Biochemistry
part of the cytoplasm of a cell.
Biochemical Energy production
Metabolism- is the sum total of all
biochemical reactions that take place
in a living organism.
Catabolism- is all metabolic reactions in
which large biochemical molecules
are broken down to smaller ones.
Anabolism- is all metabolic reactions in
which small biochemical molecules
are joined together to form larger
ones.
Metabolic pathway- is a series of
consecutive biochemical reactions
used to convert a starting material
into an end product.
There are two types of metabolic
pathways:
- linear
- cyclic
o A eukaryotic cell is a cell in
which the DNA is found in a
membrane-enclosed nucleus.
o Prokaryotic cells have no
nucleus and are found only
in bacteria.
The cytoplasm is the water-based
material of a eukaryotic cell that
lies between the nucleus and the
outer membrane of the cell.
The organelle is a minute structure
within the cytoplasm of a cell that
carries out a specific cellular
function.
The cytosol is the water-based fluid
Ribosomes are the sites where protein
synthesis.
A lysosome is an organelle that contains
hydrolytic enzymes needed for
cellular rebuilding, repair, and
degradation.
A mitochondrion is an organelle that is
responsible for the generation of
most of the energy for a cell.
Mitochondria are sausage-shaped
organelles containing both an outer
mem brane and a multi folded inner
membrane.
The invention of high-resolution
electron microscopes allowed
researchers to see the interior
structure of the mitochondrion more
clearly and led to the discovery, in
1962, of small spherical knobs
attached to the cristae called ATP
synthase complexes.
Important Nucleotide-containing Compounds in
metabolic pathways
• Adenosine Phosphates (ATP, ADP,
and AMP)
• Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP)-
one of the nucleotides
present in RNA molecules
• Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)
• Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
differ structurally from
AMP only in the number
of phosphate group
present.
Phosphoester bond - phosphate-ribose
bond
Phosphoanhydride bond - phosphate-
phosphate bond
- Chemical bond formed when two
phosphate groups reacts with each
other and a water molecule is
produced.
Phosphoryl group (PO32- ) -The functional
group derived from a phosphate ion
when the latter becomes part of
another molecule. - ATP contains
three phosphoryl groups, ADP
contains 2 phosphoryl groups, and
AMP one phosphoryl groups.
Other Nitrogen containing basis
associated with nucleotides are also
present in triphosphate form:
• Uridine Triphosphate - involved in
carbohydrate metabolism.
• Guanosine Triphosphate- Participate in
protein and carbohydrate metabolism
• Cytidine Triphosphate- Involved in lipid
metabolism
Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD, FADH2)
Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD) - A
coenzyme required in numerous
metabolic reactions. - Can be
visualized as containing either three
subunits or six subunits.
FAD from three subunit viewpoint.
FAD from six subunit viewpoint
Ribitol – reduced form of ribose
Two forms of FAD
1. Oxidized form
2. Reduced form
-The notation FAD denotes the
oxidized form
-The notation FADH2 denotes the
reduced form contains two or more H
atoms than the oxidized form, which is
consistent with the process of
reduction involving hydrogen atom.
Flavin Subunit - The active portion of
FAD in redox reaction
- The portion that undergoes change
when oxidized form (FAD) is
converted to the reduced form (FADH
2)
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD^+,
NADH)
- Have coenzyme functions in
metabolic redox pathways
- Have B- Vitamin as a structural
component
- Have an oxidized and reduce form
The notation for the oxidized form is the NAD+
and the reduced form is the NADH
- Can be presented structurally by
using a three sub-unit and six sib-unit
formulation.
Three sub-unit block diagram
Six sub-unit block diagram
Coenzyme A (CoA- SH) -Another important
coenzyme in metabolic enzyme. A
derivative of the Vitamin B
pantothenic acid