Biochemistry
function.
Biochemical Energy production
Metabolism- is the sum total of all
biochemical reactions that take
place in a living organism.
Catabolism- is all metabolic
reactions in which large
biochemical molecules are broken
down to smaller ones.
Anabolism- is all metabolic
reactions in which small
biochemical molecules are joined
together to form larger ones.
Metabolic pathway- is a series of
consecutive biochemical reactions
used to convert a starting material
into an end product.
There are two types of metabolic
pathways:
- linear
- cyclic
o A eukaryotic cell is a cell
in which the DNA is
found in a membrane-
enclosed nucleus.
o Prokaryotic cells have no
nucleus and are found
only in bacteria.
The cytoplasm is the water-based
material of a eukaryotic cell that
lies between the nucleus and the
outer membrane of the cell.
The organelle is a minute structure
within the cytoplasm of a cell that
carries out a specific cellular
The cytosol is the water-based fluid
part of the cytoplasm of a cell.
Ribosomes are the sites where
protein synthesis.
A lysosome is an organelle that
contains hydrolytic enzymes
needed for cellular rebuilding,
repair, and degradation.
A mitochondrion is an organelle
that is responsible for the
generation of most of the energy
for a cell.
Mitochondria are sausage-shaped
organelles containing both an outer
mem brane and a multi folded inner
membrane.
The invention of high-resolution
electron microscopes allowed
researchers to see the interior
structure of the mitochondrion
more clearly and led to the
discovery, in 1962, of small
spherical knobs attached to the
cristae called ATP synthase
complexes.
Important Nucleotide-containing
Compounds in metabolic pathways
 Adenosine Phosphates
(ATP, ADP, and AMP)
 Adenosine
Monophosphate (AMP)-
one of the nucleotides
present in RNA molecules
 Adenosine Diphosphate
(ADP)
  Adenosine Triphosphate
(ATP) differ structurally
from AMP only in the FAD from six subunit viewpoint
number of phosphate
group present.
Phosphoester bond - phosphate-
ribose bond
Phosphoanhydride bond -
Ribitol – reduced form of ribose
phosphate-phosphate bond
Two forms of FAD
- Chemical bond formed when two 1. Oxidized form
phosphate groups reacts with each 2. Reduced form
other and a water molecule is
produced. -The notation FAD denotes the
Phosphoryl group (PO32- ) -The oxidized form
functional group derived from a -The notation FADH2 denotes the
phosphate ion when the latter reduced form contains two or more
becomes part of another molecule. - H atoms than the oxidized form,
ATP contains three phosphoryl which is consistent with the process
groups, ADP contains 2 phosphoryl of reduction involving hydrogen
groups, and AMP one phosphoryl atom.
Flavin Subunit - The active portion
groups.
of FAD in redox reaction
- The portion that undergoes
Other Nitrogen containing basis
change when oxidized form (FAD)
associated with nucleotides are also
is converted to the reduced form
present in triphosphate form:
(FADH 2)
• Uridine Triphosphate - involved
Nicotinamide Adenine
in carbohydrate metabolism.
Dinucleotide (NAD^+, NADH)
• Guanosine Triphosphate-
- Have coenzyme functions in
Participate in protein and
metabolic redox pathways
carbohydrate metabolism
- Have B- Vitamin as a structural
• Cytidine Triphosphate- Involved
component
in lipid metabolism
- Have an oxidized and reduce form
Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide
(FAD, FADH2)
The notation for the oxidized form
Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide
is the NAD+ and the reduced form
(FAD) - A coenzyme required in
is the NADH
numerous metabolic reactions. -
- Can be presented structurally by
Can be visualized as containing
using a three sub-unit and six sib-
either three subunits or six
unit formulation.
subunits.
Three sub-unit block diagram
FAD from three subunit viewpoint.
Six sub-unit block diagram

Coenzyme A (CoA- SH) -Another

important coenzyme in metabolic
enzyme. A derivative of the
Vitamin B pantothenic acid