Chapter 5 - SKELETALSYSTEM

Holy Name University - College of Health Sciences
Department of Radiologic Technology

ANAPHY
First Semester A.Y 2023 - 2024
Chapter 5: The Skeletal System

- Body’s calcium deposited in the
bones as calcium salts
• Blood cell formation
Skeleton- means “dried up body” in - Hematopoiesis
Greek word - Occurs in the marrow cavities
Parts of the Skeletal System Adult skeleton has 206 bones
• Bones (skeleton) 2 Basic Types of Osseous (bone tissue)
• Joints
• Cartilages a. Compact bone
• Ligaments - Dense and homogenous
b. Spongy bone
2 Divisions of Skeleton - Spiky
- open appearance like sponge
• Axial skeleton- bones form the
longitudinal axis CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
• Appendicular skeleton- bones of
Long Bones
limbs and girdles where axial
skeleton is attached - typically, longer than wide
- have a shaft with heads at both
FUNCTIONS OF BONES
ends
• Support the body - contain mostly compact bone
- The “steel girders” and - Examples: humerus, femur
“reinforced concrete” of the body
Short Bones
- Leg bone as pillars to support to
the body trunk - cube-shape
- Ribcage supports the thoracic - contain mostly spongy bone
wall - examples: carpals, tarsals
• Protection of soft organs o Sesamoid bones
- Skull that protects the brain - Special type of short
when gets hard by an object bone
- The ribcage protect vital organs - Form within tendons
of thorax - Examples: patella or
• Movement due to attached kneecap
skeletal muscles
- Use bones as levers to the move
the body and its parts
- As a result, we can breathe, talk,
swim, and throw a ball
• Storage of minerals (Ca and P)
and fats
- Fats stored in internal yellow
marrow in the cavity
- Serves as store house of
minerals
ANAPHY
Flat Bones Structures of Long Bone
- Thin and flattened PERIOSTEUM
- Usually curved
- Outside covering of the
- Two thin layers of compact bone
diaphysis
sandwiching a layer of spongy
- Fibrous connective tissue
bone
membrane
- Examples: skull, ribs, sternum
SHARPEY’S FIBERS
Irregular bones
- Secure periosteum to underlying
- Irregular shape
bone
- Don’t fit into other bone
classification categories ARTERIES
- Mainly spongy bone with an
outer layer of compact bone - Supply bone cells with nutrients
- Examples: vertebrae, and hip ARTICULAR CARTILAGE
Gross Anatomy of Long Bone - Covers the external surface of
Diaphysis the epiphyses
- Made of hyaline cartilage
- Shaft (length) - Protects smooth surface that
- Composed of compact bone decreases friction at joint
surfaces
Epiphysis
MEDULLARY CAVITY
- Ends of the bone
- Composed mostly of spongy - Cavity of the shaft
bone - Contains yellow marrow (mostly
fat in adults)
- Contains red marrow (for blood
cell formation) in infants
EPIPHSYEAL LINE
- Mostly in adult bones
- A remnant of the epiphyseal
plate (plate of hyaline cartilage)
EPIPHYSEAL PLATE
- Cause the lengthwise growth of
a long bone
- When puberty ends, it will be
completely replaced by a bone
that leaves the epiphyseal line to
mark their previous location
ANAPHY
- Carries blood vessels and
nerves
o Perforating (Volkman’s) canal

- Canal run in the compact bone
at right angles to the shaft
(diaphysis) and central canals
▪ Bones have remarkable ability to resist
tension and other forces acting on it
▪ Calcium salts deposited in matrix give
bone its hardness that resist
compression
Bone Markings
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
-Surface features of bones
▪ Spongy bone composed of small -Sites of attachments for
needlelike pieces of bone called muscles, tendons and ligaments
trabeculae and lots of open space - Passages for nerves and blood
▪ In compact bone; vessels
o Lacunae o Categories of bone
- Cavities containing bone cells markings
(osteocytes) a. Projections or processes- grow
- Arranged in concentric rings out from the bone surface
called lamellae b. Depression or cavities-
o Lamellae indentions
- Rings around central canal Projections that are sight of muscle and
(Haversian canal) ligament adjustments
- Sites for lacunae • Tuberosity- large, rounded
o Osteon (Haversian System) projection, maybe roughed
- A structural and functional unit of • Crest- narrow ridge of bone, usually
compact bone prominent
o Canaliculi • Trochanter- very large, blunt,
- Tiny canals irregularly shaped process
- Radiate from the central canal to • Line- narrow ridge of bone, less
all lacunae prominent than crest
- Form a transport system • Tubercle- small, rounded projection
- Connects all the bone cells to or process
nutrient supply and waste • Epicondyle- raised area or above a
removal services condyle
o Central (Haversian canal) • Spine- sharp, slender, often pointed
- Opening in the center of an projection
osteon • Process- any bony prominence
ANAPHY
• Sinus- cavity within a bone, filled
with air and lined with mucus
membrane
• Fossa- shallow, basin like
depression in a bone often serving
as an articular surface
Projections that help form joints

