use of the transfer rate of 64 kbit/s typical in digital networks
used also for lower bit rates and for analog signaling links if necessary
Automatic supervision and control of the signaling network.
SIGNALLING NETWORK
In contrast to channel-associated signaling, which has been standard practice until now, in
CCS7 the signaling messages are sent via separate signaling links (see fig.24). One signaling
link can convey the signaling messages for many circuits.
The CCS signaling links connect signaling points (SPs) in a communication network. The
signaling points and the signaling links form an independent signaling network, which is
overlaid over the circuit network.
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All SPs in the signaling network are identified by means of a code within the framework of a
corresponding numbering plan and therefore can be directly addressed in a signaling
message.
SIGNALLING LINKS
A signaling link consists of a signaling data link (two data channels operating together in
opposite directions at the same data rate) and its transfer control functions. A channel of an
existing transmission link (e.g. a PCM 30 link) is used as the signaling data link. Generally,
more than one signaling link exists between two SPs in order to provide redundancy. In the
case of failure of a signaling link, functions of the CCS7 ensure that the signaling traffic is
rerouted to fault free alternative routes. The routing of the signaling links between two SPs
can differ. All the signaling links between two SPs are combined in a signaling link set.
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SIGNALLING MODES
The different signaling modes can be used in the signaling networks for CCS7 viz. associated
mode and quasi-associated mode.
In the associated mode of signaling, the signaling link is routed together with the circuit
group belonging to the link. In other words, the signaling link is directly connected to SPs
which are also the terminal points of the circuit group (see fig.25) This mode of
recommended when the capacity of the traffic relation between the SPs A and B heavily
utilized.
In the quasi -associated mode of signaling, the signaling link and the speech circuit group run
along different routes, the circuit group connecting the SP A directly with the SP B. For this
mode the signaling for the circuit group is carried out via one or more defined STPs (see
fig.26). This signaling mode is favorable for traffic relations with low capacity utilization, as
the same signaling link can be used for several destinations.
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Signaling links
Signaling Point C/
Signaling transfer Pint
The route defined for the signaling between an originating point and a destination point is
called the signaling route. The signaling traffic between two SPs can be distributed over
several different signaling routes. All signaling routes between two SPs are combined in a
signaling route set.
PLANNING ASPECTS
Economic, operational and organizational aspects must be considered in the planning of the
signalling network for CCS 7. An administration should also have discussions with the other
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administrations at an early stage before CCS 7 is introduced in order to make decisions, for
examples, on the following points.
(a) Signalling network
- Mode of signalling
- Selection of the STPs
- Signalling type (en bloc or overlap)
- Assignment of the address to SPs
(b) Signalling data links, e.g. 64 kbit/s digital or 4.8 kbit/s analogue
(c) Safety requirements
- load sharing between signalling links
- diverting the signalling traffic to alternative routes in event of
faults error correction.
(d) Adjacent traffic relations
STRUCTURE OF CCS 7
The signaling in CCS 7 are distributed among the following parts
The MTP represents a user neutral means of transport for messages between the users. The
term user is applied here for all functional units which use the transport capability of the
MTP.
Each user part encompasses the functions, protocols and coding for the signaling via CCS7
for a specific user type (e.g. telephone service, data service, ISDN). In this way, the user
control the set-up release of circuit connections, the processing of facilities as well as
administration and maintenance functions for the circuits.
The functions of the MTP and the UP of CCS7 are divided into 4 levels. Level 1 to 3 is
allotted to the MTP while the UPs form level 4
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FUNCTIONAL LEVELS
Level 1 (Signalling data link) defines the physical, electrical and functional
characteristics of a signalling data link and the access units. Level 1 represents the
bearer for a signalling link. In a digital network, 64-kbit/s channel are generally used
as signalling data links. In addition, analogue channels (preferably with a bit rate of
4.8 kbit/s) can also be used via modems as a signalling data link.
Signaling part A
Signaling part B
User Message
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Level 2 (signaling link) defines the functions and procedure for a correct exchange of user
message via a signaling link. The following functions must be carried out level 2;
Level 3 (signaling network) defines the interworking of the individual signaling links.
Following are the functional areas:
- Message handling, i.e. directing the message to the desired signaling link, or to the
correct UP.
