List any two features of HTTP protocol.
What will be the output of the
& What is HTTP?
Solution:
HTTP stands for Hypertext Transfer
Protocol.
Following are the features of HTTP:
i.HTTP defines a set of rules regarding
how messages are formatted and
exchanged between server and browser.
ii. HTTP is stateless protocol because each
command is executed independently.
2. What is web browser?& What is the
role of web server and web browser?
Solution:
A web browser is an application software
designed to enable users to access,
retrieve, present and view documents and
other resources on the World Wide Web.
An information resource is identified by a
Uniform Resource Locator(URL) and may
be a web page, image, video or other
piece of content.
Example: Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome
etc.
A web server is a program that uses HTTP
(Hypertext Transfer Protocol) for
accepting requests from clients, such as
web browsers, serving them responses
along with optional data contents, which
are usually web pages.
Example: Apache IIS, ssl, http etc.
4. What is type casting?
Solution:
Type casting is converting a variable or
value into a desired data type.
Type casting in PHP is done by the
interpreter.
PHP also allows you to cast the data type.
This is known as explicit casting. The code
below demonstrates explicit type casting.
<?php
$a - 1; sb - 1.5;
Sc - Sa + $b;
Sc – Sa + (int) $b;
echo $c;
?>
5.
following?
<?Php
$ a = "LK9";
$a++;
Echo $a;
?>
Solution
LLO
6. List any four web browser
names.?&Give two examples of web
browsers.
Solution:
Safari, Opera, Google Chrome, Mozilla
Firefox.
7. State the advantages of PHP.
Solution:
PHP language has its roots in C and C++.
PHP syntax is most similar to C and C++
language syntax. So, programmers find it
easy to learn and manipulate. PHP can run
on both UNIX and windows servers.
8. What is the difference between == and
===?
& What is the difference between
equality and identity operators? ,
Solution:
'==' should be used to check if the values
of the two operands are equal or not. On
the other hand, '===' checks the values as
well as the type of operands.
9. "Keywords are case sensitive in PHP".
Justify True and False.
Solution: False. Keywords are case
insensitive in PHP.
10. State the features of PHP.
Solution :
Loosely Typed Language: PHP supports
variable usage without declaring its data
type.
It will be taken at the time of the
execution based on the type of data it has
on its value. ii. Cross Platform
Compatibility: It is used to create the
desktop application by using
advanced PHP features.
11. Write the output of the following PHP
script.
$White = "show";
$black = &$white;
unset($White);
print $black;
Solution:
Output: show
12. What is an Interpolation?
Solution:
In PHP programming, string interpolation
or variable interpolation, variable
substitution, or variable expansion) is the
process of evaluating a string literal
containing one or more placeholders,
yielding a result in which the placeholders
are replaced with their corresponding
values.
13. Write purpose of resource data type
with suitable example.
Solution:
The special resource type is not an actual
data type. It is the storing of a reference
to functions and resources external to
PHP.
A common example of using the resource
data type is a database call.
When we connect the database with the
required configuration details like,
$Conn = mysql_connect(localhost, "root",
"admin", "passw");
The function will return a resource type
data to be stored into $Conn variable.
14. Which operator is used to compare
data as well as data type?
Solution
The === operator is used in php to
compare the data as well as the data type.
15. What are the special data types in
PHP?
Solution:
The two special data types in php are
RESOURCE and NULL.
The special resource type is not an actual
data type. It is the storing of a reference
to function and resources external to
PHP.A common example of using the
resource data type is a database
call.
A variable of data type NULL is a variable
that has no value assigned to it.
16. State whether the following variables
are valid or invalid:
a.$_Underscore
b. 7x
Solution:
In PHP, a variable starts with the $ sign,
followed by the name of the variable.
A variable name cannot start with a
number so 7x is invalid variable name.
$_Underscore is a valid variable name as a
variable name must start with a letter or
the underscore character.
17. Differentiate between static and
dynamic web pages.
Solution: Static web pages: Static web
pages display the exact same information
whenever anyone visits it. Static web
pages do not have to be simple plain text.
They can feature detailed multimedia
design and even videos. However, every
visitor to that page will be greeted by the
exact same text, multimedia design or
video every time he visits the page until
you alter that page's source code.
Dynamic web pages: Dynamic web pages
are capable of producing different content
for different visitors from the same source
code file. The website can display
different content based on what
operating system or browser the visitor is
using, whether she is using a PC or a
mobile device, or even the source that
referred the visitor.
Developers generally create static pages
with HTML, but use languages like PHP,
JavaScript or ActionScript to create
dynamic pages.
18. Which of the following variable name
is valid or invalid?
i.$666666xyz
ii. $File-name
Solution:
$666666xyz is invalid and $File-name is
invalid.
19. What will be the following statement
output?
print gettype("4");
Solution:
The output of the above statement will be
string.
20. Give at least two examples of Web
Server.
Solution:
i.Apache web server
ii.IIS (Internet Information Server)
21. "Php does not require explicit
variable declaration". Justify T/F.
Solution
True. PHP does not require explicit
variable declaration, php automatically
converts the variable to the correct data
type, depending on its value as and when
they are declared in the program.
22. Will comparison of string "15" and
integer 15 work in PHP?
Solution:
Yes comparison of string 15 and integer 15
will work in PHP.
Answer the following (5 Marks Questions)
: while(condition/expression)
1.Explain the execution of php script
using diagram.
Solution:
Step 1: The user types in the URL of PHP
website in a Web Client(browser). The
client issues
• a HTTP request to the server(Let
Apache).
Step 2: Server gets this request and
analyses the request, it looks for
requested file. If a requested file is found,
then Apache gives it to the PHP
interpreter. Otherwise, gives error.
Step 3: PHP receives the file it reads
through it and executes any PHP code it
can find. During
this step, PHP may interact with
databases, the file system or make
external API class, amongst other things.
After it is done with the file, the PHP
interpreter gives the output of the code, if
any, back to Apache.
Step 4: Apache gets the output back from
PHP, it sends that output back to a
browser. This is called the web response.
The user's browser receives the response
from server and renders the webpage to
the screen.
2. Explain the following statements with
syntax and example.
i. while statement
ii. switch statement
Solution
while statement: A while loop is a control
flow statement which consists of a block
of coc and a condition / expression. The
condition/expression is evaluated, and if
the condition expression is true, the code
within the block is executed.
