Okay, a few announcements to make.

And then I'll give the time to professor Lee.

You can find the announcement here.
Here.
Today is November 28.
Okay, so we are making a formal announcement.
Okay, the first thing is according to the votes,
her and Pino someday got equal votes.
So I decided to use Pino someday because it's really related to a lot of human
rights issues.
We have discussed.
And here is the workstation responses.
I'm going to make very soon.
Today I'm going to just make one point.
And then I'll write my responses on your files for you to look at.
Before January the second, I think January the second we should have about two and
a half hours.
More than two hours.
So it will start at 140.
If viola, if viola is in Germany,
I think 130 is okay.
130 is early morning on your part.
Okay.
Yes, 140 here.
Yeah, you should come in at 130 to get ready.
We'll use zoom.
And then we'll use breakout rooms for the students to go to good one, good two, and
good three.
Room one room room three consecutively.
And then we'll discuss the order later.
But this is a very important thing for you to know because I would like to discuss
with you.
Discuss your proposals with individual groups.
In one week.
And then we won't have a class in the last week.
This week.
Okay.
No, we won't have class, but they'll have rehearsals with you.
Two meetings are both required.
But if in case some of you find it really hard to make the first meeting, the
second will be double required.
Okay, because it includes also your use of zoom to do presentation.
So I would like you to do rehearsal on zoom so that you have more familiar with the
setting.
And then you can be a good teacher on January the second.
Okay.
So my time during the day is hard to schedule.
If you want to meet with me during the day, you can check with me.
The good leaders can check with me and see if I'm available in sometimes the last
during the day.
Okay.
Otherwise, we can meet online in the evening.
So I'm marking the time I'm available in the evening time after a 30 p.m.
Okay, we can have a zoom meeting or Google meeting.
Okay, including the end of the year.
Or even January the first.
You know, I think I'm available.
Okay.
I want to make this time cable available for you because.
I know you'll be very busy in December.
You know, December is the time for you to prepare for your final exam.
Final exams, plural.
Okay.
So I would like to make this available for you so that you.
The group leaders of the three groups can make early arrangement.
I think I'll give you written responses to your proposals.
This Friday the latest.
Okay, I will hope to get it down like today or tomorrow.
I will do this Friday.
Yes.
It's the real thing.
Gender is the second is the real thing.
Yes.
Yes.
The last week.
Yeah, right.
Two times.
You know, we'll count the time.
Okay.
Now, I'll check on your your ways to engage your your your your students.
Okay.
So these are the two classes meeting for the teaching and learning.
You.
These are your topics of all very interesting, all very interesting.
The other class, they tend to choose a little bit less political topics.
But they are still very relevant.
Okay.
Like an is or an extension of what they what they did in another activity.
They did a new circle.
So like this group, they work on exploitation abuse of laborers, micro laborers in
remote fishing industry of Taiwan.
Okay.
So then they move on to sustainable seafood.
Okay.
In this group, they work on spare no share workplace.
I first they are interested in working from home and then they move on to share
workplace.
And then they want to discuss whether the elderly are work like us can compete with
them.
So it's a very interesting topic.
And this one is especially interesting because some of them are the French
department of students.
They want to discuss the failure, the initial failure of Disney land in France in
Paris.
And how they gradually, you know, know that globalization means go globalization
and then they try to make it.
And your topics are over interesting too.
I just want to remind those of you who are working on political issues, especially
this one Ukraine Russia, to try to take a look at things from more than one
perspective.
Okay, because the issue of independence is really a very Sony one, a very
controversial one.
And it also is related to Taiwan.
Although our situation is different from Ukraine, but Taiwan, China, in a way
parallels Ukraine, Russia.
Okay.
So so that's what I would like to discuss with all the groups.
I want you to have a good focus to make your lessons understandable to your
learners.
Okay, and also to be interesting.
Okay.
Okay, I guess that's all.
Yeah, that's the last one.
This is what I announced also at Trump class.
Basically, it's an anti-placialism policy that includes you are giving citation,
work cited at the end and intact citation on diverse slide.
