Chapter 4 2021

LESSON 1 – THE FORCE ON A
CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTOR
IN A MAGNETIC FIELD
1.1 Describe the effect of a current carrying

conductor on a magnetic field.
Petua genggaman tangan kanan ini kita akan
1.1.1 Introduction gunakan dalam pelajaran ini.
Think about some of the electrical appliances in

your home such as electric fans., blenders, 1.1.2 Activity to study the effect of a
coconut grinders , washing machines, drills etc. conductor current in a magnetic field
How these tools rotate when turned on. There
must be one force to rotate that them. This Aim
force we will learn in this lesson,
While you were in Form two earlier you had To study the effect of a conductor current in a
studied the pattern of magnetic fields produced by magnetic field
currents flowing in a straight conductor and the
right hand grip rule. Apparatus and Material
D.c. power supply , thick copper wire, short

copper wire, iron yoke and magnadur magnet.
Arrangement of apparatus
These right hand grip rule we will use in this

lesson.
Semasa anda di Tingkatan dua dahulu anda
telah mempelajari corak medan magnet yang
dihasilkan arus yang mengalir dalam konduktor
lurus dan petua genggaman tangan kanan.
Procedure
Arrange the apparatus as in the diagram above.

Turn on the power supply switch.
Observe what happens to the short copper wire.
1
represents the direction of the current, then the
thumb will represents the direction of the
motion”
Observation
Example 1
When the power supply is switched on , the
short copper wire moves to the left or to the Diagram shows a current flows in a wire
west. hanging between the poles of a magnet. In
which direction does the wire move?
Conclusion
The short copper wire moves caused by a force

on a current- carrying conductor in a magnetic
field.
Discussion
When the switch is on, the current flows

through short copper wire produced
electromagnet around the short copper wire.
The interaction between the electromagnet
produced with magnetic field produced by
the magnadur magnet occurred. Solution
The interaction between the two magnetic fields
produces a force to move the short copper wire.
The direction of the short copper wire move can
be determined by using Fleming’s Left-Hand Example 2
Rule.
Diagram shows a current flowing in a
1.1.3 Fleming’s Left-hand Rule conductor in the direction into the paper.
Which is the direction of force acting on the
conductor?
Solution:
Fleming’s Left-hand Rule states” If the thumb, 1.2 Draw the pattern of the resultant magnetic
first finger (forefinger)and second finger of the field (catapult field ) to determine the direction
left hand are held at right angles to each other, of action of the force on a current - carrying
then if the first finger (forefinger)represents the conductor in a magnetic field.
direction of the magnetic field and the second
2
1.2.1. The meaning of the catapult field
Catapult field are the combinations two

or more of magnetic fields,
Or you give the meaning of catupult field as a
resultant field.
1.2.2. Type of catapult field
Type 1
Combination of electromagnet produced by the

Example 4
current and magnetic field of the permanent
magnet
Diagram shows a shows a current - carrying
The direction of the force can be determined by
coil conductor in a magnetic field. Draw the
using
pattern of the magnetic field and direction of
(i) Fleming’s left hand rule or
force produced.
(ii) The same direction of the two fields
produced a stronger field and the opposite
direction the two fields produced a weaker
field. The direction of force from the
stronger field to weaker field.
Example 3

straight conductor in a magnetic field. Draw the
pattern of the magnetic field and direction of
force produced.
From top view
Solution
From top view
Solution
Type 2
3
Combination of the electromagnets produced two straight conductors in which the direction of
by two current - carrying conductors.. the current is in opposite direction Draw the
Diection of the force can be determine as pattern of the magnetic field and direction of
follows: force produced and what happen two the
(1) If the currents in the same direction, the straight conductors.
magnetic field in the region between the two
wires are in opposite directions. The two
conductors attract each other.
(2) If the currents in the opposite directions, the
magnetic field in the region between the two
wires are in the same direction . The two
conductors repel each other.
Example 5

two straight conductors in which the direction of
the current is in same direction Draw the pattern
of the magnetic field and direction of force
produced and what happen two the straight
conductors.
From top view
Solution
From top view

Solution
1.3 Describe the factors that influence the
magnitude of the force acting on a conductor of
a current in a magnetic field.
1.3.1 The experiment to determine the factors

that influence the magnitude of the force
acting on a conductor of a current in a
magnetic field.
Example 6
Aim
4
To determine the factors that influence the
magnitude of the force acting on a conductor of 1.3.2. A summary of the factors that
a current in a magnetic field. influence the magnitude of the force on a
current-carrying conductor in a magnitude
field
Apparatus and Material
(1) The magnitude of the current .
D.c. power supply , thick copper wire, short When the magnitude of the current is
copper wire, iron yoke and magnadur magnet. increased, the force acting on the conductor
increases.
Arrangement of apparatus (2) The strength of the magnetic field.
When the strength of the magnetic field is
increased ,the force acting on the conductor
increases.
(3) The resistance of the conductor.
When the resistance of the conductor is
increased ,the force acting on the conductor
decreases
1.3.3 The experiment to investigate the

relationship between the magnitude of the
force on a current-carrying conductor in a
magnitude field with the magnitude of the
current.
Hypothesis:
The force on a current-carrying conductor in a

magnitude field increases as the magnitude of
the current increases.
Aim of the experiment :
Procedure To investigate the relationship between the

magnitude of the force on a current-carrying
Arrange the apparatus as in the diagram above. conductor in a magnitude field with the
Turn on the power supply switch. magnitude of the current.
Observe the distance of the short copper wire
moves. Variables in the experiment:
Experiment are repeated by using by changing Manipulated variable: with the magnitude of the
the magniude of the current , the strength of current.
magnadur magnets and thickness of the short Responding variable: the magnitude of the force
copper wire. on a current-carrying conductor in a magnitude
field
Constant variable: The strength of magnetic
field and resistance of the current-carrying
conductor.
Observation List of apparatus and material
D.c. power supply , thick copper wire, short

Activity The distance of copper wire, iron yoke and magnadur magnet.
short copper wire
moved Arrangement of apparatus
Magnitude of current is Increase
increased
Strength of magnetic Increase
field is increased
Thickness of short Increase
copper wire is increased
5
The procedure of the experiment which
include the method of controlling the
manipulated variable and the method of
measuring the responding variable.
The voltage of the d.c. power supply used is

recorded , V = 2.0 V
The d.c. power supply is switched on.
The distance of short copper wire moves on the
thick copper wire is measured by a ruler = L From top view
The experiment is repeated 4 times for with
different voltage of the d.c. power supply, V = A current-carrying coil in a magntic field
4,0 V , 6.0 V. 8.0 V and 10.0 V experiences a turning effect because two forces in
opposite direction act in opposite sides PS dan QR
Tabulate the data: are produced.
The pair of force known as turning force or torque.
V (V) 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 The direction of the forces can be determined by
L (cm) using Fleming’s left hand rule.
Analysis the data: Example 7
Plot the graph L against V Diagram shows a wire coil is placed in a magnetic
field.
1.4 Describe the effect of the current- carrying Determine the direction of rotation of the wire coil
coil in the magnetic field. when current flows in the direction as shown in the
diagram.
Solution
1.5 Describe the principle of an electric direct
current (d.c.) motor work.
6
1.5.1 The function of an electric motor When a current passes through the coil, the
magnetic field (Electromagnet) around it is
An electric motor is used to convert the produced.
electrical energy to the mechanical energy. The interaction between the electromagnet
and the permanent magnet produced the
1.5.2 The types of electrical motor catapult field and two forces are in opposite
directions.(turning force)
There are two types of electrical motor. The turning force rotates the coil.
(1) D.c. motor 1.6 Describe the factors that affect the rotational
speed of an electric motor
1.6.1 The factors that affect the rotational

speed of an electric motor
The speed of rotation of the coil in a D.C. motor

can be increased by:
(1) Increasing the magniutde of the current
(2) Increasing the of turns of the coil,
(3) Increasing the area of the coil: Making it
longer increases the force on each side .
(4) Increasing the strength of the magnetic
field.: By increasing the number of poles or
magnets.
D.c. motor used d.c. power supply to 1.6.2 To identify the coil and commutator
operate. The d.c. motor has a commutator arrangement
to change the direction current in the coil
when the sides of the coil are interchanged The are several types of arrangement of coils
the position and this causes the coil to rotate and commutators.
in only one direction. There are to type of coil winding:
(1) Concentrated winding
(2) A.c. motor
In these windings, the coils are not distributed

rather than they are concentrated at one
particular slot.The concentrated winding can
procude maximum magnetic flux, but cannot
helps in better cooling.
(2) Distributed winding
A.c. motor used a.c. power supply to