This repeats until the
condition/expression becomes false. It is
an entry-controlled loop. In while loop, we
can use the break and continue keywords
to end the loop or the current iteration.
Syntax:
｛
I body of loop;
｝
Alternative Syntax:
while (condition/expression):
1/ body of loop; endwhile;
Example:
<?php.
$i=0;
while （$1<3）
echo "We are learning PHP<br>";
$ユ++i
?>
Output:
We are learning PHP default: echo "Invalid Choice";
We are learning PHP • Introduction to HTML, HTTP ...
We are learning PHP VISION
switch statement: A switch statement is a Output:
type of selection control mechanism used ?>
to allow the value of a variable or Php
expression to change the control flow of Explain the features of HTTP protocol.
program execution via search and map. solution
Switch statement is a multiway branch The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is
statement. an application-level protocol for
A switch statement is given an expression distributed formation systems. HTTP is a
and compares its value to all cases in the TCP/IP based communication protocol,
switch all statements in a matching case that is used to deliver ita (HTML files,
are executed, up to the first break image files, query results, etc.) on the
keyword it finds. If n match is found, and a World Wide Web. The default port is CP
default is given, all statements following 80, but other ports can be used as well.
the default keyword are execute up to the There are following three basic features
first break keyword encountered. that make HTTP a simple but a powerful
Syntax: protocol.
switch (expression) i.HTTP is connectionless: The HTTP client
case value: break; is a browser which initiates an HTTP
case value: request, and after a request is made, the
break; client disconnects from the server and
case value: waits for a response The server processes
break; the request and re-establishes the
default： connection with the client to send
Alternative syntax: response back.
switch (expression): ii.HTTP is media independent: Any type of
case value : data can be sent by HT TP as long as both
break; the client and the server know how to
case value: handle the data content. It is required for
break; the client a well as the server to specify
case value : the content type using appropriate MIME-
break; type.
default： iii.HTTP is stateless: HTTP is a stateless
endswitch; protocol because each command is
Example: execute independently. A stateless
<?php protocol does not require the server to
$x - 2; retain information o status about each
switch ($x) user for the duration of multiple request.
{
case 1 : echo "java";
break;
case 2 : echo "php";
break;
case 3 : echo "syspro";
break;
4. Explain scope of a variable in PHP with Output:
suitable example. 21
& To access global variables without global
How to define variable in PHP? Explain in keyword, PHP's GLOBALS array can be
detail scope of variables. used for accessing the variables directly
Solution: iii.Static Variable: Normally, all local
In PHP, variables can be declared variables are deleted when a function is
anywhere in the script. completed/ executed. However, if we
The scope of a variable is the location of want local variable not to be deleted then
the variable's declaration where the it should be declared as static variable. A
variable can b referenced/used. static variable retains its value between
PHP has three different variable scopes: calls to a function but is visible only within
i.local ii. global iii.static that function. Static variable is declared
i. Local scope: A variable declared within a with the static keyword.
function has a local scope. It can only Example:
accessed within that function. It is not <?php
accessible outside the function. function change ()
Example: <?php {
function myfunction () static §x;
$x = 2121; //local scope $x++;
echo "Local Variable : $x"; echo "<br >Static variable current value :
myfunction ()i Sx";
?> change (; change (; change () ;
Output: ?>
2121 Output:
Using Sx outside the function will Static variable current value: 1
generate an error. Static variable current value: 2
ii.Global Scope: A variable declared Static variable current value: 3
outside a function has a global scope.
They can be accessed from any part of the
program. However, by default, they are
not available inside function.
To access a global variable within the
function, it should be declared with the
help of global keyword inside the
function. Example, global Svar_name;
Example:
<?php
function change ()
｛
global $cnt;
$cnt++i
Output:
Sent = 20;
change () ;
echo Scnt;
?>
5. What is data type? List different data 6. Write the difference between break
types in PHP? Explain any two. and continue statement of PHP with an
01310, example.
Solution: Solution:
Variables can store data of different types, Break
and different data types can do different break statement is used to skip the entire
things. loop construct
PHP supports the following data types: break statement can also be used in
і.String switch statement to break switch
ii. Integer construct
iii.Float (floating point numbers - also Syntax:
called double) iv. Boolean break;
v. Array vi. Object vii. NULL Example: <?php
VIT - RESOURCE For （$1=0：$1<5：$1++）
i. PHP string: A string is a sequence of }
characters, like "Hello world!". echo "<br>Hello $i";
A string can be any text inside quotes. You if ($i>=3)
can use single or double quotes: <?php break;
$x = "Hello world!"; echo "‹br>bye Si";
$y = "Hello world! ?>
echo $x; Output:
echo "<br>"; Hello 0 bye o
echo $y; Hello 1
S bye 1
?> Hello 2
PHP Integer: An integer data type is a non- bye 2
decimal number between -2,147,483,648 Hello 3
and 2,147,483,647. Continue
Rules for integers: continue statement is used to skip current
An integer must have at least one digit. iteration and continue with the next
An integer must not have a decimal point. iteration continue statement can also be
An integer can be either positive or used in switch statement to skip a case
negative. Syntax:
Integers can be specified in three formats: continue;
decimal (10-based), hexadecimal (16 Example: <?php
based - prefixed with 0x) or octal (8-based for($i=0;$i<5;$i++)
- prefixed with 0). echo "<br>Hello Si";
In the following example Sx is an integer. 1£($1>=3)
The PHP var_dump function returns the continue;
data type and value: echo "<br>bye $i";
<?php }
$x = 5985; 3>
var_dump （5x）； Output:
?> Hello 0 bye O
Output: int(5985) Hello 1
bye 1
Hello 2
bye 2 the development of web application.
Hello 3 It is used for back-end development.
Hello 4 PHP codes are dynamic
7. Explain the concept of variable PHP can't be used in an HTML file
variables with an example. 9.Compare between include() and
Solution require()
We can set variable name dynamically in Include()
PHP with the help of variable variables i.include will only produce a
concept. warning(E_WARNING) and the script will
Such a variable uses value of an existing continue.
variable as a name. It is defined with two ii.Use include, If you want the execution
S signs as prefix. to go on and show users the output, even
Example 1: <?php if the include file is missing.