You get information from the sources.
Okay, and then also acknowledge in the help you are getting from GPT or AI.
Okay.
Nowadays, there are this is really controversial because some teachers refuse to
get any GPT involvement.
Okay, some other teachers would like to include as part of the education.
I think we are we teachers are the second kind.
So we like we don't mind your learning from GPT, but you need to acknowledge it.
Okay.
I'm lying there are some talks regarding how you can get GPT to to tissue step by
step.
You know, if you want the GPT to teach you, you shouldn't be just throwing an
article to them.
To it.
Okay, you should give the article and ask it to summarize it paragraph by paragraph
or answer your questions one by one.
This way you will get more specific answers and then GPT can be your teacher.
Okay.
The second thing is as I told you last time, I will require good good work for the
work station.
So there should be coordination, the whole presentation should be cohesive and
coherent.
That includes the time limit.
So if you have three students, the time should be really well distributed.
The first person shouldn't use over 10 minutes and then leave a very little time
for the second and the third.
So all of these type of coordination avoid avoiding repetition, coherence, logical
transition.
Okay, etc. They will be counted into your final score.
So if there is a lack of coordination, then 20 points will be deducted from your
final score.
And online presentation show your face.
Okay, I know it may be difficult if there is a problem with bandwidth.
Okay, but at least try to show your face at first and then if the connection is not
good, then you can turn off your camera.
Okay, okay, let me give the time to Professor Lee.
While we are still a professor, you is helping me bring you up the file.
I would just like to say a few things about the topic that we will be going over
today.
Today we will be talking about three economists efforts in reducing poverty in this
world.
And I think that's a very important issue because since World War II and World War
II, I think that was 1945.
The world has engaged in an effort to reduce poverty for the whole world.
And that's why we had that breton with system, sort of led by the United States.
But we have to reestablish the world's economic order.
And the purpose of reestablishing the order is to try to help people get rid of
poverty.
A lot of people are living in poverty. What was the rigorous definition for extreme
poverty?
If your income, personal income is less than $1 a day, then that would be
unbearable.
That would be very, very poor.
This course is called globalization. And in globalization, one of the interesting
things, and most important thing is that people will meet and will engage with each
other.
And in the old days, in the old times, when people meet in a strong, usually will
conquer the week and abuse the week.
But now, after World War II, I think we gradually switching our mentality.
We started to realize that in this world, we have to live peacefully with each
other.
And when you see a certain group of people, even though it may not be your own
people, if you see a certain group of people living in misery, you feel very, very
bad.
Especially economists, because economists believe that they have the duty to help
the world get rid of poverty.
And in today's lecture, I want to introduce the efforts by three different
economists. They have different approaches.
And even though they are all economists, they adopted different approaches to help
the world to get rid of poverty.
And we have economists from, you know, the best university of the world, Harvard
University. We also have economists from a very poor country in the world.
That would be Bangalat Dash. However, they all make significant contribution to
this world.
And we have a Nobel Prize winner in economics. We have a Nobel Prize in peace.
I believe that if an economist won the Nobel Prize in peace, he deserved more
respect than an economist who won the Nobel Prize in economics.
He opposed the respectable, but the one that received the peace award, I think he
probably actually make a concrete contribution to reducing poverty and help the
world more directly.
So we also have an economist that is fighting for peace and fighting for poverty.
That would be the first economist that would be introducing.
So let me bring up the file today. And the reason that, you know, it's good thing
that we covered is because today, because I'm going to give you the third
assignment on my parts after today's lecture.
So let me bring out the file.
So the three economist names Jeffrey Sachs, Muhammad Eunus and Paul Romer, Jeffrey
Sachs is a very, very brilliant young man.
And he's not doing much economics now. He's more in proposing peace and, you know,
he is not on a popular side.
He could in the United States. I think he's more extreme than, you know, the work,
the man, many people from the United States.
I think he, he brand mostly the, the fought on the forts of Ukraine war on the
United States and the Western world.