operate. The a.c. motor has two slip rings
to changes the contact between the brush
and the end of the coil simultaneously with
the change of a.c. direction and this causes
the coil to rotate in only one direction.
1.5.3 The working principle of an electric
motor The distributed winding is the distribution of
conductors each slot equally. The conductors
7
are placed under several slots. The distributed A homopolar motor is a direct current (d.c.)
winding reduces the armature reaction and helps electric motor that produces a continuous
in better cooling. In these windings, the circular motion.
magnetic flux is less. The word ‘homopolar’ indicates that the
electrical terminals of the conductors and the
polarity of the magnetic field do not change and
thus the motordoes not has commutator
To prepare a simple homopalar motor we need
only three materials namely AAA dry cell,
Neodymium disk magnet and copper wire, or
wood screws in addition.
The Commutator is an assembly of commutator Here are some examples of simple homopolar
segments. Each coil attaches to two differents motor designs.
commutator segments or a pair of segment.The
segments made of hard drawn copper are
insulated from each other by mica or micanite
to maintain its mechanical stability
The number of coils (the pair of commutator
segment) depending on the speed and voltage
of the machine.The more pairs of commutator
segments the closer together and the smoother
the motor runs.
For simple motor only has one pair commutator
segment. The turning forces on the coil are
largest when the coil is horizontal (at each angle
of rotation is 180o) and causes its rotations not
so smooth.
When the number of commutator segement is
more , the turning forces are largest at many
angles of rotations so that the turning forces
are distributed more uniformly and the coils
rotate smoothly.
The coils are wound on a soft-iron amerture to
concentrate the magnetic flux.
1.6.3 Advantages of brushless d.c. motor
The brushless d.c. (BLDC) use of electronic

commutation and electronic speed controller
devices to work. This replaces the conventional
mechanics comprised of brushes rubbing on
the commutator to energize the windings in the
armature of a d.c. motor.
The BLDC are used as computer peripherals
(disk drives, printers), hand- held power
tools, and vehicles ranging from model aircraft to
automobiles.
Some of the advantages of this motor are:
(1) Less or no maintenace
(2) High efficiency due to no frcition between
brushes and commutator
(3) High power-to-weight ratio
(4) Much longer operating life
(5) No risk of explosion because there are no
sparks on the commutator
(6) Noiseless operation
(7) Higher speed ranges
(8) Electronic control
1.6.4 homopolar motors
8
TUTORIAL 1
1 Diagram shows a conductor rod is placed in a
magnetic field. When the switch is turned on ,
the conductor rod moves
The conductor rod moves because interaction

between
A two electromagnets
B two permanent magnets
C an electromagnet and a permanent magnet.
2 Diagram shows a left hand which represents the

Fleming Left-Hand Rule..
P represents the direction of
A force B current
C motion D magnetic field
3 Diagram shows a current carrying conductor

passing through magnetic field..
The principle of operation is the same as other

electric motors that is based on the principle of
the catapult field and the direction of rotation is
determined by the Fleming's left hand rule.
The most common use of homopolar motors is What method is used to determine the direction
on generators installed in electroplating process of the force?
plants.
Also used in high-torque wind turbines and in a A Fleming’s right hand rule
toy car. B Fleming’s left hand rule
C Faraday’s law
D Lenz’s law
4 Diagram shows a copper rod is placed in the

magnetic field of a permanent magnet.
9
In which direction does the brass rod moves 8 Diagram shows a conductor wire placed in a
when the switch is closed. magnetic field.
A W B X
C Y D Z
5 Diagram shows a metal rod is placed in the

magnetic field of a magnet.
When the switch is on, the conductor wire

initially moves towards
A E B F
C G D H
In which direction does the metal rod moves
when the switch is closed.
9 Diagram shows wire W immersed in mercury
A J B K
that places in a magnetic field.
C L D M
6 Diagram shows a current-carrying conductor

in a magnetic field.
What is the direction of the force that acts on

the conductor?
When the switch is closed what is the direction
A P B Q of the deflection of wire W ?
C R D S
A J to L B L to J
7 Diagram shows a current- carrying wire is C M to K D K to M
placed between the poles of a magnet. In which
direction will the force due to the current try to 10 Diagram shows a conductor placed inside a
move the wire? magnetic field.
10
What is the direction of motion of the conductor 13 Which of the following diagram shows the
when the current flows? correct direction of force , F acting on a
current-carrying coil in a magnetic field.
A P B Q
C R D S
11 Whuch of the following diagram shows the

metal rod XY moved to the west when the
current flowing through the metal rod XY?
12 Diagram shows a thick copper wire LM is

placed on two copper rods in an inclined
plane.
14 Diagram shows a current-carrying coil in a

magnetic field.
.
When the switch is closed, what is the

direction of the magnetic field that ought to be
applied to the prevent the thick copper wire
LM sliding down.
Which of the following shows the correct
A P to Q B Q to P direction of the coil rotates.
C R to S D S to R
11
16 Which catapult field is correct?
15 Diagram (a) shows the magnetic field produced

by the current through a straight wire and
Diagram(b) shows the magnetic field of a
permanent magnet.
17 Diagram (a) shows a permanent magnetic

field pattern.Diagram (b) shows a magnetic field
pattern produced by a current carrying
conductor.
(a) (b)
Which diagram shows the correct pattern of the

combination of the magnetic fields ?
Diagram (a) Diagram (b)
Which diagram is correct when the current

carrying conductor is placed into the magnetic
field?
12
20 Diagram shows an arrangement of apparatus to
study the pattern of magnetic fields which are
formed when current flows through conductors
18 Diagram shows the direction of movement of M and N.
a current carrying conductor that is placed
between two magnets.
When iron filings is sprinkled onto the

cardboard , which diagram shows the correct
magnetic field pattern formed ?
Which magnetic field pattern is correct to
show the situation?
19 Diagram shows two current-carrying straight

wires M and N is placed in a magnetic field.

Which of the following diagram shows the study the pattern of magnetic fields which are
correct pattern of magnetic field and the formed when current flows through two
direction of force F produced. conductors
13
Which magnetic field is formed on the
cardboard?
What happen to the conductors PQ and RS
when current flows through the conductors.
A Unchanged
B Repel each other
C Attract each other
23 Diagram shows a conductor rod placed in a

magnetic field. The soft spring extends when
the switch is on.
Which change will increase the extension of the

springs?
I Use a weaker magnet

II Use a thicker conductor rod
III Reduce the number of batteries
A I only B II only
C III only D I,II and II
24 Diagram shows a coil wire in a magnetic field is
rotated by two forces ,F act in opposite
directions.

study the force produced by magnetic fields
when current flows through conductors PQ and
RS. The rate of rotation of the coil increases
when
14
28 The diagram shows the structural design of an
A thickness of coil is decreased electric motor.
B curvature of magnet is decreased
C magnitude of current is decreased
D distance between two magnet
poles is decreased
25 Diagram shows the arrangement of apparatus to

study the effect of force on a current carrying
conductor in a magnetic field. The wire moves
to the left at a large angle, when current flows
in the conductor in the direction shown in
Diagram.
Which magnetic field pattern is correct when

the switch is on?
.
What needs to be done so that the wire move to
the right with a smaller deflection?
A Change the polarity of magnet and

increase the value of current
B Maintain the polarity of magnet and
reduce the value of current
C Change the direction of current and
reduce the strength of magnet
D Maintain the direction of current and 29 The diagram shows the structural design of an
increase the strength of magnet electric motor.
26 An electric motor is used to change
A mechanical energy to electrical energy

B electrical energy to mechanical energy
C alternating current to direct current
D direct current to alternating current
27 Which the following electrical appliances

which do not have electric motors in it. Which of the following diagram shows the
correct explanation regarding to the electric
motor.
15
30 Diagram shows a direct current motor. 34 Diagram 34 shows the arrangement of apparatus
related to electromagnetism. experiment.
Which of the following is not true?
A The coil rotates in an anti-clockwise

direction
Diagram 34
B No current flows in the coil when the coil
perpendicular to the magnetic field
(a) Complete the following sentence by
C The motor rotates using the principle of
ticking (√ ) the correct box.
catapult field
D The commutator change direct current to
alternating current.. The type of magnet used in Diagram 34 is
31 The speed of rotation of an electric motor bar magnet

increases when
magnadur magnet
A the number of turns of the wire coil [1 mark]
decreases (b) When the d.c.power supply is switched on
B the magnitude of the electric current the copper rod is observed moves.
decreases On Diagram 34, mark the direction of
C the magnitude of the magnetic field
decreases (i) current flows in the copper rod with “I”
D the resistance of the wire coil decreases [1 mark]
(ii) motion of the copper rod with “F”
32 Which of the following is the truth about a [1 mark]
electric motor commutator. (c) Name the physics rule involved in (b)(ii)
..................................................................
A Commutator converts the direction of the [1 mark]
coil rotation (d) Explain what happen to the copper rod
B Each coil accompanied two commutator when the d.c. power supply is replaced by
segments with a.c. power supply .
C The number of commutator segments does ........................................................................
not affect the motor speed ........................................................................
D The segmental segment is made of [2 marks]
insulating material 35 Diagram 35.1 shows two straight wires flow
the currents in the opposite directions to
33 Which of the following is the advantages of produce a catapult field.
brushless d.c. motor except
A Noiseless operation
B Less maintenace
C High efficiency
D Simple wiring
Diagram 35.1
16
(a) What is meant by catapult field? (b) (i) What happen to the current-carrying
....................................................................... conductor when the switch is closed?
....................................................................... ............................................................
[1 mark] ............................................................
(b) (i) On Diagram 35.1 draw the pattern of the [2 marks]
catapult field formed on the paper. (ii) Name the physics rule used
[2 marks] involved.
(ii) Explain what happen to the straight ………………………………………
wires. [1 mark]
..................................................................
.................................................................. (iii) In Diagram 36.2, draw the resultant
[2 marks] magnetic field and the direction of
forces , F produced when it is
(c) Diagram 35.2 shows the straight wires in observed from side view.
Diagram 35.1 is placed between the two
permanent magnets .
.
Diagram 35.2 Diagram 36.2
On Diagram 35.2 [3 marks]