$x = 'holiday'; iii.include 'filename';
$$x = 'sunday'; Require()i. Require will produce a fatal
echo $Holiday; error e_compile_error and stop the script
?> ii.In case of framework coma CMS or a
Output: complex PHP application coding always
sunday use required to include a key file to the
Example 2: <?php flow of execution. This will help to avoid
$a = 'PHP'; compromising your application security
$b = 'a'; and integrity Just in case one key file is
$c = 'b'; accidentally missing.
$ = 'c'; iii. Require’ file name’;
echo "<br>" Sa; 1. Write the purpose of explode function.
echo”<br>".$$b; Solution=The explode function is used to
echo "<br>". $$$c; split a string by a specified string into
echo "<br>".；11 $$$d; pieces and returns array of pieces, i.e, it
output: breaks a string into an array.
PHP Syntax: explode (separator, string [,
PHP limit]);
PHP The first argument, separator, specifies
PHP where to break the string
8. Explain the difference between HTML The second argument, string, is the input
and PHP. string to split.
Solution: The optional third argument, limit, is the
Differences between HTML and PHP are maximum number of values to return in
as follows: the array. If the limit is reached, the last
HTML element of the array contains the
HTML is a markup language is used to remainder of the string.
specify
the content of a web page at client side.
It is used for front-end development.
HTML codes are static.
HTML can be used in PHP files.
PHP is a server-sided scripting language
used for
2. Write the output of the following
script.
<?php
$a = 'PHP';
$b = '$a interpolation';
echo $b;
?>
Solution=Sa interpolation
Single-quoted strings can't interpolate
variables. The variable name in single-
quoted string can't be expanded by its
value.
3. Explain implode() with suitable
example.
Solution=The implode() function returns a
string from the elements of an array.
Syntax: implode ([separator,) array);
separator(optional) specifies what to put
between the array elements. Default is
(an empty string).
Example:
<?php
$a = array("Best", "i", "not", "enough")
$str = Implode (*, $a);
echo $str;
?>
Output: Best is not enough
4. Give function to check if variable has
value or not.
Solution=empty() function is used to
check whether variable has value or not.
Empty is interpreted (an empty string),
(integer), 0.0(float), "0" (string), NULL,
FALSE, array()(an empty an and Svar, (a
variable declared, but without a value in a
class).
Syntax: empty (var_name) ; It returns
TRUE when var name exists and has an
empty or zero value. Otherwise it reten
FALSE.
5. Difference between single-quoted
string and double-quoted string.
Solution=Single-quoted string can't
interpolate variable but double-quoted
string can interpole variable.
Escape sequences are identified as white
spaces in double-quoted string whereas,
they identified as simple literals in single-
quoted string.
6. Write the output of the following PHP
script:
$str = 'abc, pqr, Imn, xyz';
$a = explode(',', $str, 3);
Print_r($a);
Solution=Output:
Array([0]=>abc [1]=>pqr [2]=>lmn,xyz)
Here explode() is splitted given string by
separator(,) and returns array. The third
argumer limit(3), is the maximum number
of values to return in the array. Hence, the
last element of array contains the
remainder of the string.
7. Write the output of the following PHP
script:
<?php
function change()
(Scnt++;)
$cnt = 20;
change();
echo $cnt;
Solution
Output:
20
The Sent inside the function is local to
that function. So, function will increment
its local Sent and global Sent remains
unchanged. In PHP, global variables, by
default, are not available inside the
function.
8. What is the difference between echo()
and print() functions?
Solution=echo() has no return value while
print() has a return value of 1 so it can be
used in expressions.
9. Explain variable function concept in Output:
PHP. float (3.1) bool(true)
Solution=In PHP, we can store name of 12. "A function can have variable number
function inside variable called as variable of arguments." State true or false.
function. Calling of function is based on Solution=True. A function can have
the value of variable. To make a variable variable number of arguments instead of
function call, we have to include the fixed number arguments. All parameters
parameters for a function in parentheses can be retrieved using functions ie.. fune
after the variable. get_args(), func get and func_num_args()
Example: 13. How to find out the position of the
<?php first occurrence of a substring in string?
functionadd(5a, 3b) Solution=strpos(): Finds the position of
echo "Addition is ". (Sa+5b); the first occurrence of a substring in a
} Sresult 'add' $result (5,2); string strpos(string, find, start)
Output: string Required=Specifies the string to
Addition is 7 search.
10. Write an anonymous function to find find start=Required. Specifies the string to
maximum of two numbers. find.
& Write an anonymous function to find Start=Optional. Specifies where to begin
the largest of two numbers. the search.
Solution <?php
<?php echo strpos("I love php, I love php
$max = create_functon too!","php");
('$a,$b',return($a>$b)?$a:$b;*); echo ?>
"Maximum Nmber : $max (5,2); Output
?> 7
Output: 14. State True or False:
Maximum Number: 5 "The fun n_num_args() returns function."
11. Explain the following function with an array of all parameters provided to
syntax and example: the
var_dump Solution=False. The function func num
Solution=var dump: Dumps information args returns the number of arguments
about a variable. passed to the function and not an array.
Syntax: void var_dump(mixed $expression Consider the following example:
, mixed $... 11) <?php
This function displays structured function fool()
information about one or more $numargs func num args();
expressions that include type and value. echo "Number of arguments:
Arrays and objects are explored $oumargs\n";
recursively with values indented to foo(1, 2, 3)
structure. Output
Example: Number of arguments: 3
<?php 15. What will be the output of the
$b-3.1. following PHP script?
$c true; $ str = "String Extraction";
var dump($b, $c); print substr($ str, 2, -11);
?> Solution
Output:
ring
Explanation:
substr(string, start, length) returns a part
of string
According to given string. 2 parameter
start = 2 specifies part of string starts from
2 index And 3 parameter length = -11
specifies the length to be returned from
the end of string.
16. Which function return array
containing all parameters passed to the
function?
Solution=func_get_args() function return
array containing all parameters passed to
the function.
Example:
<?php
functionfun()
{ used to spanning multiple string.
$params func get args())
print_r($params);
} This is a
fun('SureshAgrawal', 'NSGAcademy', 'WT',
'VisionPublication
?>
Output:
Array ([0] =>Suresh Agrawal [1]
=>NSGAcademy [2] => WT [3] Vision
Publications)
17. Write syntax of function which is used
to create string from an smaller string.
Solution=The implode() function returns a
string from the elements of an array.