• Head- bony expression carried in a
narrow neck
• Facet- smooth, nearly flat articular
surface
• Condyle- rounded articular
projection
BONE FORMATION AND GROWTH
• Ramus- armlike bar of bone ▪ In embryos, the skeleton is
primarily hyaline cartilage
▪ During development, much of
this cartilage is replaced by bone
▪ Cartilage remains in isolated
areas
o Bridge of nose
o Parts of ribs
o Joints
Depressions and openings ▪ Ossification- process of bone
For passages of blood vessels and nerves formation
• Groove- furrow Types of Bone cells
• Fissure- narrow, slit like opening • Osteocytes- mature bone cells
• Foramen- round or oval opening • Osteoblasts- bone-forming cells
through a bone • Osteoclasts
• Notch- indention at the edge of a - bone destroying cells
structure - Break down bone matrix for
Others remodeling and release of
• Meatus- canal or tunnel like calcium
passageway ▪ Bone remodeling- a process by both
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
ANAPHY
BONE GROWTH bone matrix and release calcium ions in
▪ Most bones develop using hyaline the blood
cartilage ▪ If the blood calcium level is too high,
Phases of Ossification calcium is deposited in bone matrix as
▪ Hyaline cartilage model is completely hard calcium salts by osteoblasts that
covered with bone matrix also cause HYPERCALCIMIA
▪ As the embryo develops to fetus, for ▪ Bone remodeling is essential to retain
short period of time it has cartilage that normal position and strength during
is enclosed by bone matrix long-bone growth
▪ In fetus, enclosed hyaline cartilage is ▪ Bones become thicker and form large
replaced by bone and center is digested projections to increase strength in areas
away, opening a medullary cavity within where bulky muscles are attached
new bone ▪ In those areas also osteocytes are
▪ Mostly hyaline cartilage were converted developed
to bones except ▪ Bedridden or physically inactive people
o Articular cartilages (cover lose mass and atrophy because they
both ends) are no longer subjected to stress
o Epiphyseal plates ▪ 2 CONTROLLING MECHANIMS that
▪ Old cartilage abutting internal face of work together
articular cartilage and medullary cavity a. Calcium uptake and release
is broken down and replaced by bony b. Bone remodeling
matrix ▪ PTH determines WHEN bone is to be
▪ Growing bones widen as they lengthen broken down or formed in response to
to maintain proper proportion need for more or fewer calcium ions
▪ Appositional growth- process where ▪ Stress of muscle pull and gravity
bones increase in diameter or bones determine WHERE bone matrix is to be
widen broken down or formed so skeleton can
▪ This growth is controlled by hormones remain strong
like growth hormones, while during
puberty, the sex hormones Rickets
▪ This growth ends during adolescence - disease of children where bones fail
and epiphyseal plates are completely to calcify
converted to bone - result: bones soften, and weight-
bearing bones become bowed
BONE REMODELING - usually, due to lack of calcium in the
▪ Bones are dynamic and active tissue diet or lack of vitamin D
▪ Bones are remodeled continually in BONE FRACTURES
response to changes in 2 factors; ▪ Most fractures result from exceptional
a. Calcium ion level in the blood trauma that smashes and twists bones
b. The pull of gravity and muscles on ▪ Fracture- a break in a bone
the skeleton
▪ When blood calcium level drops it
releases Parathyroid hormone in the
blood that activates osteoclasts (giant
bone destroying cells) to breakdown
ANAPHY
TYPES OF BONE FRACTURES REPAIR OF BONE FRACTURES
• Closed (simple) fracture 1. Hematoma forms
- Break that does not penetrate - (blood-filled swelling) is formed
skin due to broken blood vessels
• Open (compound) fracture 2. A fibrocartilage callus forms
- Broken bone penetrates through - Growth of new capillaries into
the skin the clotted blood at the site of
• Comminuted damage
- bone breaks into many - Connective tissue cells form
fragments (powderized) internal and external masses of
- common in aged whose bones repair tissue
are more brittle Calluses
• Compression - internal and external masses
- Bone is crushed (osteoporotic - originate from cells of
bone) endosteum and periosteum
- Common in porous bones 3. The bony callus forms
• Depressed - As more osteoblasts and
- Broken bone portion is pressed osteoclasts migrate, the
inward fibrocartilage callus gradually
- Typical skull fracture replaced by bony callus
• Impacted 4. Bone remodeling occurs
- Broken bone ends are forced - After few weeks depending on
into each other bone’s size and site of break, the
- Occurs when one attempts to bony callus is remodeled
break a fall with outstretched - Remodeling is the response to
arms the mechanical stresses placed
• Spiral on it
-
-
Ragged break
Occurs when excessive twisting
Axial Skeleton
forces are applied to a bone ▪ Forms the longitudinal part of the
- Common sports failure body
• Greenstick ▪ Divided into three parts
- Bone breaks incompletely in a o Skull
way green twig breaks o Vertebral column
- Common in children whose o Bony thorax
bones are more flexible than SKULL
adults • Have two sets of bones
a. Cranium- encloses and protects
fragile brain tissue
b. Facial bones- form a cradle for the
eyes and allow facial muscles for
expression
ANAPHY
Cranium -Provides attachment site for
- Composed of eight large flat bones some muscles of the neck
- All are single bones except for parietal Mastoiditis- infection of mastoid sinuses
and temporal bones which are paired that may spread to the brain where its
bones closely located
Frontal bone o Jugular foramen
- Forms the forehead - At the junction of occipital and
- Bony projections under the temporal bones
eyebrows - Allow passage of jugular vein
- Superior part if each eye’s orbit Jugular vein- largest vein of the
Parietal bones head that drains blood from the
- Paired bones brain
- Forms superior and lateral walls - Anterior to internal acoustic
of cranium meatus
o Sagittal suture – formed at the Carotid canal- canal which
midline where two parietal bones internal carotid artery runs
meet supplying blood to most of the
o Coronal suture- formed where brain
the paired parietal bones meet Occipital Bone
the frontal bone - Most posterior bone of cranium
Temporal bones - Forms the base and back wall of
- Lie inferior to the parietal bones the skull
- Join them at the squamous o Lambdoid suture- joins the occipital