(c) Table 36 shows three electric motors design
(i) Draw the pattern of the magnetic fields X, Y and Z used to built a small portable
formed . fan.
[2 marks]
(ii) indicate and label the direction of forces

act on the straight wire.
[1 mark]
(d) Suggest one method to increase the forces
in (c)(ii).
.......................................................................
[1 mark]
36 Diagram 36.1 shows a current-carrying
conductor placed in a magnetic field.
Diagram 36.1
(a) Underline the correct word in the

bracket to complete the following
Table 36
sentence:
The magnet used in in Diagram 36.1 is a
Based on Table 36.state the suitable
( temporary , permanent ) magnet.
characteristics of an electric motor to be used to
[1 mark]
rotate the fan blade with greater speed.Give
reason for the suitability of the characteristics:
17
[1 mark]
(i) Number of turn of coil Based on Diagram 37.1 and Diagram 37.2 and
........................................................... the information given:
Reason
........................................................... (b) State the direction of rotation of the motors
[2 marks] ........................................................................
(ii) Number of battery used [1 mark]
........................................................... (c) Compare
Reason
........................................................... (i) the number of turns of coils
[2 marks] ..................................................................
(iii) Shape of permanent magnet [1 mark]
........................................................... (ii) the number of revolutions per minute
Reason ..................................................................
........................................................... [1 mark]
[2 marks] (iii)the speed of the motor
(iv) Determine the most suitable design ..................................................................
of an eleetrie motor that can be used [1 mark]
to rotate the fan blade with greater (d) Based on your answer in (c) relates the
speed. number of turns of coils with the speed of
............................................................ the motor.
[1 mark] ........................................................................
37 Diagram 37.1 and 37.2 show two identical [1 mark]
d.c.electric motors with different number of (e) What modification should be done to the
turns of coil used to build in two toy fans. d.c. motor to become an a.c. motor.
The motor in Diagram 37.1 takes 2000 ……………………………………................
revolutions per minute while the motor in ……………………………………................
Diagram 37.2 takes 3000 revolutions per ……………………………………...............
minute. ……………………………………................
[2 marks]
38 (a) Diagram 38.1 shows two separate circuits

containing thin copper strips JK and LM
respectively is placed close each other.
Diagram 37.1
Diagram 38.1
(i) State one characteristic of copper metal
associated with electrical conductivity.
[1 mark]
(ii) Explain what happens to the copper

strip JK and LM, when the switch S1
and S2 is on simultaneously.
[4 marks]
Diagram 37.2
(a) What is the function of an electric motor?

........................................................................
18
(b) Diagram 38.2 shows the structure of a d.c. 39 (a) Diagram 39. shows a straight conductor
electric motor. placed in a permanent magnetic field.
Diagram 39
(i) What is meant by a magnetic field?
Diagram 38.2
[1 mark]
(ii) Based on Diagram 39, explain what
Table 38 shows the characteristics of happens to the soft spring when the
four types of d.c.electric motor. switch is turned on.
Motor Type Shape of Number of Material [5 marks]
of permanent commutator of
brush magnet segment armature (b) Table 39 shows the characteristics of four
J Carbon Rectangular Small Copper types of simple homopolar electric motors
K Mica Rectangular Large Copper W, X, Y and Z.
L Carbon Curve Large Soft iron
M Mica Curve Small Soft iron Mo Characteristic of metal Tupe of
Table 38 tor wire pole
Neodymium
Based on Table 38 ,determine the most disc
suitable d.c. electric motor that can rotates magnet
faster.. W Type I
Justify your answer.
[10 marks ]
(c) Diagram 38.3 shows a horseshoe magnet .
Diagram 38.4 shows a current-carrying
conductor is placed in the horseshoe magnet.
X Type II
Draw the pattern of magnetic field for Y Type I

(i) Diagram 38.3
(ii) Diagram 38.4
[ 5 marks ]
19
Z (c) With the use of apparatus such as a
TypeII magnadur magnets, C-shaped iron yoke, and
other apparatus, describe one experiment to
investigate the hypothesis stated in (b).
In your description, state clearly the

following
(i) The aim of the experiment.

Table 39 (ii) The variables in the experiment.
Based on Table 39 you are required to choose (iii) The list of apparatus and materials.
which motor can rotate at the highest speed. (iv) The arrangement of the apparatus.
[ 10 marks] (v) The procedure of the experiment which
include one method of controlling the
40 Diagram 40.1 shows a toy fan blades are manipulated variable and one method of
spinning when a lower speed when a dry cell measuring the responding variable.
is connected to the fan. (vi) The way to tabulate the data.
(vii) The way to analyse the data.
[ 10 marks]
Diagram 40.1
Diagram 40.2 shows the blades are spinning
faster when two dry cells are connected to the
fan.
Diagram 40.2
Based on the information and observation:
(a) State one suitable inference.
[1 mark]
(b) State one suitable hypothesis.
[1 mark]
20
LESSON 2 –
ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
2.1 Describe electromagnetic induction in a: (i)
straight wire (ii) solenoid
2.1.1 Introduction
As you have learned before when a current

flows inside a metal conductor (straight wire or
solenoid), a magnetic field or more
commonly known as an electromagnet is Procedure
generated around the conductor.
But instead, what happens when a conductor Arrange the apparatus as in the diagram above.
moves into a magnetic field or a magnet Moves the thick copper wire downwards.
moves into a conductor. The following Observe what happens to the galvanometer.
activities will answer the above questions. Experiment is repeated as follows:
As you study the science of form two about -Moves the thick copper wire upwards
electromagnetism how a magnetic field pattern -Moves the thick copper wire horizontally
is produced by a current flowing through a - Moves the magnets upwards
solenoid and a right hand grip tip to determine - Move the magnet and thick copper wire
the type of poles produced at both ends of the together with the same speed and direction
solenoid. Observation
Activity Deflection of
galvanometer pointer
Thick copper wire is moved deflects to one side and
downwards backs to zero.
We will use the right hand grip tips in this Thick copper wire is moved deflects to opposite
lesson. upwards side and backs to zero.
Thick copper wire is moved not deflected
horizontally
2.1.2 Experiment to produce Magnet are moved upwards deflects to one side and
electromagnetic induction in a straight wire. backs to zero.
Magnet and thick copper not deflected
Aim
wire are move together with
the same speed and direction
To produce electromagnetic induction in a
straight wire.
2.1.3. Experiment to produce
electromagnetic induction in a solenoid
Apparatus and material
Aim
Galvnometer , magnadur magnet, iron yoke ,
connecting wire , crocodile clips and thick
To produce electromagnetic induction in a
copper wire.
solenoid
Apparatus and mterial
Galvnometer ,bar magnet,connecting wire ,

crocodile clips and solenoid.
21
to each other, the galvanometer indicator
shows deflection. This indicates the
existence of an electric current and is called
as induced current
2.1.5 Meaning of induced curent
Induced current is the current produced by