Syntax:
implode (separator, array)
where separator: Specifies what to put
between the array elements. Default is
""(An empty string)
<?php
Sarr array('Hello', 'World!', 'Beautiful',
'Day!");
echo implode("-", Sarr)."<br>";
Output:
Hello-World!-Beautiful-Day!
18. What is the output of the following
regular expression:
ereg("C[aeiov]t', 'cart');
Solution=The ereg function searches a
string for matches to the regular
expression given pattern in a case-
sensitive way.
ereg (string $pattern, string $string [,
array &$reqs])
In the expression given, the pattern starts
first letter with capital C and the string to
earched in is starting with small 'c' and we
are searching for "cart" which is not there
in t xpression. So it will return a Boolean
value false for not found.
9. What is heredoc? Give example.
&What is the use of here document?
Solution=PHP introduces a more robust
string creation tool called heredoc that
lets the programe tate multi-line strings
without using quotations. The heredoc is
<?php
$str - <<<DEMO
demo mensage
with heredos,
DEMO
echo $str;
?>
Output:
This is a demo message with heredoc.
The heredoc starts with the <<<< operator
and an identifier. After it we can type our
text in more lines as if it were a double
quoted string. It means that we can use
variables inside the heredoc.
If we are ready with our text we only need
to write the identifier again in a new line
as follows:
<?php
$name "Max";
Satr - <<<<DEMO
Hello $name! <br/>
This is a demo message with heredoc.
DEMO:
echo $ser;
Output:
Hello Max! This is a demo message with 25. Find the output
heredoc. It is not allowed to indent the <?php
closing tag if you do so you will get a $a= array (1, "Shilpa", "T.Y.B.Sc");
parsing error. var_dump($a);
20. Find the output: Solution=The output of above code
<?php fragment is:
$str ="Welcome"; echo "You are $str "; array(3)
?> [0]-> int(1)
Solution=Output: [1]=> string(6) ""Shilpa"
You are Welcome. [2]=> string(9) "T.Y.B.Sc."
21. What is the use of Levenshtein 26.Write lambda function for
algorithm? multiplication of two integers.
Solution=levenshtein() calculates Solution=The lambda function for
similarity of two strings based on how multiplication of two integers can be
many characters must be added, written as follows:
substituted or removed to make them <?php
same. Spro create function('Sa, Sh', 'return Gabri
Syntax: levenshtein (atring_1,atring_2) echo Spro (231
Example: ?>
<?php 1. Explain the following functions with
$a="sun"; example.
$b= "sun"; 1. ucwords()
$ans=levelshtein($a,$b); ii. trim()
echo "No. of characters added or deleted Ⅲ. str_pad()
is ".$ans; iv. ucfirst()
?> V. chunk_split()
Sans levenshtein($a,$b); Solution=1. ucwords(): It converts the first
Output: No. of characters added or character of each word in a string to
deleted is 1. uppercase and returns modified string.
22. How to find the number of parameters Syntax: ucwords(string);
passed to the function? Example: <?php
Solution=The function func_name_args() $str= "nsg academy";
returns the number of arguments passed $str1-ucwords($str);
to the function. echo $strl:
23 . What is the difference between Output:
strcmp() and strcasecmp(). $str="Nsg Academy";
?> trim(): It removes all whitespaces from the
Solution=i. strcmp(): This function beginning and end of a string and returns
compares two strings along with their modified string.
cases. Syntax:
ii. strcasecmp(): This function compares trim(string);
two strings ignoring the cases. Itrim() and rtrim() functions are used to
24. Which function is used for matching remove whitespaces from left side only
regular expression with a string. and right side only simultaneously.
Solution=The preg match() function Example:
searches string for pattern, returning true <?php
if pattern exists, false otherwise. $str = "nsg academy";
$str1-trim($str); A parameter is just like a variable and is
echo $strl specified after the function name, inside
Output: the parentheses. If more than one
nsg academy parameter is passed, then they are
iii. str_pad(): It is used to pad a string to a separated by commas.
given length and returns modified string Example:
W either pad string to both sides, right <?php
side only or left side only by specifying in function display($subject)
op {
parameter. echo "We are learning $subject";
Syntax: str_pad(string, length, padded }
atring(,padding_type]); display("php");
padding type: STR_PAD_BOTH, ?>
STR_PAD_LEFT, STR_PAD_RIGHT Output:
Default padding type is STR_PAD_RIGHT We are learning php
Example: Default parameters: Arguments passed by
<?php value
$str nag academy"; A default parameter allows us to pass
Satrl-str_pad($str, 15, **, STR_PAD_LEFT); default value to the argument in the
echo $str1; function definition. If actual parameter is
Output: **nsg academy not passed then formal parameter will be
iv. ucfirst(): It converts the first character assigned by default value. A function can
of a string to uppercase and returns modir have no or any number of default
string. parameters.
Syntax: Example:
ucfirst(string); <?php
Example: <?php function display($subject="php")
$str "nsg academy": echo "We are learning $subject<br>";
$str1 ucfirst(Satr); display();
echo $str1; display("java");
Output: Nsg academy Output:
V. chunk split(): It is used to split a string We are learning php
into a series of small parts(chunks) of We are learning java
speci length followed by an end string. Arguments passed by reference: If
Syntax: chunk_split(string, length, end), arguments are passed by reference to a
Example: function, then
<?php Satr "nsg academy"; y change in the formal parameter reflects
Satri-chunk_nplit($str, 2, ""); the value of actual parameter. Referenced
echo $strl, parameter
Output: followed by &(ampersand). If more than
ns*gacademy* one parameter is passed, then they are
2.Explain different types of arguments separated by mmas.
passing to function with example. Example: <?php
Solution=There are following 4 types of function change(&Saub)
arguments passing to function: {
Variable parameters: Arguments passed $sub "php";
by value. }
$subject = "Java"; echo "<br>All Words - First Letter Capital :
echo "We are learning Saubject<br>"; *.$str4)
change ($subject); echo "<br>Minimum Length of 17
echo "We are learning subject<br>"; characters: ".str5;
Output: 4. What is an Anonymous function? How
We are learning java is it different from normal function?
We are learning php & Explain anonymous function concept in
Retrieving Parameters: A function can PHP.
have any number of parameters passed to Solution=A function without a specified
specifying in parenthesis. We can retrieve name is called as anonymous function. It
parameters using built-in function is also known as closures or lambda
func_num args(), func_get_arg(), function. Normal function must be
func_get_args(). specified with a name.