I think some of one of the, one of the student group is going to make a
presentation on, okay.
All right. So that's Jeffrey Sachs. And then he didn't win anything, all right. He
didn't win anything. But then Muhammad Eunus is from Bangladesh.
And he won the Nobel Prize in peace because his, because of his contribution is so
called Grammy Bank.
Grammy Bank means the village bank in Bangladesh. And the reason that he came up
with this idea is because he found that a lot of poor women could not get along to
support their own family to start their own business.
And he said that, you know, women are more reliable than men in terms of returning
the long. So he believed that the banks made a mistake by not longing the woman
money.
So he took out his own money and, you know, he long, he make a long too many
different women's. And that's how he started his business, Grammy Bank.
And because Grammy Bank was so successful that eventually he, he was awarded with
Nobel Prize. And then Paul Roma is the third economist that we will be talking
about.
Paul Roma make a significant contribution in economic theory, especially in growth,
economic growth.
He has a very interesting idea. We will talk about it today. His interesting idea
is called charter city.
We will see what he say.
So they all make significant efforts to reduce global poverty. Right.
So it's a tale of three comments. I'm sorry that I miss Bayo. It's supposed to be
T. A. L. E.
I just found that. So it's supposed to be a tale of three comments. Right.
Okay. Poverty reduction is a very, very important topic.
As I explained that shortly after World War II, right.
We want to reestablish the world's economic order. And one of the most important
things that we have on our agenda was try to help many different area to get rid of
poverty, especially the many African countries and, you know,
Asian countries, Asian countries, including Taiwan was in extreme poverty after
World War II because Taiwan was bombarded by the Allied Air Forces.
Right. That was led by the American Air Forces. So Taiwan was bombarded very, very
badly.
But, you know, eventually Taiwan got out of poverty. But we were the lucky one.
Right. Not every country was able to do that. Right.
You know, economic development was one of the most important issues in many
developing countries in 1960 and 1970s. When I study in, when I study in college,
right.
We have a course called economic development, not just us, not just us here if we
run over time one, right. We all talk about economic development. It was a hard
issue at the time, 1960 and 1970.
And it started losing its importance after 1980s because many countries was lucky
enough to be out of poverty. And therefore economic development wasn't such an
important topic after 1980s.
But, you know, in 1960 and 1970, this is the hardest topics. Every major economics
department in the world has a program and has, you know, economy specialized in
doing research in this topic, economic development.
Basically, it has something to do with getting rid of poverty. Right. And well,
when we were discussing economic development, that was the first time in human
history that, you know, we started to come up with concerted efforts to try to
reduce poverty.
Right. So we debated a lot about the strategy adopted and there are many two
different strategies. One strategy would be respecting the market mechanism.
Right. And the other strategy would be heavily intervening in the market. Right.
And the first group, the first group, the first group, is by no means free economy.
I mean, when we talk about respecting the market mechanism, we only allow the
market to play a bigger role.
Still, there were a lot of policy, you know, adopted by the government. Okay. That
this kind of policy was never seen.
When, you know, a lot of rich country, when they were developing, those kind of
policy was never adopted. Right. But, you know, Taiwan, countries like Taiwan,
South Korea, we are the first group of the country in this world that started doing
experiments by adopting a lot of industrial policy.
We purposely direct rearrange the resources, not according to the market forces,
but according to government's training. Right. But yes, so this is the group that
adopted the free market approach. Actually, not so free.
We mixing government's policy. Right. The other group rely heavily on government
intervention. And I'm talking about the most extreme group would be Soviet Union at
the time.
And, you know, China, Chinese communists, I mean, they use government printing to
replace the market mechanism. And also India, India was very heavily relying on
government printing, not as much as Russia or China, but, you know, Indian
government adopted policy that was heavily.
And so, you know, the government direction, anyway, so there are two school of
thoughts in helping the economy develop. And if well, today, if you look back, of
course, you can, you can find that the free market group, countries like Taiwan and
South Korea, seems to be more successful. Right. For whatever reason, seems to be
more successful.