but using the relative motion between a
conductor and a magnet caused change in
magnetic flux.
The magnitude of induced current is maximum
when the conductor and magnetic flux
perpendicular each other and zero when parallel
Procedure each other.
Arrange the apparatus as in the diagram above. 2.2 Describe the factors that influence the
Moves the bar magnet towards into the magnitude of e.m.f induced.
solenoid.
Observe what happen to the galvanometer. 2.2.1 Experiment to study the factors that
Experiment is repeated as follows: influence the magnitude of induced e.m.f.
- Moves the bar magnet away from the
solenoid Aim
- Moves the bar magnet into and out of the To study the factors that influence the
solenoid. magnitude of induced e.m.f.
- Moves the solenoid into the bar magnet
- Move the bar magnet and the solenoid Apparatus and material
together with the same speed and direction
Observation
Activity Deflection of
galvanometer
pointer
Bar magnet is moved deflects to one side
towards into the and backs to zero.
solenoid.
Bar magnet is moved deflects to opposite
away from the solenoid. side and backs to
zero.
Bar magnet is moved deflects in two
into and out of the opposite directions
solenoid. and back to zero
Solenoid into the bar deflects to one side
magnet and backs to zero. Procedure
Magnet and thick copper not deflected Arrange the apparatus as in the diagram
wire are move together above.
with the same speed and Moves the bar magnet towards into the
samedirection solenoid.
Observe the size of the deflection of the
2.1.4. Conclusion from the experiments pointer of the galvanometer.
2.1.2 and 2.1.3. Experiment is repeated as follows:
- Moves the bar magnet towards into
When there is relative motion between solenoid faster
conductors and magnets and perpendicular
22
- Moves the bar magnet towards into directly proportional to the rate of change of
solenoid by increasing the number of magnetic flux linkage with the solenoid or
magnets the rate at which a conductor cuts through
- Moves the bar magnet towards into the magnetic flux.”
solenoid by increasing the number of
turns of solenoid. 2.2.4. The experiment to investigate the
- Moves the bar magnet towards into relationship between the magnitude of an
solenoid by increasing the thickness induced current and the speed of the
of solenoid wire. relative motion between conductor and
magnet
Observation
Hypothesis:
Activity Size of deflection of
the galvanometer The magnitude of an induced current
pointer increases as the speed of the relative
Bar magnet is moved Increase motion between conductor and magnet
towards into solenoid increases.
faster
Bar magnet is moved Increase Aim of the experiment :
towards into solenoid
by increasing the To investigate the relationship between the
number of magnets magnitude of an induced current and the
Bar magnet is moved Increase speed of the relative motion between
towards into solenoid conductor and magnet
by increasing the
number of turns of Variables in the experiment:
solenoid Manipulated variable: the magnitude of
Bar magnet is moved Increase induced current
towards into solenoid Responding variable: the speed of the
by increasing relative motion between conductor and
thethickness of the magnet.
solenoid wire Constant variable: number of turns of
solenoid and the strength of the magnet.
2.2.2. Conclusion from the experiment
2.2.1 List of apparatus and materials:
The factors that influence the magnitude Galvanometer, solenoid, bar magnet ,
of induced e.m.f are : connecting wire and ruler.
(1) The speed of relative motion: As the Arrangement of the apparatus:

speed of relative motion increases the
magnitude of induced e.m.f increases.
(2) The strength of magnetic fields : As
strength of magnetic fields increases the
magnitude of induced e.m.f. increases.
(3) The the number of turns of the solenoid:
As the number of turns of the solenoid
increases the magnitude of induced
e.m.f increases.
(4) The resistance of the solenoid wire:
As the resistance of the solenoid wire
increases the magnitude of induced
e.m.f. decreases.
2.2.3. Faraday’s law
Faraday’s law is used to determine the

magnitude of induced current. The procedure of the experiment which include
Faraday’s law states that “The magnitude of the method of controlling the manipulated
the induced current or induced e.m.f. is
23
variable and the method of measuring the
responding variable.
The height of the magnet above the solenoid is
measured by a ruler , H = 50 cm
The magnet is dropped into the solenoid and the
reading of the galvanometer is recorded = I
The experiment is repeated 4 times with H = 60
cm , 70 cm , 80 cm and 90 cm.
Tabulate the data:
H
I
Procedure
Analysis the data:
Plot the graph I against H
Moves the thick copper wire downwards.
Observe the direction of deflection of the
galvanometer pointer.
Experiment is repeated as follows:
-Moves the thick copper wire upwards
-Moves the thick copper wire downward s
again but interchanges the position the poles of
magnet .
Observation
Activity Direction of deflection

of galvanonmeter
pointer
Thick copper wire is deflects to one side and
moved downwards. backs to zero.
2.3 Determine the direction of induced current
Thick copper wire is deflects to opposite side
in (i) straight wire (ii) solenoid
moved downwards. and backs to zero.
2.3.1. Experiment to Determine the direction
Thick copper wire is deflects to opposite side
of induced current in straight wire
moved downwards and backs to zero.
again but interchanges
Aim
the position the poles of
magnet .
To determine the direction of induced current
in a straight wire.
2.3.2. Fleming’s right hand rule
Fleming’s right hand rule is used to determine
Galvnometer , magnadur magnet, iron yoke , the direction of induced current in straight wire.
connecting wire , crocodile clips and thick
copper wire.
24
Observe the direction of deflection of the
galvanometer pointer
Experiment is repeated as follows:
- Moves the bar magnet away from the
solenoid
- Moves the bar magnet towards into the
solenoid again but interchanges the position
the poles of magnet .
Observation
Activity Direction of
deflection of
galvanonmeter
pointer
Bar magnet is moved deflects to one side
towards into the solenoid. and backs to zero.
away from the solenoid side and backs to
zero.
Fleming’s Right-hand Rule states that” If the
thumb, first finger (forefinger)and second finger
towards into the solenoid side and backs to
of the right hand are held at right angles to each
but interchanges the zero.
other, then if the first finger
position
(forefinger)represents the direction of the
magnetic field and the thumb represents the
2.3.4. Lenz’s law
direction of the motion of the conductor , then
the second finger will represents the direction
Lenz’s law is used to determine the direction
of the induced current ”
of induced current in a solenoid.
2.3.3. Determine the direction of induced
Lenz’s law state that” The direction of an
current in a solenoid
induced current always flows in such as a
direction so to oppose the change which is
Aim
causing it.”
To determine the direction of induced
There are three steps to use Lenz’s law:
current in a solenoid
(1) Determine the types of force ( Attraction or
repulsion )
(2) Determine the type of poles ( North or
south)
(3) Use Right Hand Grip Rule to determine the
direction of current
Example 1
Diagram shows a straight copper wire is

moved perpendicularly upwards to the
magnetic field.
Procedure

Moves the bar magnet towards into the
solenoid.
25
Example 4
Diagram shows two circular coil M and N are

arranged coaxially. Coil N is free to move and
coil M which is fixed is connected to a battery.
Determine the direction of induced current

produced in the copper wire.
Solution
When the switch is closed ,
Example 2
(a) What happens to coil N
Diagram shows the structural design of a d.c. (b) Determine the direction of induced current
generator. The coil is rotated in the clockwise in coil N.
direction.
Solution
2.4 Design a direct current (d.c.)generator and

an alternating current (a.c.) dynamo.
2.4.1 The function of a electric dynamo
An electric dynamo is used to convert the

mechanical energy to the. electrical energy
2.4.2 The types of electrical dynamo
Determine the direction of current flows in the There are two types of electrical dynamo.
coil.
(1) D.c. dynamo
Solution
Example 3
Diagram shows a small magnet being pushed at

one end of a solenoid.
D.c. dynamo produced induced d.c. The

d.c.dynamo has a commutator causes the
Determine the direction of induced current induced current flow only in one direction
produced in the solenoid. when the sides of the coil are interchanged
the position
Solution
26
TUTORIAL 2
(2) A.c. dynamo
1 An e.m.f is induced in a conductor when the
conductor
A is stationary in the magnetic field

B moves parallel to the magnetic field lines
C moves perpendicularly to the magnetic field
lines
2 Diagram shows a conductor placed in a

magnetic field.
A.c. dynamo produced induced a.c. The a.c.

dynamo has two slip rings causes the
direction of induced current changes when
the contact between the brush and the end of
the coil changes
2.4.3 The working principle of electric Which action produces an induced e.m.f. in
dynamo the conductor?
The coil is rotated in a permanent magnet or the A Moving the conductor along PQ
magnet is rotated in a coil. B Moving the conductor along VW
The relative motion between magnet and coil C Moving the conductor along XY
occured
The changed of magnetic flux produced 3 Diagram shows an insulated wire wound on a
The induced curent flows soft-iron core and a coil VW is connected to a
galvanometer.
2.4.4. The graph of induced current or
induced voltage against time for d.c.
dynamo and a.c.dynamo.
Graph for d.c. dynamo
The pointer of the galvanometer is not deflected

when
Graph for a.c. dynamo A the switch is closed
B the switch is opened
C the coil WV moves upward vertically
D the coil VW moves forward horizontally
4 Diagram shows two coils, M and N , of copper

wire wound on a soft iron core.
27
7 Diagram shows an arrangement of a solenoid
and a magnet
Which of the following activity will not

produced an induced current through the
galvanometer G?
Which of the following method produces zero
A Switch S is kept closed readings on galvanometers?
B Coil M is moved nearer to coil N
C The rheostat is adjusted to a lower value A Magnet is pulled out of from solenoid.
B Solenoid is moved towards magnet.
5 Which of the following diagram shows the C Magnets and solenoid are moved on the
galvamometer produces deflection. same speed and in the same direction
D Magnets and solenoid are moved on the
same speed but in the opposite direction.
8 Diagram shows a conductor PQ is moved

downwards at a high speed into a magnetic
fields.
6 The diagram shows PQ and RS two insulated

wires placed near to each other . What happens to pointer of the galvanometer?
A stationary
B Deflects to the left and stops
C Deflects to the left and returns to zero
D Deflects to the left and then to the right
9 Diagram shows a strong magnet falls through

the vertical solenoid PQR which is connected to
When the switch is closed and kept closed, the a sensitive centre-zero galvanometer .
pointer of the galvanometer
A is unaffected
B shows a steady deflection to one
side
C shows a momentary deflection and
quickly returns to zero
D shows deflection to one side and slowly
returns to a lower steady reading on the
same side
28
12 Diagram shows a magnet which is released
from a height and enters a coil which is
connected to a galvanometer
What are the correct deflections as the magnet

passes through P,Q and R. The deflection of the pointer of the
galvanometer increases when
P Q R
A the strength of magnet decrease
A Right Right Right B the cross-sectional area of wire decrease
B Right Left Left C the distance between the turrns of coil
C Right Left Right increase
D Right Zero Right D the height of magnet is released increase
10 Diagram shows a sensitive centre-zero 13 Diagram shows the current is induced when the
galvanometer is connected to a solenoid. magnet moves towards the coil.
What happens to pointer of the galvanometer

when the magnet is moved up and down into the The magnitude of current increases when
solenoid?
A the speed of relative motion is reduced
A Unaffected B the number of turns of coils is reduced
B Deflects to the left C the resistance of the wire coil is reduced
C Deflects to the right
D Deflects to the left and then to the right 14 Diagram shows an induced current flows in a
wire which is moved between two magnets.
11 Diagram shows a coil of wire placed next to a
magnet. The galvanometer pointer deflects
when the magnet is pushed into the coil.
Which step will increase the magnitude of the

