ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The success of this study is not possible without the help and guidance of the

various individuals. The researchers wish to express their earnest gratitude to the

following that were of great influence in the completion of this action research.

To God be the glory for his grace to the realization of this work. Also, for his

blessing of wisdom, knowledge, guidance, understanding, and safety he bestowed

during the course of the study until the end.

Georgina P. Maskay for imparting her knowledge as their adviser, for her

continuous support in the research, patience, motivations, immense knowledge and

guidance that helped them throughout their research.

Their parents, friends and relatives who continuously supported them morally

and financially to accomplish this study and also for their guidance, support,

encouragement and inspiration throughout.

The Science instructors Ms. Lychelyn Nasungan, Ms. Mylene Gallate and their

panels for their guidance, for sharing their knowledge and inputs, and for their

patience in reviewing and refining the outputs for the betterment of this research.

The Virgen Milagrosa University for helping in the phytochemical screening

analysis of their sample.

The Department of Nursing for supporting the endeavours of the group in

conducting this study.

The institution, Mountain Province State Polytechnic College (MPSPC), the

MPSPC – BSN Department, and to the participants who willingly cooperated during

the study.
 The participants, for the time and cooperation in evaluating the product made

using the physical evaluation from.

Last, all of those who lent a hand for the success of this paper, including all the

authors listed in the reference section whose researches were very much helpful for

the completion of this research.

 Abstract

Gumamela and sunflower are among the various plants that have healing
effect because of the many different complex chemical substance present in one
or more parts of these plants. This research presents the development of a
gumamela sunflower ointment suitable for the treatment of boils. This study
utilized the experimental research design. Samples were subjected for
phytochemical screening analysis to determine the phytochemical constituents
and essential oil components leading to the development of gumamela and
sunflower ointment.
Results revealed that gumamela and sunflower have phytochemical
contents such as flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and sterols that are good anti-
inflammatory compounds. They have great potential to cure different skin
diseases because of their characteristics of having rich source of active
ingredients. The gumamela leaves contain alkaloids, unsaturated sterols,
flavonone, and tannin. Gumamela flowers contains alkaloids, unsaturated
sterols and triterpenes, flavonoids and tannin. On the other hand, sunflower
seeds contain flavonoids and tannins. Sunflower leaves contain alkaloids,
unsaturated sterols, flavonoids and tannin. These are all safe and cost effective
treatment for skin diseases for their components of having different active
compounds that help in treating boils. Furthermore, the formulated ointment
showed acceptable physical evaluation, and spreadability.
In this regard, the research study recommends further laboratories and studies
regarding the efficacy, side effects and life span of the developed ointment for
safety purposes. Putting some aroma or fragrance to the ointment is a good idea
for this will give a pleasant smell to the ointment. Proper packaging and color of
the product is also recommended as another study component.

Keywords: Phytochemical, Gumamela, Sunflower, Ointment, Boil

 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Various plants that are seen around have healing effect because of the many
different complex chemical substance composition present as secondary plant
metabolites in one or more parts of these plants. (Amgad A., et al., 2015) cited that
plant drugs are frequently considered to be less toxic and freer from side effects than
the synthetic ones.

Herbal plants have been used even during the ancient times in any form or the
other. Moreover, despite the lack of biological plausibility, testability, repeatability, or
clinical trial evidence, many herbs are utilized for healing (Huizen, J., 2021).
Additionally, for pragmatic reasons like the high cost of medications, most people
frequently employ herbal plants in a variety of ways as an alternative method of
treatment. The term “herbal medicine” refers to the use of any plant's seeds, berries,
roots, leaves, bark, or flowers for medicinal purposes. It can also be known as
“botanical medicine” or “phytomedicine” (Schulz V, Hansel R and; Tyler VE, 2001).
These might be converted into any type of ointment using the plant’s pharmacological
components, just as other medicated ointments that have medication dissolved,
suspended, or emulsified in the oil.

Gumamela and sunflower have been considered and utilized as herbal

medicine. These plants are very accessible and can be seen even in our backyards.
The Gumamela plant is significantly and scientifically known as Hibiscus rosa -
sinensis Linn, usually culminated as an ornamental plant. On the other hand, the
sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is a specie of the Asteraceae family grown
commercially worldwide offering a variety of nutritional and medicinal benefits.

In the study of Udo, Ben, Etuk and Tiomthy (2016), phytochemical analysis of
the leaves extracts of H. rosa - sinensis L. revealed the presence of varying amounts of
alkaloids, tannin, saponins, flavomoids, cardiac glycosides, anthraquinones, and
phlobatanins. According to Allen, Kannan, Thamaraiselvi and Uma (2018), it also
contains phytochemical compounds like garlic acid, protocatechuic acid, phydroxy
benzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, and ferulic acid. The study of
Abdelhafez, et al (2018) shows that chemical profiling of the secondary metabolites like
flavonoids and phenolic acids predominated. Gazwi, Shoeib, Soltan, Hamed,
Mahmoud, and Ragab (2022), cited that the plant extracts have substantial
therapeutic potential that maybe related to the phytochemical component with few
negative adverse effects for treating infectious diseases. Additionally, antimicrobial,
and antioxidant activities have been reported for this plant (Kumar, et al. 2012).
Furthermore, in a phytochemical investigation conveyed that the leaf, stem, and root
extracts of H. rosa - sinensis contains alkaloids, flovanoid, phenols, tannins and
terpenoids (Divya, et al., 2013). The Ethanol extract from flower showed hexadecanoic
acid, adipic acid and squalene as the major components (Bhaskar, et al., 2011).
According to philippineherbalmedicine (2019), the antimicrobial property of the
gumamela floral extracts is influenced by the color, and the extract from red
gumamela flower is effective for staphylococcus aureus.

Gumamela (Hibiscus rosa - sinensis) has phytochemicals resin, alkaloids,

tannins, cardenolides and bufadienolides, proteins and carbohydrates common to
gumamela extracts found to have an antibiotic and antimicrobial effect (Magalong,
A.L., 2007). Further, Ngan, L.T., et al., (2021) cited that the phytochemical
constituents, pharmacological effects, and medicinal bioactive compounds responsible
for its medicinal effects are namely flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, and
alkaloids.