And so, in the other group, China and India and, you know, many centralized
printing, central printing economy. Anyway, only a handful of the country were very
successful in developing this economy.
And so, eventually move out of poverty, right. Move up the ladder of
industrialization. So they become more industrialized and become better in
producing, you know, sophisticated machines.
This group of people in Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore and South Korea, even though
that they were put in the same group, but you cannot say that they adopted the same
strategy.
But Taiwan and South Korea would be similar. And then Hong Kong and Singapore would
be similar because Hong Kong pretty much is a city just like Singapore. And they
rely heavily on service industry, right.
Tourism and financial industry. On the other hand, Taiwan and South Korea, we
adopted a different strategy. Taiwan and South Korea pretty much develop its
manufacturing industry, not the service industry.
And the reason that Hong Kong and Singapore were able to develop its service
industry and especially financial industry, that was because they used to be
British colonial, British colonies, right.
British people left common law, common law system to them, and common law system, I
think is easier for people to do business and also easier for people to develop
financial center.
And therefore, if you come to this part of the world, if you come to Asia, right,
the financial center in Asia, basically Singapore and Hong Kong, it's not so, it's
not Taipei, it's not even Tokyo, right.
And it's, that was because the British law, I think it's easier to do financial
business. Well, that's a topic that I don't want to get into. But also after
Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore and South Korea become successful.
And I thought that the four Asian tiger, after the tigers, then you saw in
Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia and also Philippines, I didn't put in Philippines,
started to catch up, right.
And then China is also catching up, China become a very big economy, even though
that on average the, the personal income is still very low compared to Taiwan, but
China for its size, I think it's getting more and more important.
So, in this way, these are the country that are moving on the right direction. But
I don't know, you know, the whole world, I think outside Asia, they must be country
that are also very successful.
But I think not as many country as, you know, Asia, I mean, the number of the
country that are successful in getting real poverty, unfortunately, would not be as
many as, you know, the Asian country.
Anyway, so, so they, the result of this development policy was mixed, right, was
mixed. And obviously, we were a lot of people that were very, very poor.
And so, United Nations believed that, hey, we ought to be doing something. I mean,
this is going to be the millennium now, right. So they got together in 1990s
sometimes in United Nations and they had a meeting and they decided that they
should give it a big effort and try to lift a lot of people out of poverty.
So they get together in United Nations General Assembly and they bring in, they
brought in a lot of world leaders, they brought in a lot of government officers,
right, together, they had a meeting, a big meeting in United Nations.
And they decided that they want to set eight millennium development goals for the
whole world and they try to achieve these eight millennium development goals.
And they, this is where Jeffree Sacks come in, right. Jeffree Sacks came in as the
chief advisor to the project.
All right, so United States wanted to do something for the world and appointed
Jeffree Sacks to do it to come up with the main idea, the main proposal.
So they had a millennium summit and it happened in September 6 to September 8. It
was a three day meeting in 2000, the United States, United Nations Summit, the
course of United States, the millennium summit.
So United Nations General Assembly brought together 149 heads of the states and
government and high ranking official from over 40 countries.
And they got together and they decided that they're going to, they have a
declaration and reveal a millennium goal, eight millennium goals.
So what are the eight millennium goals, these are the eight millennium goals,
right. The first one is eradicate extreme poverty, right.
The second one would be achieve universal primary education, that means a lot of
children don't have an opportunity to go to school, especially in extremely poor
countries.
They decided that they should have kids, that you keep the kids and opportunity to
go to school, right.
Because going to school and getting some education, that's the way to help yourself
out of poverty. If you are educated, you can always find a way, but if you're not
educated,
you have no idea how you should get yourself out of misery. So with education, I
think you have a better chance of doing this.
And then this is very important. I mean, they never, it, I mean, when we were
pushing for economic development, this never come to our mind.
But now we realize that it was very important and that was promote gender equality
and that was extremely important.
And the reason is this in a poor country, especially in poor country, woman plays a
bigger role than men in taking care of their children.