Which action will increase the deflection of the induced current?
galvanometer pointer?
A Use wire with smaller diameter
A The magnetic pole is reversed B Increase the distance between two
B The number of coils is increased magnet
C The coil is made from insulated wire C Move the wire horizontally
D The magnet is pushed slowly into the coil D Use stronger magnets
29
15 Diagram shows a magnet stick on a steel rod
and is rotated near to a coil and an induced
e.m.f is produced in the coil.
Which change does not increase the size of the

induced e.m.f ?
A Using a coil with more turns

B Moving the magnet closer to the coil
C Turning the magnet in the same direction
at a greater speed
D Turning the magnet in the opposite direction
at the same speed
16 Diagram shows a copper rod XY can be

moved about in the space between the magnets.
18 Diagram shows a pendulum bob attached to the

end of copper wire. The bob is allowed to swing
between north and south pole of two magnets.
The maximum deflection of the galvanometer
Which of the following movements would pointer is at ……………..
produce the greatest reading on the
galvanometer?
A Downwards, quickly
B Downwards, slowly
C To the left, quickly
D To the left,, quickly
17 Which diagram shows the greatest deflections

of the galvanometers indicator when magnets
and solenoid are moved as shown? 19 The diagram shows two solenoids at distance X
to each other. When switch S is closed the
pointer of the galvanometer shows a
momentary deflection.
The deflection of the pointer can be decreased

by
I increasing the distance of X

II increasing the numbers of the battery
30
III increasing the numbers of turns in coil P or D Lenz’s law
coil Q
23 A magnet is pushed horizontally towards a coil
A I only B III only of insulated wire, inducing an e.m.f. in coil. In
C I and II D II and III which direction does the coil try to move?
20 Which of the following is true about induced A Downwards

curent B Upwards
C Away fro the magnet
Faraday’s Lenz’s Fleming’s D Towards the magnet
law law right hand
rule 24 Diagram shows a bar magnet is moved away
from end of X solenoid .
A To To To
determine determine determine
direction of direction direction
induced of induced of induced
current current current
B To To To
magnitude direction direction
of induced of induced of induced
current current current Polarity at the end of X solenoid and delection
C To To To galvanometer pointer are
magnitude magnitude direction
of induced of induced of induced Polarityat the end Diretion of
current current current of X solenoid current
D To To To
magnitude magnitude of magnitude of
of induced induced induced A North P to Q
current current current B North Q to P
C South P to Q
21 Diagram shows a deflection of a galvanometer D South Q to P
pointer when a magnet is moved towards a 25 A lighter bar magnet is attached to a trolley is
solenoid. given a push so that it moves on a smooth
runway towards and through a solenoid PQ.
Which law or rule describes the size of the

deflection of the galvanometer pointer? Which of the following is true?
A Lenz’s law A The speed of the trolley increases when

B Faraday’s law entering at the end P of the solenoid
C Fleming’s Left-hand rule B The speed of the trolley increases after going
D Fleming’s Right-hand rule through the end Q of the solenoid
C While the trolley is moving towards the
22 "The direction of induced current always oppose solenoid , the end P is induced to be a north
the change of magnetic flux that producing it” pole.
The above statement is based on D While the magnet moving away from the
solenoid , the end Q is induced to be a south
A Fleming’s Left-hand rule pole.
B Fleming’s Right-hand rule
C Faraday’s law
31
26 Diagram shows a small magnet being held at
one end of coil.
Which of the following is not true when the

south pole of the magnet is being inserted into
the solenoid?
A The magnetic flux is cut by the solenoid

B The induced current flows from X to Y
C The galvanometer pointer deflects to the
right and to the left.
D The kinetic energy is converted into
electrical energy.
27 Which diagram shows the correct direction of

the induced current when the magnet is moved
in the direction shown?
29 A straight conductor is moved perpendicularly

to the magnetic field.Which of the following
diagrams shows the correct direction of the
induced current in the conductor?
28 Which of the following diagram shows the

direction of induced current is true?
30 Diagram shows an apparatus set-up of

electromagnetic induction.
32
Which trace represents the e.m.f. induced in
the generator when the coil is rotated at a
constant speed?
Which of the following combinations is correct?
Direction of motion Direction of

of conductor VW current
A To the right V→W

→
B Downward W→V
↓
C To the left V→W
←
D Upward W→V 33 Diagram shows an electric generator..
↑
31 Diagram shows a current flows in a wire

hanging between the poles of a magnet. The
wire starts to move in the direction shown.
Which graph shows the correct output between

voltage and time when the coil starts to rotate?
Which diagram shows the position and the

polarity of the magnet?
34 the structural design of a d.c. generator. Side

XY at the of he coil rotates in the clockwise
direction.
32 Diagram shows an electric generator Which of the diagram shows the position of XY
connected to a cathode ray oscilloscope. where the induction current does not flows?
33
36 Diagram 36.1 and 36.2 show the positions a bar
magnet is hung at the end of a string before
and after the bar magnet is moved inside the
solenoid. Diagram 36.3 and 36.4 show the
positions a conductor coil before and after it is
moved downwards inside a magnetic field.
35 The operation principle of a d.c. generator same

as the operation principle of a Diagram 36.3 Diagram 36.4
A d.c motor (a) What is the function of the microammeter?

B transformer ........................................................................
C electric bell [ 1 mark ]
D circuit breaker (b) (i) Draw on Diagram 36.2 and 36.4 draw
the pattern of the magnetic fields
formed by the magnets.
[ 2 marks ]
(ii) After you draw draw the pattern of the

magnetic fields in (b)(i) what happen to
the magnetic flux in Diagram 36.2 and
36.4
……………………………………..........
[ 1 mark ]
(c) Compare the deflection of the pointer
of the microammeter
(i) Diagram 36.1 and Diagram 36.3

…………………………………..............
[ 1 mark ]
(ii) Diagram 36.2 and Diagram 36.4
…………………………………..............
[ 1 mark ]
(d) (i) Relate your answer in (b)(ii) and (c)(ii).
…………………………………....................
…………………………………...................
[ 1 mark ]
(ii) Name the physics concept involved in
(d)(i).
..................................................................
[ 1 mark ]
34
37 Diagram 37 shows a soft iron bar and a bar 38 Diagram 38 shows a pendulum bob attached to
magnet hung at the ends P and Q of a solenoid the end of copper wire. The bob is allowed to
respectively. swing between north and south pole of two
magnets.
Diagram 37
(a) When the switch is closed , what happens to