sutures bone and parietal bones anteriorly
- Several markings; o Foramen magnum
o External acoustic meatus - large opening in the base of
- canal that leads to the eardrum occipital bone
and the middle ear - allows spinal cord to connect
- route which sound enters the ear with the brain
o Styloid process o Occipital condyles- rocker-like
- Sharp, need-like projection that rest on the first vertebra of
- Inferior to external auditory spinal column
meatus Sphenoid Bone
- neck muscles use this as - Butterfly shaped sphenoid bone
attachment point spans the width of skull and
o Zygomatic process forms part of cranial cavity
- A thin bridge of the bone that o Sella turcica (Turk’s saddle)
joins with the cheek bone - Small depression in the midline
(zygomatic bone) anteriorly of sphenoid
o Mastoid process - Forms snug enclosure for
- Full of air cavities (mastoid pituitary gland
sinuses) o Foramen ovale
- Rough projection posterior and - Large opening in line with
inferior to the external acoustic posterior end of Sella turcica
meatus
ANAPHY
- Allows fibers of cranial nerve to MAXILLAE
pass chewing muscles of lower • Maxillary bones that fuse to form
jaw upper jaw
2 important exterior openings: • The main or “keystone” bones of
o Optic canal- allows optic nerve the face
to pass the eye • Maxillae carry the upper teeth in
o Superior orbital fissure- where the alveolar process
cranial nerves control eye • Palatine process
movements - Extensions of maxillae
o Sphenoid sinuses- central part - Form the anterior part of
of sphenoid bone that is riddled hard palate of the mouth
with air cavities • Maxillae also contain sinuses
Ethmoid Bone that drain into nasal passages
• Is very irregularly shaped • Paranasal sinuses
• Lies anterior to the sphenoid - Naming reveals its position
• It forms the roof of the nasal surrounding nasal cavity
cavity and part of medial walls of - Lighten skull bones
orbits - Amplify sounds we make
o Crista galli as we speak
- projecting from its superior ▪ Infection of paranasal sinuses tend to
surface migrate into the sinuses causing
- Outermost covering attaches to sinusitis
this ▪ When sinuses are infected, headache or
- Have many small holes on each upper jaw pain is the usual result
side PALATINE BONES
o Cribriform plate - Paired palatine bones lie
- Holey areas posterior to the palatine process
- Allow nerve fibers carrying of maxillae
impulses from olfactory (smell) - Form the posterior part of hard
receptors of nose to reach the palate
brain - Failure to fuse medially result to
Extensions of ethmoid bone: cleft palate
o Superior nasal conchae ZYGOMATIC BONES
o Middle nasal conchae - Referred to cheekbones
FACIAL BONES - Also form good-sized portion of
▪ Fourteen bones (14) makes up the lateral walls of the orbits
face LACRIMAL BONES
▪ 12 are paired - Fingernail-sized bones
▪ Only Mandible and Vomer are single - Forming part of medial wall of
each orbit
- Each lacrimal bone has a groove
that serves as passageway of
tears
ANAPHY
NASAL BONES • it is the only bone of the body that
- Small rectangular bones does not articulate (form a joint) with
- Forming bridge of nose any other bone
- Lower part is made up hyaline • it is suspended in the mid-neck
cartilage region about 2cm (1inch)
VOMER BONE • above the larynx (voice box) where it
- Single bone in the median line of is anchored by ligaments to the
nasal cavity styloid processes of temporal bones
- It means “plow” that refers to • Horseshoe shaped with a body and
bone’s shape two pairs of horns
- It forms the inferior part of bony • Serves as movable base for tongue
nasal septum that separates two and attachment point for neck
nostrils muscles that raise and lowers larynx
INFERIOR NASAL CONCHAE when we swallow and speak
- Thin, curved bones
VERTEBRAL COLUMN (SPINE)
- Projecting medially from lateral
walls of nasal cavity
• Serves as axial support
- Parts of ethmoid bone
MANDIBLE • Extends from skull to the pelvis
- Lower jaw • Formed from 26 IRREGULAR
- The largest and strongest bone BONES connected and reinforce by
of the face ligaments
- Joins the temporal bones on • Before birth spine consists of 33
each side of face separate bones called vertebrae,
- Forming the only freely movable but 9 of these eventually fuse to
joints in the skull form two composite bones (sacrum
o The body and coccyx)
- Horizontal part of • Of the 24 single bones;
mandible o 7 vertebrae of the neck are
- forms the chin Cervical vertebrae
o The rami o 12 vertebrae are the
- Two upright bars of the Thoracic vertebrae
bone o Remaining 5 supports the
- connect the mandible Lumbar vertebrae
with temporal bone • Intervertebral disc
o alveoli (sockets) - it separates individual vertebrae
- where lower teeth lie - cushion the vertebrae
- alveolar process: at the - absorb shock while allowing
superior edge of spine flexibility
mandibular body - Younger person: discs have 90%
HYOID BONE water content that are spongy
• not really part of the skull and compressible
• closely related to the mandible and - Aged person: water content
temporal bones decreases and discs become
harder and less compressible
ANAPHY
Herniated discs- drying of discs along with • Superior articular process and
weakening of ligaments of vertebral column inferior articular process
• Primary curvatures - Paired projections
- spinal curvatures in thoracic and - Lateral to the vertebral foramen
sacral regions - Allowing vertebra to form joints
- they are present when we are born with adjacent vertebrae
- two primary curvatures produce C- CERVICAL VERETABRAE
shaped spine of newborn baby • Identifies as C1 to C7
• Secondary curvatures • Form the neck region of the spine
- Curvatures in cervical and lumbar • 1st Two vertebrae: Atlas and Axis
regions o Atlas C1
- develop some time after birth - Has no body
- allows us to center our body weight on - The superior surface contain
our lower limbs with minimum effect large depression that receive
• Cervical curvature appears when baby occipital condyles of skull
begins to raise its head - This joint allows us to nod “yes”
• Lumbar curvature develops when baby o Axis C2
begins to walk - Acts as pivot for rotation of atlas
Types of Abnormal Spinal Curvatures and skull
Scoliosis - Has large upright process
Kyphosis - Dens: acts as pivot joint
Lordosis • C1 and C2 allows to rotate head side by
▪ Spinal abnormalities maybe congenital or side to indicate “no”
may result from disease, poor posture and o C3 through C7