Example: i .Anonymous functions are declared at
<?php runtime whereas normal functions are
function display() declared at compile time.
{ ii. Execution of anonymous function is
$n-func_num_args() faster than normal function.
for($i=0;$i<$n;$i++) Anonymous function is stored in a variable
echo "We are but normal function isn't stored in a
learning.func_get_arg($i)."<br>"; variable.
display("php", "java", "tos", "syspro"); iv. Anonymous functions are most useful
Output: in callback parameters where it can be
We are learning php used as argüments to other functions.
We are learning java Example of Normal Function
We are learning tes <?php
We are learning syspro function add (5a , Sb)
3. Consider a string $str = "PUNE {
UNIVERSITY"; write a PHP script to disp return $a-$b;
above string in the format given below }
using built-in functions: ↓ echo "Total is .add(5,3);
1. pune university ?>
II. PUNE UNIVERSITY Output: 8
iii. Pune university Anonymous functions are created using
iv. Pune University create function() function. This function
Solution takes two parameters enclosed in single
<?php quote, the first describes the actual
$str = "PUNE UNIVERSITY"; parameters that the anonymous function
$strl = strtolower($str); takes in and the second is the actual code.
$str2 =strtoupper($str1); Syntax: create_function(args_string,
$str3 =ucfirst (str1); code_string);
$str4= ucwords($str1); Example of Anonymous Function
$str5=str_ pad ($str4,17,'*') ; <?php
echo "<br>LowerCase: "$str1; $fun create_function('Sa, sb', 'return Sa
echo "<br>UpperCase: "$str2; $b;');
echo "<br>Firat Word First Letter Capital: echo "Total is "$fun (5,3);
$str3; ?>
Output: 8
Answer the following (1) Mark
Questions):
Marks for these Questions may vary from
1 to 2
1. Which are the two parts while
messages are sent using SMTP protocol?
Solution
The messages contain two parts, Le, body
and header, which are sent wing SMTP. A
message header contains the basic
information as sender's email address and
recipient addresses A message body is the
email's content.
"POP3 Protocol is used to receive the
email." True/False. Justify. 2.
Solution
True. The POP (Post Office Protocol)3
protocol is used to access mailboxes and
download messages from the mail server
to local computer of the user.
3. Write syntax of mail () function.
& Write the different parameters used in
mail ().
Solution
Mail () is used to send emails from the
PHP script. It returns 1(true) on success
otherwise 0(false).
Syntax:
Mail (string $to, string $subject, string
$message (string $additional_headers
(string $additional_parameters)))
10: single or multiple receivers of the mail.
This is an email address.
subject: subject of the email to be sent.
message: message to be sent.
additional headers: optional parameter.
This is typically used to add extra
headers (from, cc, bcc).
additional parameters: optional
parameter. It specifies an additional
parameter to the send mail program.
Differentiate between CC and BCC field
from an email header
Solution:
CC stands for carbon copy which me that
whose address appears after the cc
header would receive a copy of the copy
message. Also, the cc header would also
appear inside the header of the received
message. Bee stands for blind carbon copy
which is similar to that of Ce except that
the Email recipients specified recipients in
the d in this field do not appear in the
received message hedera
5 To or Ce fields will not know that a
copy sent to these addresses. Which
protocol is used to send an e-mail?
Solution
SMTP in the acronym for Simple Mail
Transfer Protocol, and an SMTP server is
the machine that runs this protocol and
sends out the mail.
6 How to set response header in PHP?
Solution
Response headers in PHP are set with the
header () .php header ("Content-Type:
text/plain"); 25
7. What is use of checkdnsr().
Solution
Checkdnsrr () function will take an email
address and performance a DNS lookup
on the specified host (either a hostname
or IP address) We can use this function
before sending ma The function returns
an error informing the user that the
domain related to email ad probably
doesn't exist.
Syntax: bool checkdnsrr (string $host[ ,
string $type=MX"])
8. Write the protocols used to retrieve
email from server. OR
Which protocols are used to retrieve mail
from the server?
Solution: The protocols that are used to
retrieve mail from the server are POP3,
IMAP.
9. When IMAP4 protocol is used in email
handling?
Solution:
The Internet Message Access Protocol is
an application Layer Internet protocol that
ally an e-mail client to access e-mail on a
remote mail server.
10. 'SMTP protocol is used to send email'.
Justify true/false.
Solution: True. The SMTP (Simple Mail
Transfer Protocol) protocol is used by the
Mail Tran Agent (MTA) to deliver email to
the recipient's mail server. The SMTP
protocol can only use to send emails, not
to receive them.
Answer the following (5 Marks
Questions)
Explain how to send email through PHP
with example
Explain how message can be send on E-
mail Server?
Solution:
An e-mail can be plain test, HTML, or may
contain file attachments mail() is used to
send emails from the PHP script it returns
1(true) on success other wise 0(false) .
Example:
<?php
$to = "mukesh. objectes
innetsecretsgroup.com
$subject = “HOW,s the josh”;
$message = “high!!!. But Best is not
Enough":
$headers "From:
suresh.rp.agrawal@gmail.com"."\r\n" .
”CC:
suresh.rp.agrawal@
netsecretsgroup.com";
If (mail ($to, $subject, $message,
$headers))
echo "mall sent.";
else
echo "mall failed.";
?>
2. When IMAP4 protocol is used in email
handling? Explain its features. (April
2019, 2014)
& Explain IMAP protocol.
Solution:
IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol)
is a standard protocol for accessing email
from server.
Features of IMAP protocol:
1. It is a client/server protocol in which
email is received and stored by internet
server.
ii.With IMAP, user's email stays on the
email server.
iii.This makes it possible to access your
email from anywhere.
Iv.This works well even over a slow
connection such as modem since it only
requires small data transfer
V. The user can also create and
manipulate folders or mailboxes on the
server, messages etc.
VI. IMAP supports both on-line and off-
line modes of operations.
3. Discuss how Email id validation and
verification is done in PHP? (April 2018
Solution
Validation is the process in which, we
accept data from the user and check it
with we predefined standard. Validation is
used to validate or check if the data
follows certain specifications
In PHP, there are different ways to
validate email address.