the
(i) soft iron bar? Diagram 38
..................................................................
[ 1 mark ] (a) When the switch is closed and the bob is
(ii) bar magnet oscillated from K to L continuously.
.................................................................. (i) What happens to the galvanometer pointer?
[ 1 mark ] ........................................................................
(b) The switch and the dry cell are removed and [ 1 mark ]
replaced by a sensitive centre-zero (ii) Give one reason for your answer in (a)(i).
galvanometer. ....................................................................
Explain and give one reason what happen to [ 1 mark ]
the deflection of pointer of the (b) (i) Sketch a graph displacement –time to shows
galvanometer when the the oscillations of the bob.
(i) soft iron bar is oscillated into the
solenoid
..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................
..................................................................
[ 2 marks ]
(ii)bar magnet is oscillated into the
solenoid
..................................................................
.................................................................. [ 2 marks ]
.................................................................. (ii) Give two reasons why you get the shape
.................................................................. of the graph as you have been draws at (b)(i)
[ 2 marks ] ........................................................................
(c) The soft iron bar and bar magnet are ........................................................................
released simultaneously . ........................................................................
(i) Which one stop first? [ 2 marks ]
.................................................................. (c) The copper wire is replaced by a thread.
[ 1 mark ] (i) What happen to the galvanometer pointer.
(ii) Explain your answer in (c)(i) ........................................................................
........................................................................ [ 1 mark ]
........................................................................ (ii) Give one reason for your answer in (c) (i).
........................................................................ ........................................................................
........................................................................ [ 1 mark]
[ 2 marks ]
35
39 Diagram 39.1 and Diagram 39.2 show a wire (ii) the magnitude of induced current
and coil that are connected to a zero centred and the number of turns of wire.
galvanometer. Both wire and coil are move ..................................................................
downwards between two magnadur magnets [ 1 mark]
with opposite polarity X and Y to produce (d) Name the physics law involved in (c)(i).
induced current. ........................................................................
[ 1 mark]
(e) (i) Based on Diagram 39.1 or Diagram 39.2
name the type poles X and Y.
..................................................................
[ 1 mark]
(ii) Name the physics rule or law invoved in
(e) (i).
..................................................................
[ 1 mark]
40 Diagram 40 shows the structural design of a
generator.
Diagram 39.1
Diagram 40
Diagram 39.2. (a) Name the type of the generator.
……………………………………………....
(a) What is the meaning of induced current? [ 1 mark ]
........................................................................ (b) Mark the directions of current flow in WX
........................................................................ and YZ when the side WX of the coil is
[ 1 mark] displaced in downwards direction.
(b) Based on Diagram 39.1 and Diagram 39.2, [ 1 mark ]
compare (c) Sketch a graph to show the variation with
(i) the number of turns of wire and coil time of the current in conductor YZ.
..................................................................
[ 1 mark]
(ii) the magnitude of deflection of the
galvanometer pointer.
..................................................................
[ 1 mark]
(c) relate
(i) the magnitude of deflection of the
galvanometer pointer with the number of [ 2 marks ]
turns (d) What happens to the current flows in
.................................................................. conductor YZ when the speed of the coil
[ 1 mark] rotations is increased?
……………………………………………....
........................................................................
[ 2 marks ]
36
41 Diagram 41.1 shows the position of the [ 4 marks]
magnets before being released into the identical (d) Diagram 41.4 shows the structure of an
coils. Diagram 41.2 shows the maximum alternating current generator.
deflection of the pointer of the galvanometer
when the magnets enter the coils. The deflection
of the pointer is due to the flow of induced
current in the coil.
Diagram 41.4
Diagram 41.1
The generator produces a small direct
current.
Suggest modifications that can be
made to the structure of the generatot in
Diagram 41.4, so that it can produce a
Diagram 41.2 high direct current (d.c.).
(a) What is the meaning of induced current? State and explain the modifications
[1 mark] based on the characteristics of the
(b) (i) Observe Diagram 41.1 and Diagram magnet and coil and the type of ring.
41.2. Compare the height of the magnet [ 10 marks]
released and the size of the deflection of
the galvanometer. 42 Diagram 42.1 and Diagram 41.2 show an
[2 marks] anemometer , a device for measuring wind
(ii) State the relationship between speed designed by a student is placed in two
-the height of the magnet released and different wind conditions.
the velocity of the magnet when it
enters the coil.
- the height of the magnet released and
the size of the deflection of the
galvanometer.
-the velocity of the magnet and the
magnitude of induced current when
it enters the coil.
[3 marks]
(c) Diagram 41.3 shows two identical bar
magnets P and Q are released from rest falls
through two identical made from copper and
glass respectively.
Diagram 42.1
Diagram 41.3
Which magnet will be the first to emerge
from the tube. Explain your answer.
37
Diagram 42.1
Based on the information and observation:
(a) Make one suitable inference.

[ 1 mark ]
(b) State one appropriate hypothesis that
could be investigated.
[ 1 mark ]
(c) Design an experiment to investigate
the hypothesis stated in (b).
With the use of apparatus such as a,
insulated copper wire ,bar magnet
and others.
In your description, state clearly the LESSON 3- TRANSFORMER
following;
(i) aim of the experiment, 3.1 Describing the working principle of a simple
(ii) variables in the experiment, transformer.
(iii) list of apparatus and materials,
(iv) arrangement of the apparatus, 3.1.1. Introduction
(v) the procedure of the
experiment, which includes When you were in form 3 you learned about
the method of controlling the transformers functions, types of transformers
manipulated variable and the and formulas related to transformers i.e,
method of measuring the
responding variable, , but you didn't know how transformers
(vi) the way you would tabulate
the data, work.
(vii the way you would analyse
the data. 3.1.2 Working principle of a simple
[10 marks] transformer
When an a.c. voltage is supplied to the primary

coil, an alternating current flows through coil.
The soft iron core is magnetized.
38
The magnet produced varies in magnitude and A transformer has the number of turns of the
direction. primary and secondary coils is 50 turns and 250
This causes a changing magnetic flux to pass turns respectively.If the input voltage is 12 V a.c.,
through the secondary coil.
what is the output voltage?
As a result ,an induced voltage across the
secondary coil is produced.
Solution
3.1.3.What happens when a d.c. power
voltage is apllied to the primary coil?
Example 2
When a d.c. voltage is applied to the primary
coil of the transformer, the output voltage at the
Diagram shows a 12V, 36W bulb connected to the
secondary coil will be zero. This is because the
output of a transformer. The input voltage of the
magnet produced in the soft-iron core is
transformer is 240 V and the bulb is lit with normal
constant magnitude and direction. Hence the
brightness.
magnet does not create a changing magnetic
flux in the secondary coil.
When the switch is opened an closed frequently
in a high speed, the d.c. voltage is applied to the
primary coil of the transformer can produces the
induced voltageacross the secondary coil .
What is the number of turns of the secondary coil
when the number of turns of the primary coil is
500.
Solution
Example 3
Diagram shows a 12V, 48W bulb lights up with

normal brightness when it is connected to a 240V
mains supply through a transformer.
3.2 Describing the meaning of an ideal
transformer
The transformer which is free from all types of

power losses is known as an ideal transformer.
For an ideal transformer, the output power is equal
to the input power since there is no energy loss
during the process of transforming voltage
Calculate
(a) The current in the secondary coil.

(b) The efficiency of the transformer.
Solution
For and ideal transformer , the efficiency, η =

100%
Therefore,
Output power = Input power
Example 4
Example 1
39
An ideal transformer connected to 240 V mains 2. Eddy current in iron core. Using a laminated
power supply delivers 90 W of power at 30 V at a The changing magnetic field iron core to make
notebook computer . Calculate causes the electrons in the the iron core as
soft iron core to circulate insulation.
(a) The current in the secondary circuit? around as eddy current. Eddy current are not
(b) The current in the primary coil? The eddy current produce able to flow through
heating in core and causes the layers of
Solution loss of power . insulation.
3. The hysteresis loss. Using soft iron for
The loss of energy to the core because
magnetized and soft iron core can be
demagnetized the core magnitized and
by the alternating current demagnitized
in the primary coil. easily . So the core
requires little energy
to be magnitized
and demagnitized .
4. Leakage of Magnetic Winding the
Flux. secondary and
Electrical energy is lost primary coils on top
when a fraction of the each other.
magnetic flux produced by
the primary coil does not
link with the secondary
coil.
3.3 Describing energy loss and ways to improve 3.3.3 Eddy current
transformer efficiency
Eddy current is a localized electric current
3.3.1 Intoduction induced in a conductor by a varying magnetic
field.
3.3.4 The induced current in the cooking pot

using induction cooker
To understand the source of energy loss in a

transformer, recall the structure of a
transformer. For a simple transformer the three
main structures are the primary coil, the
secondary coil and the core. Therefore, energy When a.c. with high frequency flows through the
loss must be through these structures. coil, a magnetic field produces in all direction
around the coil.
3.3.2 Energy losses of a transformer and The magnetic field produced by the coil penetrates
ways to improve the efficiency(minimise the metal of the cookware too. This fluctuating
energy losses) magnetic field now causes an electric current (eddy
current) to flow through flowing through the
Cause energy losses Way to improve resistance of the cookware results in resistive
efficiency heating.
1. Resistance of coil. Thick copper wire is With induction cooking, the heat is produced in the
Energy is lost as heat in the used to reduce the cookware, not the cooktop, and much more of the
coil because E= I2R resistance of the coil energy goes into the food. That's why induction
40
cooking is more energy efficient and faster than
most other cooking .
Induction cookers are usually built into ceramic or
glass cooktops which are very easy to keep clean
with just a quick wipe.
The magnetic fields they produce make heat appear
in thecookware almost instantly—and they can
make it disappear instantly too. That's very different
from traditionally heated pans, which take a while
to get hot, so there's a greater risk of burning your
food if you don't pay attention.
3.4 Communicate the use of transformers in

daily life
3.4.1 In electrical appliances
Step-down transformer used in the main

adapters and chargers for cell phones and
electonic devices as voltage regulator for
TV,refrigrator, computers, televisions, electric
bell, in audio amplifiers and speakers also
for washing,machines, driers and photocopiers.
Step-down also used for obtaining large
current .Hence it used for welding purposes and
induction furnaces.
Step-up transformer used for the production of
X-Rays and NEON advertisement. and
microwaves oven.
3.4.2 In electrical energy trasmission and TUTORIAL 3