unequal muscle pull on the spine - Typical cervical vertebrae
COMMON FEATURES OF VERTEBRAE - Smallest, lightest vertebrae
• Body (centrum) - Often their spinous processes
- Disclike, weight-bearing part are short and divided into 2
- Facing anteriorly in the vertebral branches
column • Transverse processes contain foramina
• Vertebral disk (openings) through which vertebral
- Arched formed from joining all arteries pass on their way to the brain
posterior extensions (laminae above
and pedicles) THORACIC VERTEBRAE
• Vertebral foramen • From T1 to T12
- Canal through which the spinal • All typical
cord passes • Larger than cervical vertebrae
• Transverse processes • They are the only vertebrae to articulate
- Two lateral projections from with ribs
vertebral arch • Body is somewhat heart-shaped and
• Spinous process has two costal facets
- Single projection arising from • Transverse process of each thoracic
posterior aspect of vertebral arch vertebra articulate with the knoblike
tubercules of the ribs
ANAPHY
• Spinous process is long and hooks STERNUM
sharply downward, causing vertebra to • a typical flat bone
look like giraffe’s head viewed from the • the result of fusion of three bones;
side o manubrium
LUMBAR VERTEBRAE o body
• From L1 to L5 o xiphoid process
• Have massive, blocklike bodies that are • has three important bony landmarks;
kidney bean-shaped o Jugular notch
• Their short, hatched-shaped spinous - Concave upper border of
processes make them look like a moose manubrium
head from lateral aspect - Palpated easily
• It is the lumbar region where most stress - At level of 3rd thoracic
occurs that’s why its also the sturdies vertebra
vertebrae o Sternal angle
SACRUM - Results where manubrium and
• Formed by fusion of 5 vertebrae body meet at slight angle
• Superiorly, articulates with L5 - A transverse ridge is formed at
• Anteriorly, articulates with coccyx level of second ribs
• It forms the posterior wall of the pelvis - Provides handy reference point
• Median sacral crest for counting ribs to locate second
- fused spinous processes of intercostal space for listening
sacral vertebrae certain heart valves
- flanked laterally by posterior - Can also be palpated
sacral foramina o Xiphisternal joint
- Point where sternal body and
• Vertebral canal continues inside sacrum
xiphoid process fuse
as sacral canal and terminates in large
- Lies at the level of 9th thoracic
inferior opening called sacral hiatus
vertebra
COCCYX
RIBS
• Formed by fusion of 3-5 tiny
• 12 pairs of ribs form walls of bony
irregularly shaped vertebrae
thorax
• Human “tailbone”, a remnant of tail
• All ribs articulate and curve
that other animals have
downward and toward anterior body
THORACIC CAGE • True ribs
• Consists of sternum, ribs and thoracic - First 7 pairs
vertebrae - Attach directly to the sternum by
• It forms protective cage of slender costal ridges
bones and cartilages around organs of • False ribs
thoracic cavity (heart, lungs and major - Next 5 pairs
blood vessels) - Either attach indirectly to the
sternum or are not attached to
the sternum at all
- Floating ribs: the last 2 pairs
lack the sternal attachments
ANAPHY
• Intercostal spaces Scapula has 2 important processes
- Spaces between ribs o Acromion- is enlarged lateral
- Filled with intercostal muscles end of spine of the scapula
that aid in breathing o Coracoid process- points
Appendicular Skeleton
laterally over top of shoulder
and anchors some of muscles
of arms
• Suprascapular notch- medial to
• Composed of 126 bones;
coracoid process that is a nerve
o Limbs (appendages)
passageway
o Pectoral girdle
• These bones allow the upper limb to
o Pelvic girdle
have exceptionally free movement
PECTORAL (SHOULDER) GIRDLE
due to:
• Composed of 2 bones
a. Each shoulder girdle attaches to
o Clavicle
the axial skeleton at only one
- Also called “collarbone”
point
- Are slender, doubly curved
b. Loose attachment of the scapula
bones
allows it to slide back and forth
- Each clavicle attaches to
against the thorax as muscles
manubrium of sternum medially
act
and to scapula laterally
c. The glenoid cavity is shallow,
- It acts as brace to hold arm away
and the shoulder joint is poorly
from top of thorax
reinforced by ligaments
- Helps prevent shoulder
dislocation
o Scapulae
- Also called “shoulder blades”
- Commonly called “wings”
because they flare when we
move our arms posteriorly
- They are not directly attached to
axial skeleton
- They are loosely held in place by
trunk muscles
- Have three borders:
▪ Superior
▪ Medial (vertebral)
▪ Lateral (axillary)
- Also has three angles: Superior,
Inferior and Lateral
o Glenoid cavity
- A shallow socket
- Receives the head of arm bone
that is in lateral angle
ANAPHY
▪ Radial groove
- Obliquely down the posterior
aspect of the shaft
- Marks the course of radial nerve
▪ Trochlea
- At the distal end of humerus
- Looks like spool
▪ Capitulum
- Lateral ball-like
- Can be outlined with a “C” from
anterior view
▪ Coronoid fossa - anterior
depression
▪ Olecranon- posterior depression
▪ Those 2 depressions
abovementioned are flanked by;
UPPER LIMB medial epicondyle and lateral
epicondyle. These two allow the
• 30 separate bones form skeletal corresponding processes of ulna
framework to move freely when elbow is
• Contains: Arm, Forearm, and Hand bent
o Arm o Forearm
- Formed by humerus (single - Formed by the radius and ulna
bone) - Both proximally and distally the
▪ Humerus- its proximal end radius and ulna articulate at
(head) is rounded head that fits small radioulnar joints
to shallow glenoid cavity of - Those two bone are connected
scapula by flexible interosseous
▪ Anatomical neck- inferior to the membrane
head that is slightly constricted - Both ulna and radius have
- 2 bony projections that styloid process at their distal
separated by intertubercular end
sulcus: ▪ Radial tuberosity
a. Greater tubercle - Located below the
b. Lesser tubercle disc-shaped head
▪ Surgical neck- so named - It is where the tendon
because it is the most of bicep muscles
frequently fractured part of attaches
humerus - On ulna’s proximal end are
▪ Deltoid tuberosity anterior coronoid process and
- Roughened area the posterior olecranon which
- Where large, fleshy deltoid are separated by trochlear
muscle of the shoulder notch
attaches
ANAPHY
o Hand • Sockets are deep and heavily
- Consists of carpals, metacarpals reinforced by ligaments when it
and phalanges receives the thigh bones