Using eregi() function or eregi()
function(the case-insensitive version of
eregi() It verifies whether the input string
satisfies the regular expression defined by
pattern.
Example:
<?php Bemail-
suresh.agrawal@netsenretagroup.com/
$pattern-z0-9]+(a-2-0-9-1-13[a-z0-9-
1+(\.(a-z-0-9-
if (eregi ($pattern, $email)) echo "Valid
Email":
else echo "Invalid Email* 72
Online verification of domain using
checkdnsrr ()
Using checkdnstr () function we can check
our DNS record to verify the existence
domain name or not. This function will
return true if available otherwise false.
Example:
<?php
$email="mukesh.jain@netsecret.sgroup.c
om";
$flag 1=0; $flag2=0;
list ($uname, $domain)=split('@', $email):
$pattern-[a-z0-9-]+(\-[a-z0-9-1)*" if
($email ($pattern, $uname)) $flag1=1;
if (eregi($domain, 'MX'))
$flag2=1;
if($flagl && $flag2)
echo "Valid Email";
Else
echo "inValid Email";
Using Filters
FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL
This is a filter which validates the email
wing filter_var() function
Example:
<?php $email-
visionpublication@gmail.com
if (filter_var ($email, FILTER VALIDATE
EMAILI echo "Valid Email";
else
echo "Invalid Email";
?>
4. Discuss the advantages and
disadvantages of IMAP 4 protocol.
Solution
Advantages
Synchronization: IMAP can be accessed on
the Web without an changes take place at
a central location, the states of emails and
folders is maintained between sessions,
even if the user changes computers. email
client. Because a
Easy Migration: Migrating from one
computer to another does not require
downloading t messages again, since they
are manipulated remotely.
Disadvantages
Performance and Maintenance: IMAP can
be complex to maintain, and thus some
hosts not support the protocol. It also
uses the host's hard drive space, and most
enforce storage quo for their users. IMAP
can be slower to load messages than
IMAP, POP3 emails are manipulate
rapidly, since they exist on the user's local
machine. IMAP mail is only available with
connected and is not available when
offline. In addition, some email programs
have difficult supporting IMAP, though
browser-based solutions are often
available.
5. Write a PHP script to accept an email
and validate it. Also print domain name
of the email and result of validation.
Solution
The html and php files to accept an email
and validate it and to print domain name
o email and result of validation is as
follows:
email.html
<form method="post"
action="emailvalidate.php">
Enter emailed<input type="text"
name="t1"> <input type="submit"
value="click here">
<input type="reset"> </form>
</HTML>
emailvalidate.php
<HTML>
<?php
$email-S POST['t1'];
if (! filter_var ($email,
FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL))
echo "$email is not valid";
else
echo "$email is valid";$domain get
DomainFromEmail($email), 1);
echo $domain;
function getDomainFromEmail($email)
$domain substr(strrchr($email, "@"), 1);
return $domain;
?>
6. Which are the internet protocols used
for mail handling? Explain any one
brief.
Solution
The internet protocols used for mail
handling are:
i. SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
ii. POP: Post Office Protocol
iii.IMAP: Internet Message Access
Protocol
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol):
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
Internet standard for email (electronic
mail) transmission across Internet
Protocol (IP) network SMTP was first
defined by RFC 821 (1982). It uses TCP
port 25.SMTP was updated by
5341(2008). It uses TCP587. It is known as
ESMTP and is the protocol in widespread
use t SMTP takes care of sending email to
another computer. Normally email is sent
to an server (SMTP server), and then to
another server or servers, and finally to its
destination. can only transmit pure text. It
cannot transmit binary data like pictures,
sounds or movies. uses the MIME protocol
to send binary data across TCP/IP
networks. The MIME p converts binary
data to pure text.
7.What is hyperlink?
Solution
HTML links are hyperlinks. It is an element
in HTML document that links to either
another portion of the document or to
another document altogether. The HTML
tag defines a
hyperlink.
It has the following:
Syntax:
<a href="url">link text</a>
List the advantages of CSS.
Solution
Advantages of CSS:
i.CSS i.e., Cascading Style Sheets used to
design web pages. It handles the look and
feel part of a web page.
ii. It saves a lot of work. It can control the
layout of multiple web pages all at once.
8.Which tag is used to set the text in
superscript format?
Solution
<sup> tag is used to set the text in
superscript format. Superscript text
appears half a character above the normal
line and is sometimes rendered in a
smaller font.
Example:
(a+b)² a² 2ab
b²
Output:
(a+b)²= a²+2ab+b²
State the purpose of pathinfo().
Solution
The pathinfo() is an inbuilt function which
is used to return information about a
path. It returns an associative array
containing the directory name, basename,
extension and filename.
Example:
<?php
print_r(pathinfo("nsgacademy/vision.php"
));
?>
Output:
Array ([dirname] =>nsgacademy
[basename] =>vision.php [extension]
=>php [filename] =>
vision)
What is DSN?
Solution
DSN i.e.. Data Source Name contains the
information required to connect to the
database general, a DSN consists of
hostname, port no, username, dbname
and password of databa server.
Example:
The following example shows a
PDO_PGSQL DSN for connecting to a
postgresql database pgsql thing example
shewport 5432/dbname-webtechnology;
user-nagacademy;
password=vision;
List any two features of HTTP protocol.
Solution
i.Following are the features of HTTP: HTTP
defines a set of rules regarding how
messages are formatted and exchanget
between server and browser. 1.
ii. HTTP is stateless protocol because each else
command is executed independently. echo "$file is deleted.",
State the use of foreach() function. Write any 2 features of PHP and HTML.
Solution Solution
The foreach construct provides the easiest Features of HTML
way to iterate the array elements. It works i.HTML is hypertext markup language used
on array and objects both. It loops over to create web pages. It is simple and easy
the array, and each value of the array to learn. It is platform independent.
element is assigned to value and the array ii. Images, audios and videos can be added
pointer is advanced by one to go the next to a web page.
element in the array. Features of PHP
Syntax: i.Simple and Interpreted: PHP is very
foreach($array as $value) simple and easy to use as compared to
{ otherscripting language and there is no
// php code to be executed need of compilation as it is an interpreted
} language.
What is Web server? ii.Platform Independent: PHP code can be
Solution executed on every platform like Linux,
A web server is a program that uses HTTP Windows, MacOS.