- Signaling network management, i.e. control of the message traffic, for example by
means of changeover of signaling links of a fault is detected and change back to
normal operation after the fault is corrected.
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Backward sequence number (BSN): (7 bits) The BSN is used as an acknowledgment carrier
within the context of error control. It contains the forward sequence number (FSN) of a SU in
the opposite directive whose reception is being acknowledged. A series of SUs can also
acknowledged with one BSN.
Backward Indicator Bit (BIB): (1 bit) The BIB is needed during general error correction with
this bit, faulty SUs are requested to be retransmitted for error correction.
Forward indicator bit (FIB): (1 bit) The FIB is needed during general error correction. It
indicates whether a SU is being sent for the first time of whether it is being retransmitted.
Length indicator (LI): (6 bit) The LI is used to differentiate between the three SUs. It gives
the number of octets between the check bit (CK) field and the LI field. The LI field contains
different values according to the type of SU, it is 0 for FISU, 1 or 2 for LISU and is greater
then 2 for MSU.
The Maximum value in the length indicator fields is 63 even if the signaling information field
(SIF) contains more than 63 octets.
F B
F CK SIF SIO LI FSN BSN F
I I
B B
Message Signal unit
F B
F CK SF LI FSN BSN F
I I
B B
Link Status Signal unit
F B
F CK LI FSN BSN F
I I
B B
Fill in Signal unit
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Check bits (CK) : (16 bit) The CKs are formed on the transmission side form the contents of
the SU and are added to the SUs as redundancy. On the receive side, the MTP can determine
with the CKs whether the SU was transferred without any errors. The SUs acknowledged as
either positive or faulty on the basis of the check.
Signaling information fields (SIF): (2 to 272 octets) it contains the actual user message. The
user message also includes the address (routing label, 40 bits) of the destination to which the
message is to be transferred. The maximum length of the user message is 62 octets for
national and 272 octets for international networks. (One octet= 8 bits). The format and coding
of the user message are separately defined for each UP.
Originating Point Code (OPC): (14 bits) specifies the SP from which the message originates.
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The coding of OPC and DPC is pure binary and using 14 bits linear encoding, it is possible to
identify 16,384 exchanges. The number of exchanges in DOT network having CCS7
capability is expected to be within this limit.
Signalling Link Selection (SLS) field: (4 bits): the contents of the SLS field determine the
signalling route (identifying a particular signalling link within a link set or link sets) along
which the message is to be transmitted. In this way, the SLS fields are used for lead sharing
on the signalling links between two SPs.
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Message Message
Routing Discrimination
Other Signaling
Signaling link status Links
control
Level 2
Transmissio
n control Receive
transmission Control
buffer
Flag,
Check bit alignment
and flag and error
generator detection
Level 1
Signaling data link
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The SIO contains additional address information. Using the SI, the destination MTP identifies
the UP for which the message is intended. The NI, for example, enables a message to be
identifies as being for national or international traffic.
LSSUs and FISUs require no routing label as they are only exchanged between level 2 of
adjacent MTPs.
The message sent from a user to the MTP for transmission contains: the user information, the
routing label, the SI, The MI and a LI. The processing of a user message to be transmitted in
the MTP begins in level 3.
The MTP is responsible for (a) transmitting and (b) receiving SUs (c) for correcting
transmission errors, (d) for the signalling network management and (e) for the alignment. Its
functions are spread over the functional levels, 1, 2, and 3.
The message routing (level 3) determines the signalling link on which the user message is to
be transmitted. To do this, it analyzes the DPC and the SLS field in the routing label of the
user message, and then transfers the message to the appropriate signalling link (level 2)
The transmission control (level 2) assigns the next FSN and the FIB to the user message. In
addition, it includes the BSN and the BIB as an acknowledgement for the last received MSU.
The transmission control simultaneously enters the part of the MSU formed so far in the
transmission and retransmission buffers. All MSUs to be transmitted are stored in the
retransmission buffer until their fault-free reception is acknowledged by the receive side.
Only then they are deleted.