▪ Carpus (wrist)- eight carpal • Bearing weight most important
bones arranged in two function of the girdle because
irregular rows of four bones total weight of upper body rest
- Carpals are bound together by on pelvis
ligaments that restrict • Pelvis also protects
movements between them reproductive organs, urinary
- Palm of hand consists of bladder and large intestine
metacarpals • Each hip bone is formed by
▪ Metacarpals fusion of 3 bones;
- Are numbered 1-5 o Ilium
- From thumb side of - Connects posteriorly with
hand toward little finger sacrum at sacroiliac joint
- When clenched the ▪ Sacroiliac joint- large,
heads of metacarpals flaring bone that forms
become obvious as the most of hip bone
“knuckles” ▪ Alae- winglike portion of
▪ Phalanges the ilia
- Bones of fingers ▪ Iliac crest- important
- Each hand contains 14 anatomical landmark of
phalanges intramuscular injections
- There are 3 in each ▪ Anterior superior iliac
finger (proximal, middle spine and Posterior
and distal) except the superior iliac spine-
thumb that has only 2 location where iliac crest
(proximal and distal) ends
PELVIC GIRDLE o Ischium
- So called the “sit down”
• Formed by 2 coxal bones; Hip
bone
bones and Sacrum
- Forms inferior part of
• Together with coccyx, it forms
coxal bone
pelvis
▪ Ischial spine- important
• Pelvic girdle: coxal bones and
landmark particularly to
sacrum
pregnant woman. It
• Pelvis: coxal bones, sacrum
narrows outlet of pelvis
and coccyx
where the baby must
• Pelvic girdle bones are large pass during birth
and heavy ▪ Greater sciatic notch-
• They are attached securely to allows blood vessels
axial skeleton via sacral and large sciatic nerve
attachment to the L5 lumbar to pass from pelvis
vertebra posteriorly into the thigh
ANAPHY
o Pubis • The female ischial spines are shorter
-most anterior and inferior and farther apart; thus, the outlet is
part of coxal bone larger.
▪ Obturator foramen- an • The female pubic arch is more rounded
opening allows blood because the angle of the pubic arch is
vessels and nerves to pass greater.
into anterior part of the thigh
▪ Pubic symphysis- a LOWER LIMBS
cartilaginous joint that
• Lower limbs carry our total body
articulate anteriorly
weight when we erect
o Acetabulum
• Contains: thigh, leg and foot
- It is where ischium, ilium and
• These limbs are much thicker and
pubis fuse
stronger than the upper limb
- It means “fuse cup”
o THIGH
- It receives the head of the thigh
- The femur
bone
- Only bone in the thigh
2 Divisions of Bony Pelvis - The heaviest and longest bone
in the body
o False pelvis - Proximal end has ball-like head,
- Superior to the true pelvis a neck and a greater trochanter
- The area media to the flaring and lesser trochanter
portions of ilia separated anteriorly by
o True pelvis intertrochanteric line and
- Surrounded by bone intertrochanteric crest
- Lies inferior to the flaring parts of ▪ Gluteal tuberosity
ilia and pelvic brim - Located on proximal end of
- Its dimensions are important for shaft
women because they became - All serve as sites for
large enough to allow infant’s muscle attachment
head to pass during birth - Head of femur articulate with
▪ Dimensions of outlet and inlet of true acetabulum of the hipbone
pelvis are critical as they are carefully - But surgical neck of femur is still
measured by obstetrician common fracture site especially
Several Differences of female pelvis from old age
male; - Femur slants medially that brings
knees in line with body’s center
• The female inlet is larger and more of gravity
circular. - Femur is more noticeable in
• The female pelvis as a whole is women because female pelvis
shallower, and the bones are lighter and are typically wider than male
thinner. ▪ Lateral condyle and medial
• The female ilia flare more laterally, condyle- articulate with tibia
giving women curvy hips. below
• The female sacrum is shorter and less
curved.
ANAPHY
▪ Intercondylar fossa- o FOOT
separate posteriorly the two - Composed of tarsals,
condyles metatarsals and phalanges
▪ Patellar surface- anteriorly - Has 2 important functions;
smooth that forms joint with a. Supports our body weight
patella or knee cap b. Serves as lever that allow us
o LEG to propel our bodies forward
- Tibia and Fibula are connected when we walk or run
to it by interosseous ▪ Tarsus
membrane - Forms the posterior half of
✓ Tibia foot
- The shinbone - Composed of 7 tarsal bones
- Larger and more medial - Body weight is mostly
- At the proximal end: medial carried by two largest tarsal
condyle and lateral (calcaneus-heel bone,
condyle (separated by talus-ankle)
intercondylar eminence) ▪ Talus
- It articulate with distal end of - Lies superior to calcaneus
femur to form knee joint - Articulates with tibia
▪ Patellar (kneecap) - Allows pointing of the toes
- Encloses the patella (a - 5 metatarsal forming the sole
sesamoid bone) that - 14 phalanges forms the toes
attaches to tibial - Each tow has 3 phalanges
tuberosity except great toe which has 2
▪ Tibial tuberosity - Bones in foot are arranges to
- Roughened area on form three strong arches:
anterior tibial surface ✓ two longitudinal (medial and
▪ Medial malleolus lateral
- Process that forms the ✓ one transverse
inner bulge of the ankle ▪ Ligaments
▪ Anterior border - Bind the foot bones together
- Anterior surface of tibia ▪ Tendons
that is a sharp ridge - In foot muscles, help to hold
- Is unprotected by bones firmly in arched
muscles and is easily felt position but still allow a
beneath the skin certain amount of give or
✓ Fibula springiness
- Lies alongside the tibia laterally - Weak arches are referred to
- Forms joints both proximally and as “fallen arches” or “flat
distally feet”
- It is thin and sticklike
- Has no part in forming knee joint
- Its distal end, lateral malleolus
forms the outer part of ankle
ANAPHY
Joints
- Cartilaginous joints: both
immovable and slightly movable
but most are amphiarthrotic
• Also called articulations
• Are sites where two or more bones TYPES OF JOINTS
meet Fibrous joints
• Have two functions:
a. They hold the bones together - bones that united by fibrous
securely but tissue
b. Gives rigid skeleton mobility - example: sutures of the skull
• Bone-binding function of joints is - sutures interlock and bound
important as their role in mobility irregular edges of bones
• Immovable joints of skull form a together by connective tissue
snug enclosure for the vital brain fibers allowing no movement