And if the woman is knowledgeable, if the woman is powerful, they would be able to
help their children, right. So there will be less, there will be healthier
children, they will be more educated children.
So they want to promote gender equality and they want to empower women. That's very
important. And then reduce charm of mortality, right.
And improve maternal health. This is part of the program to help women because if
the woman, after they become a mother, if they are not very healthy, they cannot
take care of the family, they cannot take care of the kids, the kids are not going
to have good education.
And they're going to be in trouble as they grow up. So, you know, improve maternal
health is also extremely important.
So if you look at the eight goals, you find out that, you know, they seem to be
able to identify the source of the problem, right.
A lot of poor country, remember, that was because the woman was not powerful
enough, the woman was not resourceful enough to take care of the family, to take
care of the children.
So that the children would get a good education and they can, you know, stay out of
poverty. And then come back diseases. That's also a very important goal.
And why is that? Well, of course, HIV and AIDS that used to cure a lot of people
because there was no treatment for that, right. There was no effective treatment
for that.
Now, I think we have effective treatment.
It's still going to be very, very difficult to cure the disease, but at this, we
have a way of treating the HIV and, you know, AID patients.
But Malaria has been a long-term problem. I mean, this has been a centuries
problem. And what happened is that if people get sick, they will not be able to
work.
Right. They will have to rely on charity. And there is no way you can help this
person to get rid of poverty, to stay out of poverty if they got sick.
Right. Even in a rich country, right. If people get sick, they can work. They can
support the family. And then the family is going to sleep into misery.
So that's very important to get rid of the diseases, especially Malaria.
But TV, I think, is less of a problem now. It used to be a big problem when I was a
kick, but it's less of a problem now.
Tuberculosis, right. And then Malaria is still a very, very big problem.
You know, if you go to certain countries, you support to get shots to prevent
Malaria.
Oh, it's still a very, very big problem. But once people get Malaria, it's going to
affect their productivity. And if you, if you're productivity is damaged, it's very
unlikely that you're going to get rich.
Right. Now, it also ensure environment, sustainability. And that is because we
recognize that when you are poor, you really have problem of taking care of your
arm.
Because when you are struggled against poverty, you can really be distracted by,
you know, taking care of your environment.
I mean, this is very hard to do. So, you know, they also want to push for
environment sustainability. And they want to develop a global partnership for
development.
What that means is that if you ask Jeffrey, say, Jeffrey, say, it would tell you
that there is no way that this poor country are going to get rid of poverty unless
the rich country, give them significant assistance, significant helps.
He looked at United States. United States is probably one of the more generous
country in the world. They only give about half a percent of their GDP of poor
countries according to his statistics.
I can't remember where I saw it. But anyway, I believe that's from him. But anyway,
if you look at the other countries, all right. I mean, we're not very generous to
our fellow human beings.
So, he wanted to push the rich country to contribute more to cure the problem of
global partnership for development.
All right. So, that was that's where Jeffrey said, come in. Let me give you a brief
introduction to Jeffrey sex. He was a Harvard professor.
You know, but there are many Harvard professors in this world, right. So what's so
special about him. He was a Harvard professor at age 25.
You know, imagine a person got his undergraduate degree at age 22, right. It took
him only three years to graduate from Harvard.
So that's a very short period of time. And he was in the media after he graduated
from Harvard, economic graduate program. He was immediately hired by the
department.
And that was a very, very rare success. And the reason is this. Usually, I don't
care how good you are. If you graduated from an American graduate program and you
received a PhD, usually they would not.
Higher you as one of their faculty member, all right. The reason is this they
always want you to go out and take a look at the world. Right. They don't want you
to graduate out of Harvard and immediately teach at Harvard.
And the reason is everything you know, they teach you everything you know, right.
They don't need you to hang around Harvard and speak like them, talk like them.
And you know, do not do not challenge their theory. They want different opinions.
So they want you to go out and talk to the other people.
You know, try to get some experience, try to debate with other people. And when you
mature, when you become very successful, they love to hire you back.