(Hypertext Transfer Protocol) for Write the output of the following PHP
accepting requests from clients, such as Script.
web browsers, serving them responses <?php
along with optional data contents, which $ age = array("Anna"=>"45","Julie" =>
are usually web pages. Example: Apache, "38", "Benne" => "53");
IIS, ssl, httpd etc. usort($age);
live any two functions of random access print_r($age);
of file data. ?>
solution Solution
fseek(): The fseek() function moves the file Explanation:
pointer from its current position to a new Here asort() sorts given associative array
position, forward or backward, specified in ascending order, according to the value.
by the number of bytes. Write the output of the following php
Syntax: fseek (file, offset[, whence]) script.
rewind(): The rewind() function rewinds <?php
the position of the file pointer to the $a = 'PHP';
beginning of the file. $b = '$a interpolation'
Syntax: rewind(file) echo $b;
How to delete file in PHP? ?>
Solution Solution
unlink() function is used to delete file in $a interpolation
PHP. It returns TRUE on success, or FALSE Explanation:
on failure. Single-quoted strings can't interpolate
Syntax: unlink(filename) variables. The variable name in single-
Example: <?php quoted can't be expanded by its value.
$file = nsg.txt"; Write the output of the following PHP
if (unlink ($file)) script.
echo "Error deleting $file."; $str= 'abc, pqr, Imn, xyz';
p= explode(',', $str, 3); $ ADDRESS<textarea name="address"
print r(Sp); cols="30" rows="10"> </textarea>
Solution <br>
Array ([0]=>abc [1]=>pqr [2]->lmn, xyz) CONTACT<input type="text"
Explanation: name="contact" maxlength="10"><br>
Here explode() partitioned given string by <input type="submit" value="SUBMIT">
separator(,) and returns array. The third <input type="button" value="REFRESH"
arg limit(3), is the maximum number of onclick="window.location.reload()">
values to return in the array. Hence, the </form>
last element array contains the remainder </body> </html>
of the string.
Explain any two of the following
functions with syntax.
What is the output of the following? 1. array_intersect()
<?php II. array_slice()
$p=array(1,2,3,4,5); shuffle()
$q=array(1,3,5,7,9) Solution
$s=array_diff($,$q); i. array_intersect() function returns an
print_r($s); array consisting only of those values
?> present in array_1 that are also present in
Solution each of the other arrays.
Array ([1]=>2 [3]=>4) Syntax:
Explanation: array_intersect (array_1, array_21, array
Here, array_diff() compares both array 3,..., array_4))
and returns the differences i.e. 2 and 4 of Example:
$ present in $q. So, it will return an array <?php
which includes 2 and 4 with their $a array(10,20,30, 40, 50);
respective index $b array(40,50,60,70);
Design HTML form that will accept user $x array_intersect($a, $b);
input as first name, middle name and last echo "Intersecting array: <br>";
name, address, contact number. Provide print_r($x);
buttons to submit the input as well as to ?>
refresh form. Intersecting array: Array ([3] 40 [4]50)
Solution ii. array slice() function returns the subset
<html> of input array starting at the key offi
<head> ending at position calculated to length. If
<title>NSG ACADEMY</title> the length is omitted, then array slice
</head> returns all the elements from the starting
<body> offset.
< form action="input.php"> Syntax:
FIRST NAME<input type="text" array slice(input array, int offset(, int
name="fname"><br> length])
MIDDLE NAME<input type="text" Example:
name="mname"><br> <?php
LAST NAME<input type="text" $a array (10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80); Sx
name="lname"><br> array alice(Sa, 2,5); 6x-> echa "After using
array_slice :<br>"; print r (3x);
?>
Output:
After using array slice:
Array ( [0] => 30 [1] => 40 [2] => 50 [3] =>
60 [4] =>70)
iii. shuffle() function shuffles the element
in the input array in any random order.
Syntax:
shuffle (array_name)
Example:
Sarr array(10,20,30,40,50,60,70);
<?php
echo "Before shuffle :<br>";
print r (Sarr); shuffle($arr);
echo "<br>After shuffle :<br>";
Output:
print r(Sarr);
?>
Before shuffle:
Array ([0] => 10 [1] 20 [2] 30 [3] 40 [4] =>
50 [5] => 60 [6] => 70)
After shuffle:
Array ( [0] => 50 [1] => 10 [2] => 60 [3]70
[4] 40 [5] 20 [6] => 30)
Explain how to send email with PHP.
Solution
An e-mail can be plain text, HTML, or may
contain file attachments.
mail() is used to send emails from the PHP
script. It returns 1(true) on success
otherwise 0(false).
Syntax:
mail(string $to, string $subject, string
$message[ stria $additional_headers[,
string $additional parameters ]]);
Parameters
to: Required parameter. It specifies single
or multiple receivers of the mail. This is
email address.
subject: Required parameter. It specifies
subject of the email to be sent. message:
Required parameter. It defines message
to be sent. Each line should be separated
with a LF(In). Lines should not exceed 70
characters. additional_headers: Optional
parameter. This is typically used to add
extra headers (from, cc, bee). It should be
separated with a CRLF(On)
additional_parameters: Optional
parameter. It specifies an additional
parameter to the send mail program.
Example:
$to "mukesh.jain@netsecretsgroup.com";
$subject "How's the JOSH";
<?php
$message "High !!!!. But Best is not
Enough"; $headers "From:
suresh.rp.agrawal@gmail.com"
"\r\n".
"CC:
suresh.agrawal@netsecret.sgroup.com";
if (mail($to, $subject, $message,
$headers))
echo "mail sent."; else
echo "mail failed.";
?>
Explain different types of arguments
passing to function with example.
Solution
There are following 4 types of arguments
passing to function:
i. Variable parameters: Arguments passed
by value A parameter is just like a variable
and is specified after the function name,
inside the parentheses. If more than one
parameter is passed, then they are
separated by commas.