• Ways joints are classified: ▪ Gomphoses- are “peg-in-
a. Functionally socket” fibrous joints that
b. Structurally found where teeth meet
facial bones
Functional classification- focuses on the ▪ Syndesmoses- connecting
amount of movement of the joint allows fibers that are longer than
those sutures and have more
i. Synarthroses- immovable joints
“give”. It is also the joint
ii. Amphiarthroses- slightly
connecting distal ends of
movable joints
tibia and fibula
iii. Diarthroses- freely movable
joints Cartilaginous Joints
• Immovable and slightly movable
- Comes in two varieties:
joints are restricted mainly to axial
a. Synchondroses
skeleton where firm attachments and
- immovable (synarthrotic) joints
protection of internal organs are
- linked by hyaline cartilage
prioritized
- example: epiphyseal plates of
• Freely movable joints predominate in
growing long bones and sternum
the limbs, where mobility is
b. Symphyses
important
- Are amphiarthrotic (slightly
Structural classification movable) joints
- Linked by discs of fibrocartilage
- could be fibrous, cartilaginous, - Example: intervertebral discs of
and synovial joints spinal column
- based on whether fibrous tissue,
cartilage or joint cavity that Synovial Joints
separates bony regions at the
- Joints where articulating bone
joint
ends are separated by joint
- Fibrous joints: immovable
cavity
- Synovial joints: freely movable
- Containing synovial fluid
- All joints of limbs are synovial
joints
ANAPHY
- Have 4 distinguishable features: Dislocation- when a bone is forced out of
a. Articular cartilage- cover its normal position in joint cavity
ends of bones forming the
Reduction- process of returning the bone to
joints
its proper position and should be done by
b. Articular capsule- joint
trained physicians
surfaces are enclosed by
sleeve, or layer of fibrous TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS BASED
connective tissue that is ON SHAPE
lined with smooth synovial
membrane - Shapes of articulating bone
c. Joint cavity- enclosed by surfaces determine what
articular capsule. It contains movements are allowed at a joint
lubricating synovial fluid - Synovial joints can be:
secreted by synovial a. Plane
membrane b. Hinge
d. Reinforcing ligaments- c. Pivot
Fibrous layer of the capsule d. Condylar
usually reinforced with e. Saddle
ligaments f. Ball and socket joint
• Bursa and tendon sheaths PLANE JOINTS
- Strictly not part of synovial joints
but associated with them - Essentially flat
- They are bags of lubricant that - Only short slipping or gliding
help cushion and act like ball movements are allowed
bearings to reduce friction - Movements: nonaxial (gliding
between adjacent structures back and forth doesn’t involve
around any axis)
Bursae - Example: intercarpal joints of
- Flattened fibrous sacs wrist
- Lined with synovial membrane HINGE JOINTS
and containing thin film of
synovial fluid - The cylindrical end of one bone
- Common where ligaments, fits into trough-shaped surface
muscle, skin, tendons, or bones on other bone
rub together - Angular movements allowed in
just one plane like door hinge
Tendon sheath - Example: elbow joint, ankle joint
- An elongated bursa - Are classified as uniaxial (one
- Wraps completely around a axis) allow movement around
tendon subjected to friction one axis only
ANAPHY
PIVOT JOINTS
- Rounded end of one bone fits
into a sleeve or ring of bone
- Usually, uniaxial joints
- Examples: proximal radioulnar
joint and joint between atlas and
axis
CONDYLAR JOINTS
- Knuckle like
- Egg-shaped articular surface of
one bone fits into and oval
concavity in another
- Allow moving bone to travel;
a. Side to side
b. Back and forth
- But cannot rotate around its axis
- Movement occurs around two
axes: Biaxial
SADDLE JOINTS
- Each articulate surface has both
convex and concave areas
- Biaxial joints allow essentially
same movements of condylar
joints
- Example: saddle joints are
carpometacarpal joints in the
thumb
BALL-AND-SOCKET JOINT
- the spherical head of one bone
fits into the round socket in
another
- Multiaxial joints that allow
movement in all axes including
rotation
- are the most freely moving
synovial joints
- Example: shoulder and hip
ANAPHY
Homeostatic Imbalance • The joints most commonly affected are
✓ the fingers
▪ Bursitis- “water on the knee”, due to
✓ the cervical and lumbar joints of
inflammation to bursae or synovial
the spine
membrane
✓ the large, weightbearing joints of
▪ Sprains and dislocations are other types
the lower limbs (knees and hips)
of joint problems that result in swelling
• Osteoarthritis’ symptoms are
and pain
controllable with mild analgesic such as
▪ Sprains- results when ligament or
aspirin, moderate activity to maintain
tendons reinforcing a joint damaged by
joint mobility and rest when joint
excessive stretching or torn away from
becomes very painful
the bone
• Some people with OA claim that rubbing
▪ Both tendons and ligaments are cords of
capsaicin (hot pepper extract) on the
dense fibrous connective tissue with a
skin over painful joints provide relief
poor blood supply
▪ Rheumatoid arthritis
▪ Sprains heal slowly and can be
- chronic inflammatory disorder
extremely painful
- an autoimmune disease—a
▪ Arthritis- inflammation of the joint, over
disorder in which the body’s
100 different inflammatory or
immune system mistakenly
degenerative diseases that damage
attempts to destroy its own
joints. Most widespread and crippling
tissues
disease
- it begins with inflammation of
▪ All forms of arthritis have the same initial
synovial membranes
symptoms: pain, stiffness, and swelling
- those membranes thickens and
of the joint
joints swell as synovial fluid
▪ Acute forms of arthritis usually result
accumulates
from bacterial invasion and are treated
- onset is insidious and usually
with antibiotic drugs
occurs between ages of 40 and
CHRONIC FORMS OF ARTHRITIS 50
- affects 3 times as many women
▪ Osteoarthritis as men
- Most common form of arthritis - joints those of fingers, wrists,
- Chronic degenerative condition
ankles and feet are affected at
that typically affects the aged
the same time and usually in
- Also called degenerative joint symmetrical manner
disease (DID) or “wear and tear - The course of RA varies and is
arthritis”
marked by remissions and flare-
- Affects articular cartilage
ups (rheumat = susceptible to
Bone spurs change or flux).
- exposed bone from OID thickens Panus- inflamed synovial membrane