But they they don't want to hire their own graduate student because they believe
that their graduate student would be thinking by themselves and would not be very
helpful in stimulating them to come up with new theory.
So they would like to have their graduate student to go out. But this guy was too
good to pass that so they decided that they offered him a job and he was very happy
to stay at Harvard.
So he got his offer at 25 in six years. He got promoted to that was age 30. He got
promoted to full professor. Right. And that's again was the very speedy career
because usually it takes six years to get tenure when you are pointed tenure.
You you you become an associate professor. They take you ex a minor year to become
a professor. And this guy, he took him only six years to become so usually people
would only be promoted to associate professor ship.
Anyway, and then he decided that he's not going to waste his life pushing our
pencil, pushing pencil, try to write out, try to write paper for publication. He
decided that, you know, I mean, it's fun. But he has done it in his life.
What he want to do is he want to change people's life by making concrete
contribution in formulating economic policy. And it's so happened that at that
time, right at that time, Soviet Union were breaking up.
Right. Soviet Union broke up and and it became so many union become many small
countries. So he decided that he was going to help Russia to become a market
economy because during the Soviet Union era, Russia was a printing economy.
And you know, Russia decided to become a market economy and he went to Russia to
try to help people there to formulate policy to become a market economy.
Right. So right now, I think he become a professor at Columbia University. He's the
director of Earth Institute in Columbia University. He's not doing serious work,
serious work in economics instead.
He was giving devices to different countries and he was appointed as the advisor to
chief advisor to the Millennium Development Project. Right. So I gave you a brief
introduction to this guy.
How is it different this time? What would be the new economic policy proposed by
Jeffrey sex? Well, as I explained in 1960 and 1970s, we put in a lot of efforts in
trying to figure out a way to help people get rich in, you know, to help government
formulates policy to enrich people.
But as I explained, those policy mostly was not very successful. And the reason
that those policy was not successful was because most of the policy was focused on
big project like building a highway, building a railroad, right, building a big
dam.
Right. So it's a lot of public project. Unfortunately, these public project are
very often are wasteful. Right. I mean, it really doesn't generate enough economic
benefits.
So ways it wasted a lot of resources. And so how is it going to be different this
time? Well, this time Jeffrey sex think big, but he acts small. All right. He
adopted many different small policy. All right. So he tried to stay away from large
investment project. Right.
And then the big investment project, huge public investment like building dam
highway airports. These are not the only answer to developing economy. Right. And
very often these are wasteful policy because very often when you build an airport.
And you know, we have to show off to show people that hey, you know, I mean, we are
third world country, but we also had an airport right we have an airline that carry
our flag. And that looks very impressive to a third world country. Right. And
political leader in that third world country will be able to show that to its own
people and try to get votes from his or get support from its own people.
It's not very, very useful in terms of economic benefits. All right. Now what he
did was instead he carefully choose 80 locations. So 80 village. He chose 80
village in Africa to implements his project. So so his units now for implementing
the policy would be only a small village.
He go to a small village and he try to identify what's the need of these people in
the village. Right. He tried to look at how they live, how they work. And what
would be most helpful to them. Perhaps it's not a big dam. Perhaps it's not a
railroad. Right.
Because if they have nothing that they can export. I mean, what is help railroad
going to help them. Right. So instead he will stay away from the big project. He
will go to the village and he try to see what's going on in that village. And what
do they need what kind of things do they need.
So perhaps they need things like fertilizer, clean water. Right. They probably need
a backnet. You know to prevent mosquito. Right. So all these different kinds of
things. These are the things that would.
You know, help them stay healthy. Right. If you have backnet, if you have clean
water, right. This will help you stay healthy. And then if you have fertilizer, it
will help your, you know, agricultural production.
So these are the small things that we can do easily. Another benefit of
implementing this small policy is that all the support, all the resources will go
directly to the people that they try to help. Right. When you try to build a big
project, when you try to build a railroad, you can just get the money to the
village people. Right.
So you have to get the money to the government and the government would have to
implement the project. So what will government do. What do you think we're going to
do if you just keep the money. If the world thing just keep the money to the
government. Right. And have government build the damn. What do you think they would
do.
