Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Revised
Revised
Revised
Antonius Indarto†, Jae-Wook Choi, Hwaung Lee and Hyung Keun Song
Korea Institute of Science & Technology, Clean Technology Research Center,
P.O. Box 131, Cheongryang, Seoul 130-650, Korea
Abstract
(CHCl3), and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)) diluted in the atmospheric air using gliding arc has been
studied. Various values of injected initial chloromethane concentrations, total gas flow rates, and
power frequency were used as the variables to investigate their discharge characteristic. This paper
Key words: Plasma, Gliding Arc, chloromethane, AC wave form, equilibrium voltage, voltage
breakdown
1. Introduction
The plasma of gliding arc is widely used now to destruct toxic materials. Many dangerous
emissions, such as H2S [1], N2O[2], CHCl3 and CCl4 [3-4] have been investigated and studied.
The gliding arc consists of a pair of flat electrodes which are connected to the power supply.
In operation, the arc starts at the narrowest part of electrodes gap. It starts immediately after
breakdown, a process that takes place when the electric field in the gap is high enough to ignite the
arc. The current of the arc increases very fast at moderate voltage, sufficient to create a powerful arc
which expands upward on the surface of electrodes and elongate until it can no longer be
†
Corresponding author: E-mail:indarto_antonius@yahoo.com, Tel:+82-19-352-1981
maintained. At this point, the arc goes out, and the process is repeated.
The number of arcs that will be produced depends on many factors, such as the frequency of
the power supply applied, flowing gas species, and the total gas flow rate. During this movement,
molecule reaction simultaneously occurs. Plasma arcs usually have energy high enough to destruct
strong molecule bond or initiate a reaction of stable gas material due to high temperature of flame,
However, the papers that discuss the the behaviour of gliding arc are few in number. The
results of the theoretical and numerical studies performed with the use of many mathematical
In this paper, we tried to explain physical characteristics of the plasma of compressed air
with the chloromethane compounds diluted in it. The experiment was carried out with two
triangular stainless steel electrodes, which were electrically charged from an AC power supply.
destructed was categorized as a compound of high thermal stability [10]. An analysis was carried
out, which was focused on discharge parameters, such as the equilibrium voltage, breakdown
2. Experimental setup
compounds and atmospheric air were used as an input gas. Each system and component of the setup
Figure 1
The reactor was made from a quartz-glass tube of inner diameter 45 mm and length 300
mm. The upper part and the bottom of the reactor equipped with a teflon seal comprised two
electrodes made of stainless steel. The length of the electrodes was 150 mm. The separation of the
electrodes in the narrowest section was 1.5 mm. The gas mixture was fed between the electrodes
through a capillary (nozzle tube) of 0.8 mm inner diameter. A thermocouple, located 10 cm above
the electrode, was provided to measure the temperature of outlet gas. A high-frequency AC power
supply (the Auto electric, A1831) with a maximum voltage of 10 kV and a maximum current of 100
mA was connected to the gliding arc electrode to generate plasma. The frequency could be adjusted
from 10 to 20 kHz.
a. Methylene chloride: CH2Cl2, molecular weight 84.93, purity 99.0%, purchased from the Junsei
b. Chloroform: CHCl3, molecular weight 119.38, purity 99.0%, purchased from the Junsei
c. Carbon tetrachloride: CCl4, molecular weight 153.82, purity 99.5%, purchased from the Kanto
Atmospheric air was used as a carrier gas and was controlled by a calibrated mass flow
controller (the Tylan, FC-280S). The flow rates were 3, 4, and 5 L/min. Before entering the reactor,
atmospheric air first passed through a scrubber and then was mixed with chloromethane compound.
The chloromethane compounds were injected by a syringe pump (the KD Scientific, Model 100).
The temperature of input stream was maintained higher than the temperature of compounds
vaporization by means of heating tape surrounding the stream line.
The power supplied and AC voltage-current (V-I) waveform were registered by a digital
oscilloscope (the Agilent 54641A) with a high-voltage probe (the Tektronix P6015A) having
analogue bandwidth of 350 MHz and a current monitor (the Pearson 4997). The power consumed
was also calculated by a wattmeter (the Metex M-3860M). The power measured with the
oscilloscope was the real value absorbed in the reactor only and was defined as:
Discharge power = ∫ (V (t ) × I (t ) ) dt × frequency Watt (1)
In this study the experimental data were taken 30 minutes after the initiation of the plasma
of gliding arc referred to the onset outlet temperature of the bulk gas measured by thermocouple.