- extra bone tissue grows around thickens
the margins of eroded cartilage
• Not all cases of RA progress to the
- restricts joint movement
severely crippling ankylosis stage
Crepitus- crunching noise
ANAPHY
but most get restricted joint - The fontanels usually fully ossify
movement and extreme pain by 2 years of age
• Aspirin in large doses is an effective • At birth and in infancy, the baby’s
anti-inflammatory agent cranium is huge relative to its face
• Replacement joints or bone removal • By 2 years: Skull is three-quarters
are the last resort for severely of its adult size
crippled RA patients. • By 8 to 9 years: Skull is almost
▪ Gout arthritis(gout) adult in size and proportion
- disease in which uric acid (a • Between the ages of 6 and 11:
normal waste product of nucleic head appears to enlarge
acid metabolism) accumulates in substantially as the face literally
the blood grows out from the skull.
- leads to agonizingly painful • During puberty female pelvis
attach that typically affects single broadens in preparation for
joint childbearing
- most common in men and rarely • While entire male skeleton becomes
appears before the age of 30 more robust
- Untreated gout can be very • By end of adolescence: Epiphyseal
destructive; the bone ends fuse, plates of long bones have become
and the joint becomes fully ossified and long-bone growth
immobilized ends
• In old age, losses in bone mass
Developmental Aspect of the become obvious
Skeleton OLDER ADULTS