The check bit and flag generator (level 2) generates CKs for safeguarding against
transmission errors for the MSU and sets the flag for separating the SUs. In order that any
section of code identical to the flag (01111110) occurring by chance is not mistaken for the
flag, the user message are monitored before the flag is added to see if five consecutive ones
(1) appear in the message. A zero (0) is automatically inserted after five consecutive 1s. On
the receive side the zero following the five 1s is then automatically removed and the user
message thereby regains its original coding.
The check-bit stream along a signalling data link is received in level 1 and transferred to level
2. Flag detection (level 2) examines the received bit stream for flags. The bit sequence
between two flags corresponds to one SU. The alignment detection (level2) monitors the
synchronism of transmit and receive sides with the bit pattern of the flags.
Using the CKs also transmitted error detection (level 2) checks whether the SU was correctly
received. A fault free SU is transferred to the receive control, while a faulty SU is discarded.
The reception of a faulty SU is reported to error rate monitoring, in order to keep a
continuous check on the error rate on the receive side of the signalling link. If a specified
error rate is exceeded, this is reported to the signalling link status control by error rate
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monitoring. The signalling link status control then takes the signalling link out of service and
sends a report to level 3.
The receive control (level 2) checks whether the transferred SU contains the expected FSN
and the expected FIB. If this is the case and if it is a MSU, the receive control transfers the
user message to level 3 and causes the reception of the MSU to be positively acknowledged.
If the FSN of the transferred MSU does not agree with that expected, the receive control
detects a transmission error and causes this and all subsequent MSU to be retransmitted (see
subheading "Correction of transmission errors").
The message discrimination (level 3) accepts the correctly received user message. It first
determines whether the user message is to be delivered to one of the immediately connected
UPs or to be transferred to another signalling link (quasi-associated message). This
preselection is achieved in the message discrimination by evaluation of the DPC. A user
message that only passes through a SP (STP) is transferred by the message discrimination to
the message routing, where it’s treated as a user message to be transmitted.
If a received user message is intended for one of the connected UPs (SP), it is transferred to
message distribution (level 3). The message distribution evaluates the SIO, thereby
determining the UP concerned, and delivers the user message there.
a. The signalling link management controls and monitors the individual signalling links. It
receives the messages concerning the alignment and status of the individual signalling
link, or concerning operating irregularities and effects any changes in status which may
be necessary. It addition, the signalling link management controls the putting into service
of signalling links, including initial alignment and automatic realignment of signalling
links after failures or alignment losses due to persistent faults. If necessary, the signalling
link management transfers messages to the signalling traffic management or receives
instructions from there.
b. The signalling route management controls and monitors the operability of signalling
routes. It exchanges messages with the signalling route management in the adjacent STPs
for this purpose. The signalling route management receives, for example, messages
concerning the failure or reavailability of signalling routes or the overloading of STPs. In
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cooperation with the signalling traffic management, it initiates the appropriate actions in
order to maintain the signalling operation to the signalling destinations involved.
c. The signalling traffic management controls the diversion of the signalling traffic from
faulty signalling links or routes to fault-free signalling links or routes. It also controls the
load distribution on the signalling links and routes. To achieve this it can initiate the
following actions.
Changeover, on failure of a signaling link the signaling traffic management switches
the signaling traffic from the failed signaling link to a fault-free signaling link
Change back; when signaling link becomes available again after a fault has been
corrected, the signaling traffic management reverses the effect of the changeover.
Rerouting; when SP can no longer be reached on a normal route, the signaling traffic
management diverts the signaling traffic to a predefined alternative route.
When overloading occurs, the signalling traffic management sends messages to the users in
its own SP in order that they reduce the load. The management also informs the adjacent SPs
of the overloading in its own SP and requests them to also reduce the load.
The signaling traffic management accomplishes its functions by
Receiving messages from the signaling link and signaling route management.
Sending control instructions to signaling link and signaling route management.
Directly accessing the signaling links, e.g., during emergency alignment.
Modifying the message routing on failure of signaling routes.
Exchanging management message with the signaling traffic management in adjacent SPs.
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CCS#7 Users
TCAP
SCCP
Fig. 11 Shows the users of the MTP as well as their relationship to one another and to
the MTP. CCS7 can be adapted to all requirements due to the modular structures.
Expansion for future application is also possible. Each CCS user can specify its own
UP, for example, the mobile user part (MUP) is Siemen's own specification for the
mobile telephone network C450.
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