Figure 2
Figure 3
The specific characteristic of the gliding arc is the initial breakdown of the moving gas,
which initiates this arc. Initial breakdown voltage was higher than equilibrium voltage. Figure 2
shows the arc movement along the electrode plates. The number of arcs produced could be easily
found from the waveform of voltage and current (Figure 3). Following Chiranjeeve et al work,
over-current should be obtained at the shortest distance between a pair of electrodes which
represents of breakdown state of arc production. In this study, the AC supply voltage applied and
current of breakdown and equilibrium state were not manually adjustable. Required voltage and
current value to achieve the initial arc production was fixed at the specific value which is
determined by configuration of system, such as: gap distance of electrode, gas flow rate, etc. After
achieving initial breakdown, supply voltage and current decreased in the equilibrium state to a
stationary value which could not be adjusted or changed by varying the parameter of the power
supply. The frequency of the power supply was the only adjustable independent parameter.
However, the frequency played an important role in the amount of arcs produced.
Figure 4
Figure 5
The power consumed or applied plays the main role in holding the stability or instability of
gliding plasma. Although the concentration and flow rate were kept the same, different compounds
of injected material gives gave different power consumption. Figure 4 shows the result of the
measurements of voltage carried out by oscilloscope for different gases. Slight differences in
voltage and positions of maxima occurred. With rising concentration of chloromethane in the inlet
stream, the difference was getting more and more, which is clearly shown in Fig. 5. From Fig. 5, it
can be concluded that the compound containing CCl4 consumed the highest discharge power. The
A good analytical explanation can be given on the base of the Paschen’s Law, according to
which the potential is a function of the product of pressure and gap length [11].
V = f ( p, d ) (2)
In this experiment the the interelectrode gap was kept constant, and the pressure could also
be assumed constant. Although the potential was the function of p and d, in the real experiment,
some coefficient must be introduced to match the results of the experiment and mathematical
calculations [12]. Rearrangement of Eq. 2 which inserts some coefficient will give:
B pd
V=
A pd (3)
ln
ln(1 / γ )
1
=∈αd (4)
γ
The differentiation of Eq. 2 and setting the derivation equal to zero will give:
e 1 2.718 1
( pd ) m = ln = ln (5)
A γ A γ
The minimum/ maximum voltage was obtained by substituting Eq. 5 into Eq. 3:
B 1
Vm = 2.718 ln (6)
A γ
The voltage given in Eq. 6 is usually called as a voltage of breakdown (Vbd). In case of
gliding arc, Vm > V. Less information about of A and B constants is available under?? in the case of
gliding arc plasma. The parameters A and B must be determined experimentally [13].
From Eqs. 3 and 6, it can be seen that there is a relation between V and Vbd. When
chloromethane compounds were injected with different concentrations, the values of Vbd obtained
from the experiment were different. In this study, to check the relationship between V and Vbd, we
2.718 1
A= B ln (7)
Vm γ
B pd
V=
2.718 B (8)
ln
Vm
B1 p1 d 1
2.718 B1
ln
V1 V m1
= (9)
V2 B2 p 2 d 2
2.718 B 2
ln
Vm 2
The experiment was carried out under the same pressure and gap distance: p1 = p2 and d1 =
d2. Parameter B is the function of effective ionization potential (V*) and pressure. This potential
ensures the transport electrons through the gap and thus ionization is produced. As we used the
same gap distance, pressure, and concentrations of chloromethane compounds differ only slightly, it
1
ln
V1 = Vm 2
In this case Eq. (9) can be written in the form:
1 Vm1
ln
V2
(10)
Figure 6
The comparison between the calculation and experimental results is shown in Fig. 6. When
the experiment was carried out with varying concentrations but with the same chloromethane
compounds, the results were close. The satisfactory result was also achieved when the experiment
was carried out with different total gas flow rates and fixed concentration and chloromethane
species. However, this result could not be obtained when we applied the same rates with different
chloromethane compounds. This means that parameters A and C have specific values for each
chloromethane gas and play an important role in the initiation of arcs cycle production.