The wild sunflower has properties that are considered analgesic, and anti-
inflammatory properties. Phytochemical screening yielded phenolic compounds:
tannins, flavonoids, total phenols and strong antioxidant activity (Stuart, G. Jr.,
2019). Moreover, Shuangshuang Guo, Yan Ge, and Kriskamol Na Jom, (2017) found
out that the sunflower seed and sprout contain valuable antioxidant, antimicrobial,
anti-inflammatory, and wound healing benefits found in its phenolic compounds,
flavonoids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and vitamins. These can be used for various
purpose and linoleic acid can inhibit the growth of Propionibacterium acnes (Deslanti,
2019). Further, Saini et al. (2011) reviewed that sunflower extract had moderate -
strong antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, E coli, Salmonella typhi, and S.
aureus. It has moderate-strong antibacterial activity against 2 other bacterial strains,
namely Bacillus subtilus and Escherichia coli (Kusmiati et al. 2021). In the study of
Fagbohun, et al., (2020) showed the presence of mineral elements, phytochemicals like
flavonoid, tannins and alkaloids was observed in the leaves, and however saponins
were absent. The findings on the phytochemical constituents, mineral composition
and proximate composition of the leaves suggests useful contribution to both human
and animal nutrition and possesses medicinal values.

Omokhua, Abdalla, & McGaw (2018) stated that solvent leaf extracts and
fractions exhibited different levels of inhibitory activity showed no inhibitory effect
against all tested bacterial strains. The leaves contain essential oil, sesquiterpene
lactones, including tagitnin, which possess insecticidal properties while a methanol
extract of the dried leaves reduced pain levels and inhibited oedema and granuloma,
confirming the plants traditional use in the treatment of painful inflammatory
conditions (Fern, K., 2014). Moreover, phenolic compounds are indeed a sunflower
seeds’ antibacterial component (Islam et al., 2016). Phenolic substances make the
cytoplasmic membrane more permeable, which causes intracellular components to
flow out and the cytoplasm to coagulate, resulting in cell lysis (Sudarmi, et al., 2017).
High antioxidant activity was reported in sunflower seed water extract (Giada and
Mancini - Filho, 2009).

The findings of a study done on Swiss mice (Mus musculus) revealed that an
ethanolic extract of sunflower petals (Helianthus annuus L.) exhibited analgesic effects,
demonstrating the sunflower’s antibacterial activity. According to studies, phenolics,
flavonoids, and alkaloids, which are antibacterial agents, are present in sunflower
seeds and leaves (Kamal, 2011). Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Propionibacterium
acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and
Micrococcus luteus have all been documented to be resistant to the antibacterial
properties of sunflower seeds (Deslanti, 2019). Terpenoids, sesquiterpenoids,
triterpenoids, and steroids have been shown to be present in the phytochemical
screening findings on sunflower leaves (Muti’ah, 2013), all of which work as
antibacterial agents. Phenolic chemicals have been found in several studies to aid in
wound healing and act as an analgesic to lessen pain or discomfort.
 According to Rifka Amirul and Muhtadi (2020), several research studies have
demonstrated that the sunflower’s seed has the greatest potential to exhibit
advantageous pharmacological effects. Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Propionibacterium acnes, Streptococcus
uberis, and Aspergillus brasiliensis may all be defeated by sunflower seeds.

The researchers as student nurses are able to encounter different diseases and
conditions in the hospital and community setting. During the community exposure of
the researchers, they have encountered skin infections like wounds and boils suffered
by the community people. The researchers also noted that the community people are
using available resources present like herbal plants. With this, the researchers
conceptualize to develop gumamela and sunflower plant ointment for use in the
treatment of boil. The resources of the community will be utilized as well as decreasing
the expenses of the community people. It will help the community people who are
using gumamela and sunflower as treatment for boil in a poultice form, the gumamela
ointment will be made accessible to them to use when made into an ointment.
Moreover, they will utilize the available resources that can be found within the
community as this study would strengthen the utilization of gumamela and sunflower
plant. The development of the product could also be adopted by the community people
and will be utilized as an income generating product should they wish.

The study will be an avenue in learning and unlearning the process of

conducting research studies like experimental research design of the researcher.
Additional knowledge on gumamela and sunflower plant will be acquired and that
there are other ways of utilizing plants available in the community. Additionally, this
will serve as their basis in conducting studies venturing on the other aspects of
gumamela and sunflower. Furthermore, literatures show some phytochemical
components of sunflower and gumamela, however, there were no literature on the
development of gumamela and sunflower ointment hence, the conduct of the study.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This study is anchored on the Republic Act 8423, known as the “Traditional
and Alternative Medicine.” It is hereby declared the policy of the State to improve the
quality and delivery of health care services to the Filipino people through the
development of traditional and alternative health care and its integration into the
national health care delivery system. Furthermore, it shall also be the policy of the
State to seek a legally workable basis by which indigenous societies would own their
knowledge of traditional medicine (DOH, 1997).

This study conceptualized the phytochemical components of the gumamela

and sunflower will still be present when mixed with the chemicals used in the
development of an ointment then there is a possibility to develop an ointment for
utilization. This ointment will be used as an alternative medicine by the community
people which will be less expensive than the synthetic ointment. Furthermore, this
concept establishes that the community people must not depend on commercial
medicines and exceeds on low preference of commercial drugs or medicines.