The first thing they would do is they will still away half of the money and put it
in their own pocket. Right. And then the other half of the money. They will build a
very, very bad quality then eventually it's not going to help anybody.
So so this are the things that they try to stay away from. Right. Now they try to
respect markets.
That will prevent the wrong doing of good well. What is the wrong doing of good
well. I give you an example. I give you an example.
You know, long time ago, do you know how they produce soccer balls. Right. To teach
up the valley to make it into a ball. Right. I have to teach it up.
And they would eradicate the work to a third world country to a country that has
low wage. Right. And usually men would not do this kind of work. They would have
woman doing it. Right.
So, you know, the work went to Pakistan. Right. To Pakistan woman that got the job
to stitch the soccer ball. Right. And the woman usually would ask the kids to help.
Right. So that means that's just child labor. Right.
When you have child labor, people are upset. Right. That there will be people come
out and say, look, you're exploiting the children. Right. Exploiting the woman.
Right. And also exploiting the children. Right.
So they will have a boy cut saying that you're not supposed to let the woman.
To make the soccer balls in their house. Because if you let them stitch the soccer
boy in their house, they will use the child. They will use the child or children.
Right.
And then there will be a child labor involved. And the reason that woman will have
to do that at house is because some woman.
They're very faced for mostly. Right. And they don't want to show their face in a
public place. So they will have to do it at home. So, so that's.
How they used to produce soccer ball. Right. So what happened is that after the boy
cut because a lot of people are not very happy with the child labor situation. So
after the boy cuts.
You know, the woman and the children in Bangalore in Pakistan or not able to get
the job now.
So they send the job to China and Chinese use machine in a factory to produce the
soccer ball. Right.
So what happened to the woman and children in Pakistan. Right.
And not in poverty. Okay. So. Well, if you want to protect.
You know, children labor. If you want to protect or if you want to fight against
it. Right. That would be fine.
But the calm is fine. That.
The best strategy is not to prohibit them from doing it. Right. Because if you
prohibit them from doing this.
They are no alternative. And some of them would end up in the streets. Backing or
even become child prostitute. Right.
But it's fine if you want to prohibit it. But the most important thing is that you
have to keep them in alternative. That's what I would emphasize.
Giving them an alternative means that you offer them a choice. If they have no
choice.
Then they will become child labor because that beats being a child prostitute.
Right. So so you have to offer.
You have to offer alternative and very often offering alternative means that you
have to take out your own money.
For example, if you are willing to pay a little bit more. Right. You know, perhaps
that would solve the problem.
But the problem is people would rather protest than paying more. So so you only
respect market.
But you only respect the mechanism. Right. Okay. And a wrong policy is often
causing more difficulty for the poor people. Right.
So these are the small things that they did. Under the guidance of.
Professor Sacks. So these are the small things that they did. They distribute
pesticide treated bad nets. And that would prevent malaria.
Right. They would prevent. I would lower the medical cost. It would help people
stay healthy so they can work normally. And if they can work normally.
And this may not going to be hungry. Right. They provide clean water to people.
Right. They provide the techniques, the equipment to provide to provide a clean
water.
They feed school children, especially girl. This is very important policy. They
want to ask the parents to send their kids to the year to the school.
Right. But a lot of parents are very reluctant to do that because they need the
kids to help them in their own house. Right.
They need especially when they are busy in, you know, in in in the busy in in the
production cycle. Right.
For example, there are time that, you know, when you have to harvest, you have to,
you know, ask your kids or the whole family, you have to go to the field to work
together and try to, you know, bring back the harvest.
Right. So during this most busy, the, the busiest time. They are very reluctant to
get their kids to go to school and work. Okay. Go to school and study.
So, so why feeding the children would be helpful? Why is it a good policy? Well,
feeding the children is a good policy because, you know, hey, as the parents, if
you realize that if you send your kids to the school, right, he's going to be fed
or she is going to be fed. Right.