distribution systems
1 A transformer works based on the principle of
At the beginning At the end
A Electromagnet Electromagnet
induction
B Electromagnet Electromagnet
induction
C Electromagnet Electromagnet
D Electromagnet Electromagnet
The National Grid Network is a network of induction induction
transmissions lines which link all the major power
stations in the country with all the major users such 2 For which one of the following is an alternating
as our homes, offices, cities and factories. current essential in its operation?
Electrical energy generated in power stations A A galvanometer

where its voltage is increased by using a step-up B A transformer
transformer , so that the small current flow through C An electric lamp
D An electromagnet
the trasmission cable and as the result the
3 Why a transfomer does not work by using direct
energy loss in the cable is reduced. ( P = I2R) curent power supply?
At a sub-stations, before reaching the various A Magnetic fields do not exist on primary coil
consumers , the high voltage is reduced by using B Magnetic fields do not exist on soft iron core
step-down transformer because high voltage C Change of magnetic flux do not occur at
is dangerous to consumers secondary coil
41
D Primary coil and secondary coil are not
connected each other 7 Diagram shows an electrical circuit.
4 Which of the following diagram is true

regarding to a transformer.
Which of the following is not true?
A The bulb shows a momentary lighting at the

time when switch S is closed.
B The bulb shows a steady lighting when
switch S the switch is kept closed.
C The bulb a sprinkle lighting when switch S
is closed and opened continuously
D The bulb shows a momentary lighting at the
time when switch S is opened
5 Diagram shows a simple transformer. The
bulb lights up at normal brightness. 8 Diagram shows a transformer is to a d.c. power
supply.
What happens if the a.c. input is replaced by a Which of the following action will cause the
battery? voltmeter indicator to be deflected
A Switch S kept opened

B Switch S kept closed
A The bulb does not light up C Switch S is opened and closed alternately
B The brightness of the bulb remains and continously
unchanged
C The brightness of the bulb increases 9 Which of the following diagram shows the
D The bulb blows brightness of bulb M larger than bulb N
6 Diagram shows how the input voltage varies

with time in transformer.
Which graph shows how the output voltage

varies with time?
10 Diagram shows a circuit containing an ideal
transformer.
42
Which statement is correct about the A Step-up 480V
brightness of bulb P and bulb Q? B Step-up 960 V
C Step-down 50 V
A Bulb P is brighter than bulb Q D Step-down 60 V
B Bull P and bulb Q have the same
brightness 15 Diagram shows a 12V 36W bulb connected
C Bulb Q is brighter than bulb P across the output of a transformer.
11 Diagram shows a transformer.
When the bulb is lit with normal brightness,

which statement is true about the transformer?
A 12V d.c.voltage. input and the number

What is the reading of the voltmeter? of turns of the primary coil is 36
B 120V d.c.voltage. input and the number
A 1.2V B 12 V of turns of the primary coil is 600
C 120V D 1200V C 12V a.c.voltage. input and the number
of turns of the primary coil is 36
D 120V a.c.voltage. input and the number
12 Diagram shows a transformer. of turns of the primary coil is 600
16 Diagram shows a multi-tap transformer
Based on diagram , what is the output voltage?
A 6V B 12 V
C 120 V D 240 V At which terminals should a 12 V bulb be
connected so that the bulb lights up with normal
13 A transformer changes the potential difference brightness?
of an alternating current from240 V to 6 V. The
number of turns of the secondary coil is 160, A P and Q
what is the number of turns of the primary coil? B P and R
C P and S
A 4 B 40
C 160 D 6400 17 Diagram shows a multi-tap transformer
14 Diagram shows a transformer is used to lit a
bulb.
Which of the following pair of terminals will

produce an output voltage of 18 V?
A JK B JL
Which of the following is true?
C KL D KM
Type of Voltage
18 Diagram shows the circuit in which the bulb
transformer across
lights up with normal brightness.
the bulb
43
Number of turns of Number of turns

primary coil of secondartcoil
A 4800 1200
B 4000 200
C 3600 720
D 3000 750
19 Diagram shows a circuit containing a

transformer and three bulbs lit with normal
brightness.
The number of turns of the secondary coil is
120.
21 For an ideal transformer
A Input power = Output power

B Input current = Output current
C Input voltage = Ouput voltage
D Input electromotive force = Output
electromotive force
22 The output power of a transformer is impssible
What is the number of turns of the primary coil? A same as input power
B less than input power
A 400 B 800 C more than input power
C 1200 D 2400
23 Diagram shows a circuit containing a
20 Which of the following circuits causes the bulb transformer and three bulbs labelled
to light at normal brightness? 12 V , 24 W light up with normal brightness.
What is the efficiency of the transformer?
A 12.5% B 25.0 %
C 50.0 % D 75.0 %
44
24 Diagram shows a circuit containing a 28 The efficiency of a transformer is 90%.The
transformer and five bulbs labelled input voltage of the transformer is 20 V and
12 V, 24 W light up with normal brightness. produced 100 W of the output power .
What is the current in the primary coil?
A B
C D
29 Diagram shows a circuit containing an ideal

What is the efficiency of the transformer?
transformer.
A 5% B 10 %
C 50 % D 80 %
25 The input voltage and the output voltage of an

ideal transformer are 240 V and 12V
respectively.What is the current in the
secondary coil when the current in the primary
What is voltage across the 6 resistor?
coil is 5A.
A 4V A 10 V
A 100 A B 25 A
C 12 V D 24 V
C 4A D 1A
26 shows an ideal transformer used to charge a 30 Which of the following diagram shows the
laptop. secondary current is larger than the primray
. current produced in a transforme?
What is the current in the primer coil?
A 3.6 A B 2.7 A
C 0.38 A D 0.28 A
31 Table shows the resistance of three identical
27 Diagram shows a bulb. 24 V. 18 W lights up wires with different resistivity.
with normal brightness and the transformer is
ideal. Wire Resistivity (Ωm)
A 1.7 x 10-8
B 2.7 x 10-8
C 5.6 x 10-8
Which wire, A, B, or C is used in a
transformer coil to increase the efficiency of
the transformer?
32 What is the type of wire used and the function
of the laminated soft iron core in a
Input current Output current
transformer?
A 0.20 A 4.00 A Type of wire Function of laminated
B 4.00 A 0.20 A soft iron core
C 0.25 A 5.00 A A Low resistance To increase eddy
D 5.00 A 0.25 A current
B High resistance To increase eddy
current
45
C Low resistance To reduce eddy
current
D High resistance To reduce eddy
current
33 Why is the core of a transformer made of

soft -iron?
A reduce the eddy current

B reduce the hystherisis loss
C reduce magnetic flux leakage
34 A laminated iron core is used in a transformer

because it can reduces
A the eddy current

B the hysteresis loss 40 Power losses in the National Grid system are
C the resistance of the coil reduced by using
D the leakage of magnetic flux
. I Thick cables
35 The leakage of magnetic flux occured in a II High currents
transformer because III High voltages
A the magnetic flux produced by the primary A I and II B I and III

coil does not link with the secondary coil C II and III D I.II and III
B the distance beween primary coil and the
secondary is further 41 In the National Grid system the transmission of
C the primary coil and a secondary coil broke electrical energy is by means of overhead
conductors. These conducting wires carry
36 An induction cooktop has
A Alternating current at high voltage
A iron coil B nichrome coil B Alternating current at high frequency
C copper coil D tungsten coil C Direct current at high voltage
D Direct current at low voltage
37 The pot used in the induction kitchen is made
of 42 The function of a transformer in an electrical
energy transmission system is to
A iron B copper
C nichrome D aluminium A increase the power
B reduce the resistance
38 Which of the following are the advantages of C change the potential difference
using induction kitchens except D speed up the time of transmission
A high efficiency 43 Diagram shows how electricity from power

B easy to clean stations reaches our homes.
C heat can be eliminated immediately
D requires special cooking equipment
39 Which of the following has a transformer in it?
The electric current used in X and Y ……….
A must be d.c.
B must be a.c.
C can be either a.c. or d.c.
D must be d.c. at X and a.c. at
46
44 The power loss in the transmission cable can be 48 Diagram shows a system for the transmission
reduced by transmits the power at ………… of electricity.
voltage and through…………… cable.
A low , thin B low, thick