PROCESS FLOW

Figure 1 below show the process flow utilized by the researchers in the conduct of the
study.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

 Determine the
 Plant collection  Developed
phytochemical
 Preparation of Gumamela
components and
materials
essential oil present in and
 Determination
gumamela and sunflower
of sunflower
 Development of
phytochemical
gumamela and sunflower ointment
constituents
ointment
and essential oil
 Acceptability of the
components
gumamela and sunflower
ointment in terms of  Development of
physical appearance and gumamela and
spreadability? sunflower
ointment

Figure 1: Process Flow

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The study aims to develop an ointment made from gumamela leaves and flower and
sunflower leaves and seeds ointment use in treating boil. Specifically, it will answer
the following questions:

1. What are the phytochemical components and essential oils present in the
gumamela and sunflower?
2. How is the development of gumamela and sunflower ointment?
3. What is the acceptability of the gumamela and sunflower ointment in terms of:

a. Physical appearance and;

b. spreadability?
 CHAPTER II
MATERIALS AND METHODS

This chapter presents a precise description of the method of the research used
in the study. It includes Research Design, Materials that will be use, Preparation of
materials, and Process in the development of the ointment.

Research Design
This study will use the experimental research design. Bell, S., (2009) defines
experimental design as the process of carrying out research in an objective and
controlled fashion so that precision is maximized and specific conclusions can be
drawn regarding a hypothesis statement.

This study will use the experimental research design. Bell, S., (2009) defines
experimental design as the process of carrying out research in an objective and
controlled fashion so that precision is maximized and specific conclusions can be
drawn regarding a hypothesis statement.
Plant Collection
The fresh mature leaves and flower of the gumamela (Hibiscus rosa - sinensis
Linn) and sunflower leaves and seeds (Tithonia diversifolia) will be gathered and
collected in the Municipalities of Bontoc and Bauko, Mountain Province. Collection of
the plant sample will be done from January to February 2023.

Preparation of Materials
The collected mature plant leaves, flowers and seeds were cleaned and washed
with distilled water and air-dried at room temperature for three weeks, after which
these were ground into coarse powder using a high-capacity grinding machine. The
coarse powder leaves, flower and seeds will be placed in a clean plastic bag having 200
grams sample (Nasungan, 2022). It will then be sent at the Virgen Milagrosa
University, Department of Pharmacy for phytochemical constituent’s determination.

Methods

Phytochemical Screening. Preliminary phytochemical analysis gumamela leaves and

flower and; the sunflower leaves and seeds will be undertaken.

Phytochemical Screening Procedure

A. Screening for Alkaloids

Evaporate 70 ml of the 95% ethanolic extract to dryness on a steam

bath. Dissolve the residue in 7ml of 1% hydrochloric acid, aided by warming on
steam bath for 1 or 2 min. Cool, filter, and then adjust the volume of the filtrate
to 7ml by washing the residue on filter paper with a sufficient quantity of 1%
hydrochloric acid. Add few grains of powdered sodium chloride to the filtrate,
shake and then refilter.

Place 1ml of the filtrate into each of 4 small test tubes. To the first test
tube, add 3 drops of Modified Mayer’s reagent (Mercury Potassium Iodide TS).
In the second, 3 drops of Mayer’s reagent (Mercury Iodide TS). In the third, 3
drops of Wagner’s reagent (Iodide and Potassium). Finally in the fourth, 3
drops of Bouchard’s reagent (2% Iodide and 4% Potassium Iodide).

B. Screening for Unsaturated Sterols and Triterpenes

Evaporate 30ml of the 95% ethanolic extract to dryness on a water bath.
Cool the residue to room temperature and add 15ml of light petroleum ether.
Mix well and filter. Repeat with additional volumes of petroleum ether until
colorless. Combine the ethereal filtrates, set aside the defatted residue for
screening for flavonoids and leucoanthocyanins.
Evaporate the combined ethereal filtrates to dryness and then dissolve
the residue in 15ml of chloroform. Add a pinch of anhydrous sodium sulphate
to the filtrate and divide equally into three dry test tubes. The following test are
essentially dehydration reactions and therefore moisture must be excluded in
each of the experimental steps.
 B1. Liebermann – Bourchardt’s Test - To 5 ml of the filtrate in a suitably dry
test tube, add 0.3ml of acetic anhydride and mix gently. Add one drop of
concentrated sulfuric acid. Observe any color change immediately and every 5
minutes thereafter over 50 minutes. Period. Run this test concurrently with 5ml
portions of standard solutions prepared from plants known to contain
unsaturated sterols or triterpenes.

B2. Salkowski Test - Transfer 5 ml of the filtrate to a dry test tube and perform
a ring test with concentrated sulfuric acid. Shake for 1 to 2 minutes and note
the color change.

B3. Color Control - Add 5 ml of the filtrate to the third test tube .Add no
reagents. This tube is to serve as a color control for both test.

C. Screening for Flavonoids

Dissolve the defatted residue from section B-3 in 30ml of 50% ethanol
filtrate and place 1-2ml of the filtrate in each of the three test tubes.

To Test tube #1, add 0.5ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid and warm
in a steam bath for about a minute and observe the color change. The
development of a red-violet color is indicative of the presence of
leucoanthocyanidins. Color formation may be slow. If the color is not
immediately apparent, allow the test solution to stand at room temperature for
1 hour before recording the result as negative.

To Test tube #2, add 0.5ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid and 3-4
magnesium turnings. Observe carefully for a color change (to green, red, etc.)
within 10 minutes which is indicative of the presence of flavanols. If a definite
color is formed, cool and dilute with an equal volume of water and add 1.0ml of
octyl alcohol. Shake and allow to separate. The color in the octyl alcohol layer
is due to aglycones while the color in the aqueous layer is due to glycosides.

D. Screening for Steroid (Cardio active) Glycosides

D1. Presence of Unsaturated Sterols (Liebermann-Burchard Test) - Use the

result of section B1
 D2. Presence of Unsaturated Lactones – Since the following three test involve
color reactions, it is necessary to run concurrent test with the control sample.

D2a. Kedde Reaction. To 5ml of the 80% ethanolic extract in an

evaporating dish. Add 5ml of Kedde reagent (2g of 3.5 - dinitrobenzoic acid in
100ml of ethanol) and mix well with a glass stirring rod. To the mixture, add
2ml of 1N sodium hydroxide. Mix and observe color development. A purple color
is positive indication of the presence of the unsaturated lactone ring.