Right. Then you don't have to worry about their food and that would be a big relief
for the poor family. So they would love to send the kids send the boys or the girls
to the school because the school is going to take care of that. Now, they found out
that a lot of family would love to keep their girls at house and send their kids to
the school because if they send the boy to the school, one day when the boy grow
up, he's going to be the major income earn for the family.
But if the girl grow up, she's going to marry off to a different family and she's
not going to be helping our family. So a lot of poor parents are very reluctant to
invest in the, in the girl.
So how do you change their mind? Well, what you do is that when the boy come to
school to study, you feed them. Right.
But if you send your girl to the school, we not only feed her when she goes home,
we give her a big proportional food so she can bring the food back to feed the
parents and the grandparents.
So of course, a lot of poor family love to send the kids to the school because they
know that when she comes back, she's going to bring a bag of food and the whole
family get fed and that was thought that that was all a big problem.
It doesn't cost much. All you have to do is send the food over there. Nobody is
going to steal it. Right. I mean, the corrupted government official is not going to
steal a ball of rice or, you know, a ball of, or a, or a bread. Right.
So, so it will prevent a lot of corruption in the old days, they used to send the
money to the government officer in the village and the government officer in the
village, which is, you know, siphoned the money away, stole the money. Right.
But now, you know, they will just distribute food to the family and you know, the
children will just eat it up in one day.
So there's nothing to steal. So it was a very, very useful policy for bringing the
kids to receive their education. Right. And respect market mechanism. Right. So
that means they respect the incentive that you need for helping people. Right.
So these are the small things that they did. And this run of policy was very, very
successful. And it reduced the poverty rates extremely. Right. So let's see what
they achieved in year 2015.
They had a meeting. Right. And United Nations come up with this report saying that
this is what they achieved. Right. For eight individual goals.
For example, goal one, they try to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger. So extreme
poverty rate went from 47% to about 14% in 25 years. And that's quite an
achievement.
With China having the biggest success in eradicating the extreme poverty. As I
explained to you extreme poverty is defined as one dollar of income or less. Right.
So poor people went from 1.9 billion. Right. The whole world has only 3.2 billion.
Right. And used to be two billion. That means one out of three. One out of three or
four would be poor. Right. In this world.
It used to be 1.9 billion in 1990 to about 836 million. Let's cut down it by more
than half. Right. In year 2015. That's goal number one. Go number two. Out of
school children 100 million in 2000 to 57 million in 2015.
And then go three for most gender equality in power woman. Girls boy ratio in
primary school was 74 to 100 to about 103 to 100.
So that was quite an achievement. And the reason that this happened was simply
because that little policy that says if you send your boy to the school we fit him.
If you send your girl to the school we fit the whole family.
We'll help you fit the family. All right. So that was very important. It doesn't
spend it doesn't cause a lot. But it helps the lot. All right. Women man ratio in
Congress improve in 90% of the country. Right. Now nearly double but it's still
under 20% right. So we have a long way to go.
Reduce child mortality rate from 90 to 43 deaths per 1000. All right. So child
mortality used to be a big things in the old time in the old days. All right. Not
just in poor country. Even in rich country.
But we were able to get rid of it. And because the policy was so successful that
United Nations got encouraged. But they constantly worry about one thing that in
helping people getting rid of poverty.
Very often we will sacrifice the environment. So starting from 2015 they come up
with a new project. It's because sustainable development goes. What that means is
we are going to do what we did before. But now we're going to worry a little bit
more about sustainability.
We're going to worry about in bomb. Right. So that's the new policy new goals. All
right. And I think the new project has 17 goals now. All right. It used to be
eight. It used to be eight. But it was the 17 new goals was actually an extension
of the eight men and go.
And now, you know, it's become a thing that everybody has to do. All right. It's
become a new thing that everybody has to go for it. Especially after you know you
see the climate disaster.
And also, the new project.
We need to take a break. All right. So this is 238. Can we come back at quarter
before three. All right. Quarter to three. We will talk about a second economist,
Muhammad Eunus and his contribution. And that was called Grammy Bank.
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