Molecule chemical stability has important role on the breakdown process into plasma by
releasing energetic species, such as electron and ion. Radu, et.al. have studied and mentioned in
their work the effect of electron on the initiation of breakdown. Lack of free electrons that are
necessary to initiate the breakdown will lead to the over-voltage across the electrodes gap, which
will result in larger magnitude of voltage and current amplitude and more rapid rising times [14-17].
Taylor et al. have made a comparison between these compounds and graded these compounds in
Stability depends on the structure and chemical bonds of compounds. High chemical bond
stability compared to other chlorinated methanes could explain why CCl4 gave the highest value of
V and Vbd. This result also matched with other experimental results testifying that CCl4 has higher
Figure 7
After the initial breakdown of the discharge gap,we failed to control equilibrium voltage and
current by varying the parameters of the power supply, and setting of specified voltage and current
was difficult. In this case, the total gas flow rate also was aa factor to be counted as a variable.
Figure 7 shows the effect of the total gas flow rate on power profile. It can be easily seen that at 3
L/min, the total discharge power that was supplied to the system was higher compared to its value at
4 and 5 L/min.
Figure 8
To study thoroughly this effect, we have tried to capture- the real voltage-current profile at
under the conditions of equilibrium. Figure 8 shows the behavior of voltage-current wave obtained
by experiment. The calculations of both real and average values of voltage wave gave that the total
voltage supplied would be lower at lower total gas flow rate. But this difference was not noticeable.
This phenomenon can be also explained by the Paschen’s law [12]. Usually, rising flow rate
increases the pressure in the system. Increasing pressure can increase the breakdown-voltage (Vb) to
initiate the arc creation which is higher compared at the lower pressure system. Moreover, the
voltage at the equilibrium condition will be higher also compared at the lower pressure. The effect
of current waveform can be supposed to be the main reason for rising or reducing the value of total
discharge power. The comparison between Fig.s 8 (b), (d), and (e), it shows that at 3 L/min the
number of sudden-fluctuated pulses was higher that in the two others cases. This means that at 3
L/min the system produced more arcs compared to 4 and 5 L/min. As mentioned above, as the
effect of rising flow rate results in higher pressure, therefore, the possibility to produce arcs was
getting weaker . That is why the number of sudden-fluctuated pulses was smaller and smaller with
rising of the total gas flow rate. However, sudden-fluctuated pulses also gave significant
contribution to the calculated average total current fed to the system. Compared to the average
current when arc was not occurred, the value of the total average current was 5 ~ 10 times higher in
Figure 9
Figure 10
The frequency of the power supply was an adjustable factor in this experiment. Figure 9
shows the effect of frequency on power profile. The integration of Eq. 1 showed that the total
discharge power increased linearly with rising frequency. When the conditions were kept constant,
the number of arcs also increased. Radu et. al. mentioned that a change in the frequency will change
the basic mechanism of the Townsend breakdown [14]. Rising frequency will increase sudden
fluctuations of current and voltage peak per cycle. Integration calculation of power waveform using
Eq.1 shows that higher number of peaks per cycle will give higher energy supplied, Fig. 10.. The
measurements carried out with a wattmeter showed the same tendency as the oscilloscope
measurements but power value was a little bit higher. Oscilloscope was used to measure only the
energy that was supplied to the plasma. On the other hand, wattmeter measured the total power
needed for all instruments, including the total power to operate the power supply.
4. Conclusion
. The power discharge characteristics of gliding arc plasma have been studied using
chloromethane compounds. Different concentrations, total gas flow rate and frequency have been
and total gas flow rate, the the behavior of chloromethane compounds followed the Paschen’s law,
which gave the relation between equilibrium voltage and breakdown voltage. Higher total gas flow
rate decreased the discharge power. It reduced the number of of arcs produced that, which would
reduced the sudden fluctuations in the current wave. Discharge power also increased with higher
frequency.
Acknowledgement
This work was supported by the National Research Laboratory of the Ministry of Science
References
[1] V. Dalaine, J. M. Cormier, and P. Lefaucheux, A gliding discharge applied to H2S destruction,
J. Appl. Phys., 83 (5), 2435 (1998)
[2] K. Krawczyk and M. Młotek, Combined plasma-catalytic processing of nitrous oxide, Appl.