D2b. Presence of 2-deoxysugars (Keller Killiani Test) – Place 10ml of

the 80% ethanolic extract in an evaporating dish and dry on a steam bath. Add
3ml of the ferric chloride reagent (mix 0.3ml of 10% ferric chloride solution with
50ml of glacial acetic acid), stir to mix well and transfer to a small test tube.
With the test tube held at 45˚ angle, layer 1ml of concentrated sulfuric acid by
allowing it to flow down the inside wall of the test tube. Avoid shaking or
agitating the test tube at this point. Observe for a purple ring at the interface
which would indicate the presence of 2-deoxysugars.

E. Screening of Saponins

E1. Froth Test

Take a volume of the alcoholic extract or control using 2ml of 10% gugo
extract (This is prepared by extracting 1g of gugo bark with 10ml of ethanol) in
a separate test tube. Add 10ml of distilled water to each test tube, put stopper
and shake the tube vigorously for 30 seconds. Allow to stand and observe over a
period of 30 minutes.

F. Screening for Tannins and Phenolic Compounds

Evaporate 100ml of 95% ethanolic extract to dryness on a steam bath.
Remove the evaporating dish from the steam bath and add 25ml of hot distilled
water to the residue. Mix well with a stirring rod and allow it to cool at room
temperature spontaneously. Centrifuge the cooled extract for several minutes
and decant the upper half from each tube used. Add 3-4 drops of 10% sodium
chloride solutions to the decanted supernatant. Precipitation at this point is
 indicative of a salting – out reaction probably due to non-tannin components.
Filter off any precipitate. Add 3ml of the filtrate to each of the three tubes.

F1. Gelatin Test

To test tube #1, add 2-3 drops of a 1% gelatin solution; to test tub #2
add, the same amount of gelatin salt reagent (1% gelatin , 10% sodium
chloride); and to test tube #3, add several drops of ferric chloride TS.
The absence of a reaction with chloride indicates the absence of tannins
and phenolic compounds. A greenish - blue or greenish black color after the
addition of ferric chloride is correlated with precipitation on the gelatin-salt
black test indicating the presence of tannins of the catechol type. A blue black
color after addition of ferric chloride is correlated with precipitate on the gelatin
salt black test indicating the presence of tannins of the pyrogallol type. A
negative gelatin-salt block test associated with color production after the
addition of the ferric chloride is indicative of the absence of tannins and
presence of other phenolic plant constituents.

G. Screening for Anthraquinone Heterosides

a. Borntrager test. Transfer 5ml of the ethanolic extract to an evaporating
dish and dry over a steam bath. Defat the residue in the dish with 5-10ml of
petroleum ether. Add 50ml of distilled water to the defatted residue, mix well
and filter into small separatory funnel. Add 10ml of benzene, shake to mix
well and allow the two phases to separate. Drain out the aqueous layer
(bottom layer) and transfer the benzene phase (upper layer) to a test tube.
Introduce 5ml of ammonia, mix well and observe the benzene layer for color
change.

b. Modified Borntrager test. Heat 0.3g of the plant powder with 10ml of 0.5 N
potassium hydroxide and 1ml of dilute hydrogen peroxide for 10min. Cool,
filter and acidify 5ml of the filtrate with approximately 10drops of glacial
acetic acid and partition wit 10ml of benzene. Filter the benzene phase and
transfer 5ml to a test tube containing 2.6ml of ammonia TS. Mix well and
observe for color changes.
 H. Screening for Cyanogenic Glycosides
a. Guignard Test. Place 2-5g of the crushed plant sample in a test tube.
Moisten with water and add a few drops of chloroform to enhance enzyme
activity. Place a firm stopper on the tube, use cork from which it is
suspended in a piece of picrate paper. The paper strip must not touch the
inner sides of the test tube. Warm the tube at 34 - 40˚C or keep it at room
temperature for 3 hours.

Development of Gumamela and Sunflower Ointment

Development of the product are being breakdown into four operations used by
(Tanreverdi & Yapar 2017) as follows:

Preparation of the Oil Phase.

1st sample

The 200grams of each sunflower leaves and seeds and gumamela leaves and
flowers will be gathered, wash air dried for 14 days. Grinding of the sunflower seeds
will be done. Mix all the ingredients in stainless pot having a ratio of 200g of each
sunflower seed, sunflower leaves gumamela flower and gumamela leaves: 2000 ml of
distilled water, boil under a temperature of 70 degree Celsius for 45 minutes. Scoop
out water. Boil the decoction to evaporate the remaining water leaving the extract oil.

 1 cup of the extracted oil

 ¼ cup bees wax
 ¼ cup of coconut oil

2nd sample

The 100 grams of each fresh sunflower leaves and seeds and gumamela leaves
and flowers will be gathered. Grinding of the sunflower seeds will be done. Mix all the
ingredients (fresh) in stainless pot having a ratio of 100g of each sunflower seed,
sunflower leaves gumamela flower and gumamela leaves: 3,200 ml of distilled water,
boil under a temperature of 70 degree Celsius for 45 minutes. Scoop out water. Boil
the decoction to evaporate the remaining water leaving the extract oil.

 ¼ cup of extracted oil

 31.25 cup of coconut oil
 2g of beeswax

Preparation of the Ointment

The following steps are utilized in making an ointment:

1. Add 31.25 cup of coconut oil, and 2g of beeswax into a pot.

2. Melt the oils in the pot. Put the pot on the stove and turn on a medium flame. Leave
the pot there and let all of the ingredients melt down. Keep the flame on until
everything on the pan is completely liquid.
3. Turn the heat down and add the coconut oil and beeswax. Once the coconut oil and
beeswax are all liquid, turn the heat in a low setting.
4. Stir the mixture together once all the ingredient are added, take a spoon and stir
everything together. Make sure the whole mixture is combined smoothly.
5. Once the ointment is mixed well turn the flame off and leave it to cool within 2-
3hrs. The mixture will probably harden and get a bit waxy when it’s cool, this is
normal.
6. Store the ointment in a cool place. This ointment is sensitive to heat and could melt
if it gets hot. Store it in a cool spot out of direct sunlight. This should keep the
ointment fresh and be ready to use. If the ointment does melt, move it to a cooler spot
and should harden again soon. Keep an eye on the ointment for any signs of spoiling,
like rancid smell or molds. Get rid of it if you see this signs.
7. Stop using the ointment if you experience any negative side effects. Even if you do
everything right, there’s still always a chance that you’ll have a skin reaction to the
ointment. If you experience any redness, swelling, itching, or burning after you apply
the ointment then stop using it immediately. If rash doesn’t go away, contact your
doctor for an exam.