C high, thin D high, thick
45 Which of the following is the reason why is the

alternating current is used to transmits the
electricity power from a station?
Which arrangement of transformers is correct?
A The electrical power only can be generated
in form of alternating current
Transformer Transformer Transformer
B All electrical appliances in the house use
X Y Z
alternating current.
C The voltage of alternating current can be
A Step down Step up Step down
changed by transformer
B Step up Step down Step down
C Step up Step up Step down
46 Diagram shows a model of transmission of
D Step down Step up Step up
electricity
49 Diagram 49 shows a simple transformer.
.
What is the type of transformer at P and Q?
P Q
A Step-up Step-up
transformer transformer
B Step-down Step-up
Diagram 49
(a) (i) Name the type of the transformer.
C Step-up Step-down
..................................................................
[1 mark]
D Step-down Step-down
(ii) State why soft iron is used as the
transformer core.
..................................................................
47 Diagram shows a model of the trasmission of
[1 mark]
electrical energy and includes threee identical
(b) The transformer in Diagram 49 is used to
bulbs P, Q and R.
switcn an electrical appliance.
The current in the primary coil is 0.1 A and
the efficiency is 75%.
(i) Calculate the output power of the

transformer.
Which comparison of the brightness of the

bulbs is correct?
[2 marks ]
P Q R (ii) An electrical appliance which needs
20 W of power is connected to the
A Brightest Brighter Bright transformer output.
B Bright Brighter Brightest Suggest a modification to the transformer
C Brighter Brightest Bright that enables the appliance to functu
D Brightest Bright Brighter correctly.
..................................................................
[1 mark]
47
(c) A student connects a television which uses
direct current to the output of the
transformer in Diagram 49. When the
television is switched on, it does not
function.
(i) Why the television does not function?
..................................................................
[1 mark]
(ii) An electrical component is connected to
the output of the transformer so that the Diagram 51
television functions. (a) What type of current used in a transfomer
Name the electrical component and state ……………………………………………....
how the connection is made. [1 mark]
.................................................................. (b) What is the output voltage of the
.................................................................. transformer.
.................................................................. ……………………………………………....
[2 marks] [1 mark]
(c) Calculate
50 Diagram 50 shows a computer battery charger (i) the current in the secondary coil?
connected to a 240 V a.c. power supply. The
battery charger contains box X and box Y. [2 marks]
(ii) the resistance of the filament bulb?
[2 marks]
(iii)the efficiency of the transformer when
the current in the primary coil is 0.2 A.
Diagram 50
(a) The function of the component in box X is

to lower the voltage from 240 V a.c. to 20 V [2 marks]
a.c. (d) State one way how the energy loss in a
(i) Name the component in box X. transformer and suggest the way to reduce
.................................................................. this problem.
[1 mark] ……………………………………………
(ii) Explain why a.c. and not d.c. is supplied …………………………………………….
in Diagram 50 [2 marks]
.................................................................. 52 Diagram52 shows the Model of an Electricity
[1 mark] Transmission System. The electrical power of
(iii) State the physics concept which 24 W is transmitted at a voltage 12 V. The
explains how the component in box X voltage reaches at a village across a bulb is 9V.
works.
..................................................................
[1 mark]
(b) The efficient of the usomponemt in box X is
80%.
Calculate the input cunrent whten the output
power is 65 W.
[2 marks]
51 Diagram 51 shows light bulb 36 W , 18 V is
connected to the ouput terminal of a Diagram 52
transformer. The bulb is light up with normal
brightness.
. (a) Why is the voltage decreases when reaches
at the village?
……………………………………………....
[ 1 mark ]
48
(b) Two identical ammeters A1 and A2 are Based on Table 53, state the suitable
connected as shown in the Diagram 52.. characteristics of the cable which can
trasmit electrical power from power
(i) Determine reading of ammeter A1. station to consumer to minimise the power
loss. Give reason for the suitability of the
characteristics.
[ 2 marks ] (i) Diameter

(ii) Compare the reading of ammeter A2 and ………………………………………
ammeter A1? Reason:
………………………….......................... ………………………………………
[ 1 mark ] [ 2 marks ]
(c) Calculate (ii) Density

(i) the power loss in the transmission line ………………………………………
Reason:
………………………………………
[ 2 marks]
[2 marks] (iii) Rate of heat expansion
(ii) the total resistance of the transmission ………………………………………
lines. Reason:
………………………………………
[ 2 marks]
[2 marks] (c) Based on the answer in (b) choose the most
53 Diagram 53 shows a part of the National Grid suitable cable.
Network to transmit the electrical power. ........................................................................
[ 1 mark ]
54 (a) Diagram 54.1 and Diagram 54.2 show a
model of the trasmission of electrical
energy from the same power station but
different thickness of trasmission cable.
Diagram 53
Diagram 54.1
(a) (i) State the type of transformer X and
transformer Y.
Transformer X :........................................
Transformer Y :........................................
[ 1 mark ]
(ii) Explain why the transformer X is used.
.................................................................. Diagram 54.2
..................................................................
[2 marks] (i) Name one example of the material used
(b) Table 53 shows the characteristics of three to make of the transmission cable.
cables for using to trasmit electrical power [ 1 mark]
from power station to consumer. (ii) Using Diagram 54.1 and Diagram 54.2 ,
Characteristics of the cable compare the brightness of bulb P , the
Cable Diameter Density Rate of brightness of bulb Q and the thickness of
heat the cable.
expansion Relate the brightness of bulb Q to the
P Large Large Small power loss in transmission cable to make
Q Large Small Small a deduction regarding the relationship
R Small Small Large between the thickness of trasmission
cable and the power loss.
[ 5 marks]
Table 53
49
(b) Explain why alternating current (a.c.) is used
in electric transmission system but not used
direct current (d.c.)
[ 4 marks ]
(c) Diagram 54.3 shows a low efficiency
transformer.
Diagram 55.2
Diagram 54.3
Table 55 shows the characteristics of
You are required to modify the transformer in four induction cooking systems W, X, Y
Diagram 54.3 so that the efficiency of the and Z.
transformer is increased.
State and explain the modifications based on
the following aspects: System Type of Material Material Material
(a) the type of material used for the wire. power of coil of of cook
(b) the diameter of wire. supply cooktop ware
(c) the type of material of the core. W D.c Copper Mica Ferro
(d) the characteristics of the core. magnetic
(e) the distance between primary coil and X D.c Nichrome Asbestos Non-
secondary coil. ferro
[10 marks] magnetic
Y D.c. Nichrome Asbestos Non-
55 (a) Diagram 55.1 shows a model of a step- ferro
up transformer. The transformer works magnetic
based on the electromagnetic induction Z A.c. Copper Mica Ferro
concept. magnetic
Table 55
Based on Table 55,explain the suitability of

each characteristics of the induction cooking
system.
Determine the most suitable induction cooking
system so that the system has high efficiency
and easy to manage.
Give reasons for your choice.
[10 marks]
Diagram 55.1
(i) What is meant by electromagnetic (c) Diagram 55.3 shows a circuit containing a
induction? transformer, an ammeter and two bulbs.
[ 1 mark] Ammeter readings are 0.5 A and both bulbs are
(ii) Explain the working principle of the lighted with normal brightness.
transformer.
[4 marks]
(b) Diagram 55.2 shows an induction

cooking system.
Diagram 55.3
(i) What is is the transformer output voltage.

(ii) Calculate the efficiencyof the
transformer
[5 marks]
50

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LESSON 1 – THE FORCE ON A

1.1 Describe the effect of a current carrying

Think about some of the electrical appliances in

D.c. power supply , thick copper wire, short

These right hand grip rule we will use in this

Arrange the apparatus as in the diagram above.

The short copper wire moves caused by a force

When the switch is on, the current flows

Catapult field are the combinations two

1.2.2. Type of catapult field

Combination of electromagnet produced by the

Diagram shows a shows a current - carrying

From top view

From top view

Diagram shows a shows a current - carrying

From top view

From top view

1.3.1 The experiment to determine the factors

1.3.3 The experiment to investigate the

The force on a current-carrying conductor in a

Aim of the experiment :

Procedure To investigate the relationship between the

D.c. power supply , thick copper wire, short

The voltage of the d.c. power supply used is

Analysis the data: Example 7

1.6.1 The factors that affect the rotational

The speed of rotation of the coil in a D.C. motor

In these windings, the coils are not distributed

A.c. motor used a.c. power supply to

1.6.3 Advantages of brushless d.c. motor

The brushless d.c. (BLDC) use of electronic

The conductor rod moves because interaction

2 Diagram shows a left hand which represents the

P represents the direction of

3 Diagram shows a current carrying conductor

The principle of operation is the same as other

4 Diagram shows a copper rod is placed in the

5 Diagram shows a metal rod is placed in the

When the switch is on, the conductor wire

6 Diagram shows a current-carrying conductor

What is the direction of the force that acts on

11 Whuch of the following diagram shows the

12 Diagram shows a thick copper wire LM is

14 Diagram shows a current-carrying coil in a

When the switch is closed, what is the

15 Diagram (a) shows the magnetic field produced

17 Diagram (a) shows a permanent magnetic

Which diagram shows the correct pattern of the

Diagram (a) Diagram (b)

Which diagram is correct when the current

When iron filings is sprinkled onto the

19 Diagram shows two current-carrying straight

21 Diagram shows an arrangement of apparatus to

23 Diagram shows a conductor rod placed in a

Which change will increase the extension of the

I Use a weaker magnet

22 Diagram shows an arrangement of apparatus to

25 Diagram shows the arrangement of apparatus to