Catal. B, 30, 233 (2001)
[3] K. Krawczyk and B. Ulejczyk, Decomposition of Chloromethanes in Gliding Discharges,
Plasma Chem. Plasma Process., 23 (2), 256, 2003.
[4] K. Krawczyk and B. Ulejczyk, Influence of Water Vapor on CCl4 and CHCl3 Conversion in
Gliding Discharge, Plasma Chem. Plasma Process., 24 (2), 155, 2004.
[5] A. Fridman, S. Nester, L. A. Kennedy, A. Saveliev, O. M. Yardimci, Gliding arc gas discharge,
Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., 25, 211 (1999)
[6] O. M-Yardimci, A. V. Saveliev, A. A. Fridman, and L. A. Kennedy, Thermal and nonthermal
regimes of gliding arc discharge in air flow, J. Appl. Phys., 87 (4), 1632 (2000)
[7] I. V. Kuznetsova, N. Y. Kalashnikov, A. F. Gutsol, A. A. Fridman, and L. A. Kennedy, Effect
of "overshooting" in the transitional regimes of the low-current gliding arc discharge, J. Appl.
Phys., 92 (8), 4231 (2002)
[8] F. Richard, J. M. Cormier, S. Pellerin, and J. Chapelle, Physical study of a gliding arc
discharge, J. Appl. Phys., 79 (5), 2245 (1996)
[9] S. Pellerien, F. Richard, J. Chapelle, J-M Cornier, and K Musiol, Heat string model of bi-
dimensional dc Glidarc, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 33 (19), 2407 (2000)
[10] P. H. Taylor, B. Dellinger, and C. C. Lee, Development of a thermal stability-based ranking of
hazardous organic compound incinerability, Environ. Sci. Technol. 24(3), 316 (1990).
[11] v. F. Paschen, Ueber die zum Funkenubergang in Luft, Wasserstoff und Kohlensäure bei
verschiedenen Druken erforderliche Potentialdifferenz, Wied. Ann, 37, 69 (1889).
[12] J. D. Cobine, Gaseous Conductor Theory and Engineering Application (Dover Publications,
Inc., 1958), pp. 160-177
[13] J. R. Roth, Industrial Plasma Engineering Volume 1: Principles (Institute of Physic Publishing,
1995), pp.237-256.
[14] I. Radu, R. Bartnikas, and M. R. Wertheimer, Frequency and voltage dependence of glow and
pseudoglow discharges in helium under atmospheric pressure, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., 31
(6), 1363 (2003)
[15] R. Bartnikas, Partial discharges. Their mechanism, detection and measurement, IEEE Trans.
Dielect. Elect. Insulation, 9 (6), 763 (2002)
[16] J. P. Novak and R. Barnitas, Breakdown model of a short plane-parallel gap, J. Appl. Phys., 62
(9), 3605 (1987)
[17] R. Barnitas and J. P. Novak, Effect of overvoltage on the risetime and amplitude of PD pulses,
IEEE Trans. Dielect. Elect. Insulation, 2 (4), 557 (1995)
[18] P. H. Taylor and B. Dellinger, Thermal degradation characteristics of chloromethane mixtures,
Environ. Sci. Technol., 22 (4), 438 (1988)
Figure Captions
Figure 2. Movement of the gliding arc along the electrode plate recorded by a high-speed
camera.
Figure 3. Typical waveform of the AC power supply. The phenomena of arc production
could be clearly seen from the fluctuations of current waveform.
Fig 4. Voltage profile.
Figure 5. Effect of injected chloromethane compounds (species, concentration, and total gas
flow rate) on discharge power.
Figure 6. Comparison between the calculation and experimental value of Vbd.
Figure 7. Power profile as a function of the total gas flow rate. The data were obtained
using 1% of CCl4 as an injected compound at a power frequency of 20 kHz.
Figure 8. Voltage-current behaviour at 1% of injected CCl4 and a power frequency of 20
kHz. (a) V-3 L/min (b) I-3 L/min (c) V-4 L/min (d) I-4 L/min (e) V-5 L/min (f) I-5 L/min
Fig 9. Effect of the frequency of the power supply applied on the power profile. The data
were obtained using 10% of CHCl3 at a total gas flow rate of 2.5 L/min
Fig 10. Effect of the frequency of the power supply applied on the total discharge power.
The data were obtained using 8% of CHCl3 at a total gas flow rate of 2.5 L/min