Physical Evaluation of the Develop Ointment

 The develop ointments will be evaluated visually for their color, smell and
consistency utilizing the likert scale below.

Numerical Value Description Arbitrary Values

5 Very Satisfied 4.21-5.00 VS
4 Moderate satisfied 3.41-4.20 MS
3 Satisfied 2.41-3.40 S
2 Slightly satisfied 1.41-2.40 SS
1 Not satisfied 1.00-1.80 NS
Table 1: Physical Evaluation of the Develop Ointment

Spreadability

Spreadability is expressed in terms of time in seconds taken by two slides to

slip off from the ointment when placed in between the slides under the direction of a
certain load. The excess amount of sample will be placed between the two glass slides
and a definite amount of weight will be placed on these glass slides to compress the
glass slides of uniform thickness (Shivhar UD, Jain KB & Mathur VB., 2009). A weight
of 70g will be added and the time required to separate the two slides will be noted.
Spreadability will be calculated using the formula.

S = M.L/T

Where, M = wt. tied to the upper slide, L = length of glass slides,

T = time taken to separate the slides.

 CHAPTER III
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Phytochemical Screening
Table 2: Phytochemical Screening of Sun Flower Leaf Extract

A. Screening for Alkaloids

Qualitative Test Positive Result Actual Result Remark
1. Mayer’s Production of ppt. W/ppt. ++
Reagent
2. Wagner’s Production of ppt. W/ppt. ++
Reagent
3. Bouchardat’s Production of ppt. W/ppt. ++
Reageant
4. Valser’s Production of ppt. W/ppt. +
Reagent
INTERPRETATION  Presence of Alkaloids

B. Screening of Unsaturated Steroids and Triterpenes

Qualitative Test Positive Result Actual Result Remark
1. Lieberman’s Color change: blue Green solution +
Burchad or green sol.
Test
2. Salkwoski Color change: Light Yellow color _
Test cherry red solution
INTERPRETATION  Presence of Unsaturated Sterols

C. Screening for Flavonoids

Qualitative Test Positive Result Actual Result Remark
1. Bate- Smith Red violet color Light green color
 Metcalf Test Solution ¯
2. Cyanidin Color change : Green Solution +
Test green/red
INTERPRETATION  Presence of Flavonone

D. Screening for Steroid ( Cardio Active Glycosides)

Qualitative Test Positive Result Actual Result Remark

 Kedde Purple color Green solution _

reaction
 Keller-killiani Purple ring Yellow green _
test solution
INTERPRETATION  Absence

E. Screening for Saponins

Qualitative Test Positive Result Actual Result Remark

1. Froth Test Formation of Froth No Formation of _

and Foam Froth and Foam
INTERPRETATION  Absence

F. Screening for Tannin and Phenolic Compound

Qualitative Test Positive Result Actual Result Remark

1. Gelatin Test Production of ppt. W/ppt. +

2. Gelatin Production of ppt. W/ppt. +
Block Test
3. Ferric Greenish Greenish Black +
Chloride Test Blue/Greenish sol’n
Black color
INTERPRETATION  Presence of Tannin

G. Screening for AnthraquinoneHeterosides

Qualitative Test Positive Result Actual Result Remark

1. Borntrager Color Change: Colorless sol’n _

Test cherry red or pink
sol’n
2. Modified Color Change: Colorless sol’n _
Borntrager cherry red or pink
Test sol’n
INTERPRETATION  Absence
 H. Screening for Cyanogenic Glycosides
Qualitative Test Positive Result Actual Result Remark

1. Guignard Appearance of No variation _

Test Various shades of appearance
red with 15
minutes
INTERPRETATION  Absence

The result of the phytochemical test conducted on the Sunflower Leaf extract
sample shows that there are presence of alkaloids, unsaturated sterols and triterpenes
but negative in Salkowski test, flavonoids but negative in bate-smith Metcalf test,
Tannins and phenolic compound. Which are beneficial in making an ointment because
of their different content that help in treating skin diseases. However, the test also
shows that there is an absence of Steroids, saponins, Anthraquinone Heterosides and
Cyanogenic Glycosides.

Further, the result on the screening of sunflower leaves shows the presence of
alkaloids which play an essential role in both human medicine and in an organism’s
natural defense. Therapeutically, alkaloids are particularly well known as anesthetics,
cardioprotective, and anti-inflammatory agents (Heinrich et al., 2021). Flavonoids
possess a number of medicinal benefits, including anticancer, antioxidant, anti-
inflammatory and antiviral properties. These cost-effective medicinal components
have significant biological activities and their effectiveness has been proved for a
variety of diseases (Ullah et al., 2020). Sterols and triterpenes comprise a huge class of
compounds with different biological activities, where mainly they act as anti-cancer,
anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory and anti-viral (Shady et al., 2020). Sterols
help the skin retain moisture and leave a protective, anti-inflammatory, antipruritic
and reconstructive barrier on the skin. (Kaser et al., 2010). There is an absence of
steroids (cardio active glycosides) and saponins in sunflower leaves. There is a
presence of tannin and phenolic compound that are natural antioxidant that gives a
skin a boost and are responsible for free-radical neutralization, promote anti-
inflamatory, anti-aging, antimicrobial, anticarcinogenic and wound healing properties
(Thayers et al., 2022). Phenolic compound containing phenolic that can be obtained
through skin application because they can alleviate symptoms and inhibit the
development of various skin disorders. (Dzialo et al., 2016). Absence of cyanogenic
glycosides and anthraquinones heterosides. This can irritate the skin and the mucus
membrane from the moderate to severe exposure leads to redness or flushing of the
skin (SMcGoy et al., 2004). Contact to anthraquinones heterosides can imitate the
skin and it can cause a skin allergy (New Jersey Department of Health and Senior
Service n.d).