Example:
<?php
function display($subject)
echo "We are learning $subject";
1 display("php"); ?>
Output: We are learning php
ii. Default parameters: Arguments passed
by value
Arguments passed by reference
If arguments passed by reference to a
function, then any change in formal
paramete reflects the value of actual
parameter. Referenced parameter is
followed &(ampersand). If more than one
parameter is passed, then they are case 'b':
separated by comma case 'B':
Example: case 'c':
function change (&$sub) $b_cnt++;
<?php break;
$sub = "php"; case 'C': $c_cnt++;
$subject = "java"; break;
echo "We are learning $subject<br>"; case 't':
change ($subject); case 'T': $t_cnt++;
echo "We are learning $subject<br>"; ?> break; case 'g':
iv. Retrieving Parameters case 'G': $g_cnt++; break;
A function can have any number of case $space_cnt++;
parameters passed to it without specifying break;
parenthesis. We can retrieve parameters fclose($fp );
using built-in functions like $fp = fopen("abccount.txt", "w");
func_num_args func_get_arg(), fwrite($fp, "Number of occurrences of B:
func_get_args(). $b_cnt\n");
Example: fwrite($fp, "Number of occurrences of C:
<?php $c_cnt\n");
function display() fwrite($fp, "Number of occurrences of T:
{ $t_cnt\n"); fwrite($fp, "Number of
$n-func_num_args(); for($i=0; $i<$n; $i++) occurrences of G: $g_cnt\n");
echo "We are learning fwrite($fp, "Number of occurrences of
".func_get_arg($i)."<br>"; ) space; $space_cnt"); echo "Characters are
} counted and written successfully...";
display("php", "java", "tos", "os"); fclose($fp);
?> ?>
Output:
We are learning php Explain advantages and disadvantages of
We are learning java IMAP4 protocol.
We are learning tes Solution
We are learning os IMAP stands for Internet Message Access
Write a PHP script to read a file abc.txt Protocol. It is an application layer protoc
where file contains character, B,C,T,G and which is used to receive the emails from
space. Count occurrences of each the mail server.
character and write it to the abccount.txt Advantages
file. i. Unlike POP, IMAP allows us to access,
Solution organize, read and sort our email message
<? php without downloading to local machine.
$fp fopen("abc.txt", "r") or die("unable to After viewing the e-mail, if the user wants,
open file"); he can
$b_cnt 0; also download it and keep it on his
$c_cnt = 0; St_cnt = 0; personal computer. We can access emails
$g_cnt = 0; anytime from any place using internet as
$space_cnt = 0; emails are on the server a the time.
while(!feof($fp)) ( $ch fgetc($fp); iii. As the emails, are stored on mail
switch($ch) ( server, it utilizes minimal local storage.
iv.It provides the facility to search all the
emails and their download contents inside
the
mailbox.
V. It supports technologies like TLS/SSL
protocols to exchange all information
securely.
Disadvantages
i. Email is only available on the server, so
we may not be able to access it if there is
n internet connection.
ii. In case email usage is more, we would
need a larger mailbox storage which might
cc more.
iii. All emails get synchronized every time
we send or receive it, hence accessing
mails m little slower as compared to
POP3.
iv. If a hacker somehow reaches the
server, then all the secret information of
user can leaked.
Write a PHP script accept and insert
records in employee table.
Solution
// employee.html
<html>
<head><title>NSG
Academy</title></head>
<body>
<form action="employee.php">
Employee ID<input type="text"
name="eid" required><br> Employee
Name<input type="text" name="ename"
required><br>
Employee Salary<input type="text"
name="esalary" required>
<input type="submit" value="SUBMIT">
</form>
</body>
/html>
// employee.php
<?php
$id = REQUEST['eid'];
$name=$REQUEST['ename'];
$salary $ =$ REQUEST['esalary');
server = localhost";
$database = "nsgacademy";
$port no 5432";
$user = "sagrawal";
$Pwd ="vision";
"pgsql:host-$server:port-
sport_no;dbname-database:user-$user;
password-$pwd;";
try ( Scon new PDO ($dsn);
$sql = "insert into employee(id,name,
salary) values (7,7,?)";
$stmt $con->prepare($sql);
$result $stmt->execute([$id, $name,
$salary]);
/$result / $stmt->execute(array($id,
$name, Ssalary));
if ($result) {
echo "Record inserted successfully";
}
else {
echo "Insertion Failed";
} catch (PDOException $e) (
} echo "Connection failed:
$e=>getMessage();
}
What is associative array? Explain with
example how is it different from indexed
array? (Ch 3)
Solution
Associative array is used to store key
value pairs whereas indexed array is used
to store only values.
In associative array, the key is stored in
the numeric or string format. Whereas in
indexed array no need to specify key
because key is like numeric index assigned
automatically which always begins with 0.
Example: To store details of a book,
indexed array would not be the best
choice. Instead, we could use the book's
heading as the keys in associative array,
and respective details as the values.
<?php $booklarray("Name" => "Web
Technology", "Author" => "Suresh
Agrawal", "Publication" => "Vision"); echo
"<br>Book Details Stored in Associative
Array<br>";
print_r($book1);
$book2 array("Web Technology",
"SureshAgrawal", "Vision"); echo
"<br><br>Book Details Stored in Indexed
Array<br>";
print_r($book2);
?>
Output:
Book Details Stored in Associative Array
Array([Name] => Web Technology
[Author] => Suresh Agrawal [Publication]
Vi
Book Details Stored in Indexed Array
Array ( [0] => Web Technology [1] =>
Suresh Agrawal [2] => Vision)
Indexed array can be accessed using for
and foreach loop both, but associative ar
only be accessed using foreach loop as
there is no index.
Example:
$book1 = array("Name" => "Web
Technology", "Auth "Suresh Agrawal",
"Publication" -> "Vision"); echo "<br>Book
Details stored in Associative array<br
foreach($bookl as $key => $value) (
<?php
echo "<br>".$key.": ".$value;
$book2 array("Web Technology",
"SureshAgrawal", "Vision echo
"<br><br>Book Details stored in Indexed
array<br>" foreach ($book2 as $value) (
echo "<br>".$value;
?>
Output:
Book Details stored in Associative array
Name: Web Technology
Author: Suresh Agrawal
Publication: Vision
Book Details stored in Indexed array
Web Technology
Suresh Agrawal
Vision
GET POST
The HTTP GET method encodes the form
data in the URL called as query string.
The POST method encodes the
form data in the body of the HTTP
request.
It makes data visible in the browser
address window. The data is not
shown in the URL.
It makes it possible to bookmark the
result of the form. The data cannot be
bookmarked.
GET requests can be cached. POST
requests are never cached.
GET requests have length restriction.
POST requests have no restrictions
on data length.