▪ Bones have to be physically
BIRTH TO ADULTHOOD
stressed to remain healthy.
• First “long bones” in very young ▪ When we remain active physically
fetus are formed from hyaline the bones respond by becoming
cartilage stronger but if we remain inactive
• Earliest “flat bones” of skull are from bones become thin and fragile
fibrous membranes ▪ Osteoporosis
• Fontanels- - Bone-thinning disease
- fibrous membrane connecting - afflicts half of women over 65
cranial bones and some 20% of men over age
- rhythm of baby’s pulse can be of 70
felt in these “soft spots” - ratio of bone formation to bone
- Largest fontanel: diamond shape breakdown decreases as
anterior fontanel osteoblast activity becomes
- Fontanel allows fetal skull to be sluggish
compressed slightly during birth - Osteoporosis can make the
- Their flexibility allows infant’s bones so fragile that even a hug
brain to grow during latter part of or a sneeze can cause bones to
pregnancy and early infancy fracture
ANAPHY
• Kyphosis(hunched-over
posture) - causes vertebral to
collapse
• Estrogen helps to maintain the
health and normal density of
woman’s skeleton
• Estrogen deficiency occurs
after woman goes through
menopause (mainly cause of
osteoporosis)
• Other factors that contribute to
osteoporosis are diet poor in
calcium and protein, lack of
vitamin D, smoking, and
insufficient weight-bearing
exercise to stress the bones.
• Pathologic fractures- breaks
that occur spontaneously without
apparent injury. It increase
dramatically with age
• Increasing age can naturally
cause weight-bearing joints in
particular begin to degenerate
and osteoarthritis is common

Chapter 5 - SKELETALSYSTEM

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 5 - SKELETALSYSTEM

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Holy Name University - College of Health Sciences

Department of Radiologic Technology

Chapter 5: The Skeletal System

o Perforating (Volkman’s) canal

Projections that help form joints

- exposed bone from OID thickens Panus- inflamed synovial membrane

Skeleton OLDER ADULTS

You might also like