Table 3: Phytochemical Screening of Sun Flower Seed Extract

A. Screening for Alkaloids

Qualitative Test Positive Result Actual Result Remark

1. Mayer’s Production of ppt. No ppt. _

Reagent
2. Wagner’s Production of ppt. No ppt. _
Reagent
3. Bouchardat’s Production of ppt. W/ppt. ++
Reagent
4. Valser’s Production of ppt. W/ppt. +
Reagent
INTERPRETATION  Presence of Alkaloids

B. Screening of Unsaturated Sterols and Triterpenes

Qualitative Test Positive Result Actual Result Remark

1. Lieberman’s Color Change: blue Colorless solution _

Burchard or green sol.
Test
2. Salkowski Color Change: Colorless solution _
Test cherry red solution
INTERPRETATION  Absence

C. Screening for Flavonoids

Qualitative Test Positive Result Actual Result Remark

1. Bate- Smith Red violet color Colorless solution _

Metcalf Test
2. Cyanidin Color change: Colorless solution _
Test green/red
INTERPRETATION  Absence

D. Screening for Steroid ( cardio active glycosides)

Qualitative Test Positive Result Actual Result Remark
 1. Kedde reaction Purle color Colorless solution -
2. Keller-killiani test Purple ring Colorless solution -
INTERPRETATION  Absence

E. Screening for Saponins

Qualitative Test Positive Result Actual Result Remark

1.Froth Test Formation of Froth No Formation of -

and Foam Froth and Foam
INTERPRETATION  Absence

F. Screening for Tannin and Phenolic Compound

Qualitative Test Positive Result Actual Result Remark

1.Gelatin Test Production of ppt. W/ppt. +

2.Gelatin Block Production of ppt. W/ppt. +
Test
3.Ferric Chloride Greenish Greenish Black +
Test Blue/Greenish sol’n
Black color
INTERPRETATION  Presence of Tannin

G. Screening for AnthraquinoneHeterosides

Qualitative Test Positive Result Actual Result Remark

1.Borntrager Test Color Change: Colorless sol’n _

cherry red or pink
sol’n
2.Modified Color Change: Colorless sol’n _
Borntrager Test cherry red or pink
sol’n
INTERPRETATION  Absence

H. Screening for Cyanogenic Glycosides

Qualitative Test Positive Result Actual Result Remark

1.Guignard Test Appearance of No variation _

Various shades of appearance
red with 15
minutes
INTERPRETATION  Absence

The phytochemical test conducted on sunflower seed extracts sample show the
presence of alkaloids and tannins in the sunflower seeds. Therapeutically alkaloids are
particularly well known as anesthetic, cardio protective and anti-inflammatory agents
(Heinrich et al., 2021). While tannins are natural phenolic compounds, they
participate in defending the plants and seeds from fungal, bacterial and insects attack,
as well as the plant survival. Tannins are also known to be virucide, antioxidant, and
antimicrobial (Pizzi, 2021). However, the test results also show the absence of sterols
and triterpenes, flavonoids, steroid, saponins, anthraquinoneheteroids and cyanogenic
glycosides but can still be useful in making ointment because it has been reported
that they’re effective as an antioxidants, anticancer, antibacterial, cardio protective
agents, anti-inflammation, immune system promoting, skin protection from UV
radiation, and interesting candidate for pharmaceutical and medical application
(Tungmunnithun et al., 2018). Hence, it only shows that there is a great potential of
developing it into an ointment since it contains beneficial ingredients that has a
significant medical use.

Table 4: Phytochemical Screening of Gumamela Leaf Extract

A. Screening for Alkaloids

Qualitative Test Positive Result Actual Result Remark

1.Mayer’s Reagent Production of ppt. No ppt. +++

2.Wagner’s Reagent Production of ppt. No ppt. +++
3.Bouchardat’s Production of ppt. W/ppt. +++
Reagent
4.Valser’s Reagent Production of ppt. W/ppt. +++
INTERPRETATION  Presence of Alkaloids

B. Screening of Unsaturated Sterols and Triterpenes

Qualitative Test Positive Result Actual Result Remark

1.Lieberman’s Color Change: blue Blue solution +

Burchard Test or green sol.
2.Salkowski Color Change: Colorless solution _
Test cherry red solution
INTERPRETATION  Presence of Unsaturated Sterols

C. Screening for Flavonoids

Qualitative Test Positive Result Actual Result Remark

1.Bate- Smith Red violet color Yellow green color _

Metcalf Test solution
2.Cyanidin Test Color change: Green solution +
green/red
INTERPRETATION  Presence of Flavonone

D. Screening for Steroid ( cardio active glycosides)

Qualitative Test Positive Result Actual Result Remark

1.Kedde reaction Purle color Light Green -

solution
2.Keller-killiani test Purple ring Yellow green -
solution
INTERPRETATION  Absence

E. Screening for Saponins

Qualitative Test Positive Result Actual Result Remark

1.Froth Test Formation of Froth No Formation of -

and Foam Froth and Foam
INTERPRETATION  Absence

F. Screening for Tannin and Phenolic Compound

Qualitative Test Positive Result Actual Result Remark

1.Gelatin Test Production of ppt. W/ppt. +

2.Gelatin Block Production of ppt. W/ppt. +
Test
3.Ferric Chloride Greenish Greenish Black +
Test Blue/Greenish sol’n
Black color
INTERPRETATION  Presence of Tannin

G. Screening for AnthraquinoneHeterosides

Qualitative Test Positive Result Actual Result Remark

1.Borntrager Test Color Change: Colorless sol’n _

cherry red or pink
sol’n
2. Modified Color Change: Colorless sol’n _
Borntrager Test cherry red or pink
sol’n
INTERPRETATION  Absence

H. Screening for Cyanogenic Glycosides

Qualitative Test Positive Result Actual Result Remark

1.Guignard Test Appearance of No variation _

Various shades of appearance
 red with 15
minutes
INTERPRETATION  Absence

The screening tests conducted on the plant sample show the presence of
alkaloids, unsaturated sterols, flavonone, and tannin. However, steroid (cardio active
glycosides), saponins, anthraquinone heterosides, and cyanogenic glycosides are
absent. These tests provide important information about the chemical composition of
the plant and can aid in the discovery of new drugs and treatments.

Further results showed on the sample obtained presence of alkaloids. Alkaloids

are nitrogen-containing compounds found in a wide range of plants and can have
various pharmacological effects (Evans, 2016). Has a presence of an unsaturated
sterols, unsaturated sterols are important components of cell membranes and have
been found to have various biological activities (Monot et al., 2018). Has a presence of
flavonone, flavonoids are a group of polyphenolic compounds found in many plants
and have a wide range of biological activities, including antioxidant and anti-
inflammatory effects (Manach et al., 2004). Has a presence of tannin, tannins are
polyphenolic compounds found in many plants and have various biological activities,
including antioxidant and anticancer effects (Bhattacharya & Mandal, 2018). But the
sample also shows an absence of steroid (cardioactive glycosides), these compounds
are found in various plants and have been used for treating heart-related conditions
(Kumar et al., 2017). An absence of saponins, saponins are glycosides found in many
plants and have been found to have various biological activities, including anti-
inflammatory and anticancer effects (Liu et al., 2015). An absence of anthraquinone
heterosides, these compounds are found in various plants and have been used in
traditional medicine for treating various conditions (Devendra et al., 2012). An
absence of cyanogenic glycosides, these compounds are found in various plants and
can release cyanide, which can be toxic to humans and animals (Pavlov et al., 2017).

Table 5: Phytochemical of Gumamela Flower Extract

A. Screening for Alkaloids

Qualitative Test Positive Result Actual Result Remark

1.Mayer’s Reagent Production of ppt. No ppt. +++

2.Wagner’s Reagent Production of ppt. No ppt. +++
3.Bouchardat’s Production of ppt. W/ppt. +++
Reagent
4.Valser’s Reagent Production of ppt. W/ppt. +++
INTERPRETATION  Presence of Alkaloids

B. Screening of Unsaturated Sterols and Triterpenes

Qualitative Test Positive Result Actual Result Remark

1.Lieberman’s Color Change: blue Blue solution +

Burchard Test or green sol.
2.Salkowski Test Color Change: Colorless solution +
cherry red solution
INTERPRETATION  Presence of Unsaturated Sterols and Triterpenes

C. Screening for Flavonoids

Qualitative Test Positive Result Actual Result Remark

1.Bate- Smith Red violet color Red Violet color +

Metcalf Test sol’n.
2.Cyanidin Test Color change: Red solution +
green/red
INTERPRETATION  Presence of Flavonoids

D. Screening for Steroid ( cardio active glycosides)

Qualitative Test Positive Result Actual Result Remark

1.Kedde Reaction Purple color Bright Red -

solution
2.Keller-Killiani Test Purple ring Red solution -
INTERPRETATION  Absence

E. Screening for Saponins

Qualitative Test Positive Result Actual Result Remark

1.Froth Test Formation of Froth No Formation of +

and Foam Froth and Foam
INTERPRETATION  Presence

F. Screening for Tannin and Phenolic Compound

Qualitative Test Positive Result Actual Result Remark

1.Gelatin Test Production of ppt. W/ppt. +

2.Gelatin Block Production of ppt. W/ppt. +
Test
3.Ferric Chloride Greenish Greenish Black +
Test Blue/Greenish sol’n
 Black color
INTERPRETATION  Presence of Tannin

G. Screening for AnthraquinoneHeterosides

Qualitative Test Positive Result Actual Result Remark

1.Borntrager Test Color Change: Colorless sol’n _

cherry red or pink
sol’n
2.Modified Color Change: Colorless sol’n _
Borntrager Test cherry red or pink
sol’n
INTERPRETATION  Absence

H. Screening for Cyanogenic Glycosides

Qualitative Test Positive Result Actual Result Remark

1. Guignard Test Appearance of No variation _

Various shades of appearance
red with 15
minutes
INTERPRETATION  Absence

The phytochemical screening analysis on gumamela flower shows the presence

of alkaloids, unsaturated sterols and triterpenes, flavonoids, saponins, tannin and
phenolic compound. It also shows that steroid, anthraquinone heterosides, and
cyanogenic glycosides are absent in the gumamela flower based on the phytochemical
screening. Alkaloids are an important class of molecules with anti-inflammatory
activity demonstrating inhibition of expression of several pro-inflammatory factors
such as cytokines, lipid mediators, histamine, and enzymes involved in the
inflammatory response (Souza et al., 2020). Based on the study of (Loza-Mejia et al.,
2015), unsaturated sterols and triterpenes are good candidates for the development of
anti-inflammatory products and drugs. Sterols help in skin retain moisture and leave
a protective, anti-inflammatory, antipruritic and reconstructive barrier in the skin
(Kaser, 2010). While, triterpenes have anti-inflammatory and protease-inhibiting
activity that indicates potential for reducing skin stress induced by environmental
factors (Andersson et al., 2015). Flavonoids promote the wound-healing process
mainly due to their astringent and antimicrobial properties which appear to be
responsible for the wound healing. The wound-healing property of H. rosa sinensis
flower extract is attributed to its flavonoid content (Bhaskar & Nithya, 2012). Saponins
are a diverse group of glycosides present in many families of plants including
gumamela flower. It also indicates that saponin not only promotes re-epithelialization
of the wound but also effectively inhibits inflammatory reactions during early phase,
and promotes matrix synthesis throughout the wound healing process (Patra et al.,
2009). According to the study of (Tong et al., 2022), tannins have anti-inflammatory
effects by inhibiting NO and prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2). In addition, most tannin
extracted from different plants display anti-inflammatory functions.

Evaluation of the Develop Gumamela- Sunflower Ointment

A. Physical Appearance

COLOR
Not Satisfied
Slightly Satisfied 2%
8% Very Satisfied
20%

Very Satisfied
Satisfied
22% Moderately satisfied
Satisfied
Slightly Satisfied
Not Satisfied

Moderately satisfied
48%

Figure 2: Color
 SMELL
Not Satisfied
Slightly Sat- 6% Very Satis-
isfied fied
12% 26%

Very Satisfied
Moderately Satisfied
Satisfied
Slightly Satisfied
Not Satisfied
Satisfied
20%

Moderately Satisfied
36%

Figure 3: Smell

CONSISTENCY
Not Satisfied
Slightly Satis- 2%
fied, 10%

Very Satisfied
34%
Satisfied
16% Very Satisfied
Moderately Satisfied
Satisfied
Slightly Satisfied
Not Satisfied

Moderately Satisfied
38%

Figure 4: Consistency
 The pie chart shows the proportion of the physical evaluation of the developed
ointment. Every pie is divided into 5 parts, and in each part, it has a correspondent
score that depends on the evaluation of the 50 participants. The proportion of the
physical evaluation for colors, smell, and consistency has a big difference; very
satisfied, moderately satisfied, satisfied, slightly satisfied, and not satisfied. In terms of
color, figure 2 shows that the developed ointment has a highest percentage score of
48% which is moderately satisfied. While, 2% from the evaluators are not satisfied
with the color of the ointment. In terms of smell, moderately satisfied has the highest
percentage score that values 36%, and 6% from the evaluators are not satisfied with
the smell. Furthermore, consistency of the ointment made, has the highest percentage
score of 38% which is moderately satisfied, while 2% from the evaluators are not
satisfied in terms of consistency.

Based on the result of physical evaluation, it appears that the color has been
moderately satisfying with a 48% indicating their moderate satisfaction. The smell on
the other hand, has moderately satisfied 36% of respondents, indicating that there are
some room for improvement in this area. The consistency of the product has also
moderately satisfied 38% of respondents, which falls in line with the moderate
satisfaction levels seen for color and smell. Overall, these results suggest that the
product has room for improvements to increase overall satisfaction.

B. Spreadability
Given:
M = 70 grams
L = 7.5 centimeters
T = 45 seconds

S = M (L/T)
S = 70g x 7.5
45s
= 525g
45s
S = 11.67
 The sample was placed between the two slides and 70grams weight was
placed on the glass slide for 45seconds to compress the sample to a uniform
thickness. The time on seconds required to separate the two slides was taken
as a measure of spreadability.

The spreadability values were found to be in the range of 9.0 to 31.02

g.cm/s, depending on the material of each phase (Eleonore et al., 2018). Thus,
the calculated spreadability value which is 11.67 is within normal.

CHAPTER IV
Conclusions and Recommendations
Conclusions

Based on the findings of the study, herbal plants like gumamela and sunflower
have phytochemical contents such as flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and sterols that
are good anti-inflammatory compounds. They have great potential to cure different
skin diseases because of their characteristics of having rich source of active
ingredients. The gumamela leaves contain alkaloids, unsaturated sterols, flavonone,
and tannin. Gumamela flowers contains alkaloids, unsaturated sterols and
triterpenes, flavonoids and tannin. On the other hand, sunflower seeds contain
flavonoids and tannins. Sunflower leaves contain alkaloids, unsaturated sterols,
flavonoids and tannin. These are all safe and cost effective treatment for skin diseases
for their components of having different active compounds that help in treating boils.

Furthermore, the formulated formulations showed acceptable physical

appearance, and spreadability.

Recommendations
 In view of the foregoing conclusions, the research study recommends further
laboratories and studies regarding the efficacy, side effects and life span of the
developed ointment for safety purposes. Putting some aroma or fragrance to the
ointment is a good idea for this will give a more pleasant smell to the ointment made.
Proper packaging and color of the product should be made in order to have a pleasing
look. Also, the manufacturing process needs to be standardized to ensure that each
batch is consistent in quality. Furthermore, they recommend this to the future
researchers for further improvements.

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Appendix A

SUMMARY OF SUGGESTIONS

SUGGESTIONS ACTIONS REMARKS

Title:
-To change title -Changed title
“EFFECTIVENESS OF “DEVELOPMENT OF -Integrated
GUMAMELA-SUNFLOWER GUMAMELA-SUNFLOWER
OINTMENT IN TREATING OINTMENT”
BOILS
Introduction:
-Revise the introduction -Revised introduction -Integrated
Statement of the Problem
1. How do the different a. What are the -Integrated
levels of Gumamela phytochemical
and Sunflower components of
ointment affect its gumamela and
effectiveness as sunflower?
treatment for boil as b. How is the
measured in terms of development of
inflammation? gumamela and
1.1 Is there a sunflower
significant ointment?
 difference on the c. What is the
level of Acceptability of the
effectiveness of gumamela and
Gumamela and sunflower ointment
Sunflower in terms of
ointment as physical,
treatment for boil uniformity of
as measured from weight and
the above- spreadability?
mentioned
variables?

2. How do the different

level of Gumamela
and Sunflower affect
its effectiveness as
treatment for boil in
terms of swelling and
drainage?
2.1 Is there a
significant
difference on the
level of
effectiveness of
Gumamela
and Sunflower
ointment as
treatment for boil
as measured
from the above-
mentioned
variables?

3. How do the different

level of Gumamela
and Sunflower affect
its effectiveness as
treatment for boil in
terms of healing?

3.1 Is there a
significant
difference on the
level of
 effectiveness of
Gumamela and
Sunflower
ointment as
treatment for boil
as measured from
the above-
mentioned
variables?

Paradigm of the Study

-Revise paradigm of the -Revised paradigm of the -Integrated
study study
Methodology
-Revise -Revised according to format -Integrated
of conducting experimental
research